Fundamental Guarantees Research Articles

Aspekte der Ausbildung und Auswahl von Richtern: Erfahrungen aus dem Ausland

A proper and highly professional scholarly and practical training of judges is one of the fundamental guarantees of the functioning of the modern state. This article begins with an introduction of general selection criteria for future judges, and continues with a thorough discussion of the respective training and selection system in France and Spain. The article then draws several conclusions as to the applicability of the French and the Spanish system to training and selection processes of judges in Kazakhstan, respectively.

Juízes, moleiros e Constituição

Esse artigo desenvolve uma perspectiva crítica para as instituições judiciais. A problemática consiste em questionar se a existência de juízas e juízes protege adequadamente interesses individuais. A hipótese testada considera inviável equiparar de maneira direta e necessária existência judicial e proteção individual. Para tanto, elege-se a revisão bibliográfica enquanto meio para fornecer dados para destacar alguns aspectos de ordem normativa e de composição institucional do Judiciário brasileiro. Portanto, a concepção de constituição radical é condição necessária, mas insuficiente para a compreensão dos fenômenos analisados. Os resultados obtidos com a realização da pesquisa sugerem a superação da desconfiança em relação a atuação social, contudo, verificam-se dificuldades de constatação e operacionalização da participação social efetiva. Conclui-se pela impossibilidade de associar a existência de juízas e juízes à proteção de direitos e de garantias fundamentais; novamente, necessários, porém insuficientes.

Le pacificazione della conflittualità privata tra esperienza storica e attualità

Le pacificazione della conflittualità privata tra esperienza storica e attualità

The Brazilian influence in the new Latin American constitutionalism

The work on screen aims to demonstrate a new form of constitutionalist movement that has been gaining new contours in Latin America, called by the doctrine of new Latin American constitutionalism. This movement gained its heart due to the political-legal process that occurred in recent decades, aiming at guaranteeing the rights of minorities, whose theoretical framework also comes from the Brazilian Constitution of 1988 and its neo-constitutionalist bias, much criticized, at the time of its promulgation, for being too detailed or “garantista” too. But now, through its positivism certifying fundamental rights and guarantees influences the new constitutional movement, with even deeper changes and guarantees in the constitutions of Latin countries that seek to positive in their affirmative, inclusive and guarantor political constitutions, as well as constitutional and normative evolution based on certain criteria, values, interests and own objectives.

El derecho constitucional en el Ecuador: presunción de inocencia y prisión preventiva

Ecuador es un Estado constitucional, soberano y garantista de derechos vincu-lados a la dignidad de las personas. A su vez, está obligado a detener todo tipo de violaciones cometidas por jueces y fiscales que basan su accionar en una simple noticia criminis o meras presunciones. Por ende, un Estado constitucional de derechos y justicia va más allá de la priva-ción de la libertad. Como consecuencia, es necesario conocer estos pormenores a fin de evitar un uso doloso de la privación de la libertad, o que se pretenda amedrentar a ciudadanos inocentes que, ante el desconocimiento, se pueda atentar a su inocencia transgrediendo garantías funda-mentales propias del procesado con una ejecución anticipada que la pena misma trae consigo. Por tanto, la prisión preventiva no sólo atenta contra las normas ecuatorianas y de derechos humanos, sino que atenta contra el bien más preciado otorgado al ser humano; su libertad.

Análise de medidas excepcionais adotadas por Portugal na crise de 2008: um norte às possíveis medidas brasileiras para superação da crise fiscal oriunda da Covid-19

As crises financeiras acabam por apresentar aos Estados graves crises econômicas, oportunidade na qual se fazem necessárias adequações aos Direitos Sociais ofertados, sob pena de colapso no sistema econômico vigente. A adequabilidade das medidas deve estar amparadas a legalidade e constitucionalidade do ato face às Garantias Constitucionais, de modo que recai ao Tribunal Constitucional a ponderação e chancela de tais atos, quando validados perante os Princípios Constitucionais estruturantes das Garantais Fundamentais. No presente estudo, é analisado os Princípios Norteadores e a validade das medidas restritivas impostas, visando comparar com a possibilidade de futura adoção por parte do Brasil de práticas semelhantes.

Colaboração premiada, paternalismo processual e “juízes camaleões”: simplificação e eficiência do procedimento na luta contra a corrupção

Detectando-se uma espécie de paternalismo processual na atuação dos juízes, busca-se demonstrar que a dupla análise judicial do acordo de colaboração premiada, conforme previsto pela Lei 12.850/2013, é ponto de desestabilização do sistema de justiça penal negociada brasileiro, contribuindo negativamente para uma série de inconsistências processuais, notadamente por transgredir os princípios constitucionais da imparcialidade e do juiz natural, sendo gênese de nulidades processuais. Nesse contexto, pretende-se responder ao seguinte problema: a simplificação do procedimento, envolvendo a confecção do acordo de colaboração premiada, com a extinção da dupla análise judicial do referenciado acordo, contribuiria para potencializar o combate à corrupção sem afetar garantias fundamentais dos acusados? Para resposta do problema, utiliza-se da análise de jurisprudência e doutrina sobre a temática, incluindo estudo comparatístico entre institutos jurídicos estrangeiros congêneres.

International Humanitarian Law and Non-State Actors: A Contradiction of Terms?

There seems to have been a shift in the state-centric vision of international relations, following the increasing role of non-state actors (NSAs) on the international scene, particularly in the context of armed conflicts. Ezequiel Heffes, Marcos Kotlik and Manuel Ventura, editors of International Humanitarian Law and Non-State Actors, present through this collection of contributions an overview of legal issues arising from this new reality. The editors draw on their personal experience to explain how NSAs contribute to the development of international humanitarian law (IHL) and to suggest that in order to promote respect for IHL by all parties involved in an armed conflict, this new role should be given due consideration from a legal standpoint. The review aims to confront critically the position taken in the volume, assessing the pros and cons of an increased recognition (and potential legitimisation) of NSAs, with a particular focus on non-state armed groups. It discusses, in particular, the implications of this process for the exercise of sovereign rights and respect for fundamental guarantees, especially in relation to the powers to detain and to adjudicate.

Wireless Network Simplification: The Performance of Routing

This paper explores the network simplification problem for Gaussian full-duplex relay networks with arbitrary topology. Particularly, given an $N$ -relay Gaussian full-duplex network, the network simplification problem seeks to find fundamental guarantees on the capacity of the best subnetwork, among a particular class of subnetworks, as a fraction of the full-network capacity. The focus of this work is the case when the selected subnetwork class is a path from the source to the destination. The main result of the paper shows that for an $N$ -relay Gaussian networks with arbitrary topology, the best route can in the worst case guarantee an approximate fraction $\frac {1}{ \lfloor N/2 \rfloor + 1}$ of the capacity of the full network, independently of the channel coefficients and/or operating SNR. Furthermore, this guarantee is shown to be fundamental, i.e., it is the highest worst-case guarantee that can be provided for routing in relay networks. A key step in the proof of the main result lies in the derivation of a simplification result for antenna selection in MIMO channels that may also be of independent interest. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first result that characterizes the performance of routing in comparison to physical layer cooperation techniques that approximately achieve the network capacity for general wireless network topologies. The results in this paper show that routing can, in the worst case, result in an unbounded gap from the network capacity - or reversely, physical layer cooperation can offer unbounded gains over routing.

Comida e aspectos simbólicos na perspectiva de políticas públicas para o cumprimento do Direito Humano à Alimentação Adequada e Saudável

O Direito Humano à Alimentação Adequada e Saudável (DHAAS) é uma das garantias fundamentais de cidadania. Promover a Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional é responsabilidade do Estado mediante politicas públicas para a realização do DHAAS. Este ensaio se propõe a resgatar o processo de construção e significação do conceito de alimentação saudável e adequada (AAS) na formulação de políticas públicas, evidenciando as contradições e destacando a comida e seus aspectos simbólicos. A AAS é a realização de um direito humano, com a garantia ao acesso permanente e regular, socialmente justo, adequada aos aspectos biologicos e sociais dos indivíduos, às dimensoes de genero e etnia, e a produção ambientalmente sustentavel, livre de contaminantes fisicos, quimicos, biologicos, de organismos geneticamente modificado e pautada no referencial cultural dos povos e comunidades. A alimentaçao e a comida são categorias politicamente imbricadas, mas socialmente distintas. A inserção da comida e do simbólico nos processos de implementação das políticas e programas de SAN, parece ter evidenciado a importância da origem e da identidade cultural das comidas para o cumprimento do DHAAS. É fundamental continuar construindo um debate epistemológico que incorpore a premissa interdisciplinar, complexa, interseccional e intercultural da alimentação com os campos do saber que a configuram.

Sistema prisional brasileiro: desafios de um estado democrático de direito

O presente estudo visa a defesa da dignidade da pessoa humana diante da atual realidade dos presídios brasileiros, que apresenta problemas estruturais graves, acarretando não somete na violação de garantias fundamentais básicas do preso, como da sociedade como um todo, pois essas falhas estruturais do sistema acabam por potencializar a violência. Assim exposto surge o questionamento acerca da possibilidade de cumprimento das garantias fundamentais inerentes ao estado democrático de direito. Interessante se faz o desenvolvimento de um apanhado histórico sobre as fases de desenvolvimento da pena, descrevendo-as desde o período da Vingança Privada até o período da Nova Defesa Social, sendo necessário para mensurar o quanto evoluímos e o quanto estamos temporalmente atrasados. Diante do problema posto e das diversas violações de direitos, o Supremo Tribunal Federal acabou reconhecendo um Estado de Coisas Inconstitucional, que através de uma relação dialógica entre os poderes estatais, visa adaptar o sistema prisional brasileiro aos princípios inerentes ao Estado Democrático de Direito, principalmente no que tange a dignidade da pessoa humana, onde surge um interessante debate sobre o ativismo judicial e a real necessidade de garantir os princípios positivados na Constituição Federal. Os dados e os debates apresentados no presente trabalho deixam transparecer a gravidade da situação prisional brasileira e cria uma reflexão a respeito das possibilidades a serem adotadas para minimizar os efeitos das falhas estruturais presentes no sistema, principalmente no que tange a ineficácia de políticas públicas ou até mesmo a falta de vontade política para resolução desse grave problema social.

Proportionality and the Bindingness of Fundamental Rights

The success of proportionality tests in national fundamental and international human rights contexts can be explained as a reaction to the problem of the legal bindingness of these guarantees. Fundamental and human rights guarantees are often accompanied by provisions that allow legislatures to limit their exercise. But how is it possible for legislatures, which are empowered to limit the exercise of rights, to be bound by them? This paper focuses on the legal bindingness of such rights in the German constitutional context and evaluates the principle of proportionality as a solution to this hermeneutical issue. It will show how the original hermeneutical problem of bindingness resurfaces within the proportionality principle, a principle that would be misunderstood if viewed solely as an instrumental and normative rationality test. With the help of the appropriateness criterion – proportionality in the narrow sense – doctrinal structures specific to the different fundamental rights are shaped, which contribute significantly to the substantive bindingness of these rights. This tendency becomes very prominent in a more recent series of decisions of the German Federal Constitutional Court in national security cases. The development in Germany has been very influential in the international reception of the principle of proportionality and enables us to better understand and reconstruct the mechanics of its workings in other constitutional and international human rights contexts as well.

O princípio da ampla defesa no Direito Público brasileiro do Estado Constitucional à luz da LINDB e da lei nº 13.655, de 2018

O Estado Constitucional oportuniza as partes direitos e garantias fundamentais de reserva e participação na construção e no controle das decisões judiciais, representando verdadeiro exercício da democracia. Nesse enfoque, mostra-se de vital importância a motivação e a fundamentação das decisões judiciais. A falta ou deficiência na fundamentação compromete a ampla defesa, bem como outros princípios processuais constitucionais. Em 2018, entrou em vigor a Lei nº 13.655, que introduziu alterações na Lei de Introdução ao Direito Brasileiro (LINDB), com objetivo de conferir maior segurança jurídica, apresentando alguns enfoques que guardam relação com o aperfeiçoamento da fundamentação das decisões judiciais. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo fazer um estudo do princípio constitucional da ampla defesa na esfera do processo civil, fazendo uma análise conjunta das recentes alterações introduzidas na Lei de Introdução ao Direito Brasileiro, sobretudo nos artigos 20 e 21, indagando se as referidas alterações contribuem para a realização desse princípio. Valendo-se dos métodos exploratório e analítico, através de revisão bibliográfica, análise de artigos acadêmicos e das normas, foi realizada uma leitura criteriosa, selecionando os aspectos relevantes para, finalmente, proceder a uma abordagem teórica e analítica do princípio da ampla defesa introduzido na norma base da civil law no Brasil.

Briefly Noted

On October 15, 2019, a Grand Chamber of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) issued its judgment in case C-128/18 Dumitru-Tudor Dorobantu, a case concerning the interpretation of Article 4 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union and Council Framework Decision 2002/584/JHA of June 13, 2002, on the European arrest warrant and the surrender procedures between Member States, as amended by Council Framework Decision 2009/299/JHA of February 26, 2009. Article 4 of the Charter provides for the prohibition of torture and inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment and, under Article. Article 4 of the Charter is to have the same meaning and scope as Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights. The case involved the issuance of an arrest warrant for Mr. Dorobantu by a Romanian judicial authority to German authorities, as Mr. Dorobantu resided in Hamburg. Prior to executing the warrant, the German court referred a number of questions to the CJEU for a preliminary ruling concerning material conditions of detention and how to assess whether such conditions comply with EU fundamental rights guarantees. The CJEU ruled effectively that requested judicial authorities must suspend execution of an arrest warrant until they have been provided with sufficient evidence to demonstrate whether or not the fundamental rights of the person in question are in actual danger of being infringed.

Competition Between State Courts and Private Tribunals

In this essay, I investigate the competition between state courts and private tribunals for dispute resolution. I distinguish between different market segments: B2B and B2C transactions and, in each case, small-, medium- and high-stakes disputes. The analysis is informed by a survey of the dispute resolution preferences of “case placers” carried out in 2015. I find that competition between state courts and arbitral tribunals is currently most intense with respect to high-stakes B2B disputes. A significant portion of the total dispute resolution volume in this market segment goes to arbitration. If parties decide to arbitrate, they do so primarily because of the effective international enforceability of an award, the autonomy to choose competent and neutral arbitrators and the confidentiality of the proceedings. Speed and costs of the proceedings are much less relevant. Commercial arbitrations are usually administered by an arbitral institution. The choice of institution is primarily influenced by its reputation as a professional case manager and by prior positive experiences of the parties. I argue that access to arbitration should be made easier with respect to B2C small- and medium-stakes disputes. The trend in the European Union of promoting conciliation/mediation for the resolution of these disputes should be reversed. Arbitration is less “dangerous” for consumers because it is a legal process governed by fundamental due process guarantees. By contrast, conciliations/mediations are not subject to these guarantees, and they are not well suited for the enforcement of mandatory consumer rights. No compelling case can be made to increase access of businesses to arbitration in medium-stakes B2B disputes. Arbitral institutions have high-powered incentives to design new and efficient procedures for these types of disputes. Technological innovations will reinforce the trend towards privatizing dispute resolution. This poses unique regulatory challenges for the protection of weaker parties, especially consumers.

A CRIMINOLOGIA MIDIÁTICA COMO UM ARAUTO DA GUERRA ÀS DROGAS

O presente artigo investiga a criminologia produzida pelos telejornais brasileiros, a chamada Criminologia Midiática, com enfoque nas discussões em torno do tráfico de drogas, delineando o conteúdo e a forma do discurso apresentado pelo programa Brasil Urgente, transmitido pela Rede Bandeirantes de Televisão. As edições do programa foram escolhidas de maneira aleatória entre os meses de setembro de 2017 e janeiro e março de 2018, para abarcar o máximo de variedade. Para o recorte específico foram escolhidas as matérias referentes a supostos delitos de tráfico de drogas, artigo 33 da Lei nº 11.343 de 2006. Dessa forma, foi possível perceber a formação de um contexto de “guerra”, a partir construção da figura de inimigo acerca do traficante de drogas, signo este construído a partir dos ditos e não ditos no programa Brasil Urgente, de maneira a violar garantias fundamentais, como a presunção de inocência, espetacularizando o processo penal.

The Bill of Rights before the Civil War: State Sovereignty, Strict Construction, and the Presumption of Constitutionality

Excerpt from introduction: Anti-establishment at issue in American Legion is one of several First Amendment principles. In other areas of First Amendment jurisprudence, Free Exercise and Free Speech cases, the modern Supreme Court asks whether the government regulation unnecessarily restricts religious liberty or free speech. In a common constitutional query for adjudication of these questions, the Court first asks whether the right at issue is fundamental. For “fundamental guarantees,” of which Free Exercise and Free Speech qualify, the Court applies a heightened level of strict scrutiny against the state or national regulation, permitting only those regulations or actions for which the government proves that a compelling state interest is at issue and that the regulation is narrowly tailored to meet that government interest. As discussed below, the Supreme Court’s First Amendment jurisprudence contrasts sharply with the Bill of Right’s design and early interpretation. Matters concerning religion, speech, and press were reserved for the states. Through generations of precedents, the modern Supreme Court has inverted the Bill’s purpose. Below, I discuss the framing of the Bill, state sovereignty, strict construction, and the presumption of constitutionality. In the process, I examine early case law on the Contract Clause and the controversial Alien and Sedition Acts — one of the first major constitutional challenges where these views were examined.

Amicable Dispute Resolution in Egypt: Booming Statutory Coverage with Unclear Vision on Mediation

This article explores statutory coverage of amicable dispute resolution options in Egypt regulating private-private, public-private, and a number of sector specific disputes. Those efforts are an important step towards renewing the interest in amicable settlement in private-private disputes, and show a paradigm shift towards proactive settlement in public-private disputes. The author argues that these efforts are missing a clear framework and vision, especially in relation to the essence of mediation and its process as established by the growing body of good practices. For example, proper definitions, clarity on the different processes regarding each of the modalities, and an emphasis on fundamental guarantees, such as confidentiality and the neutral’s duties, are missing from most instruments.The author concludes by emphasizing the importance of crafting a new streamlined vision that studies the local needs and aligns with good practices.

The Rule of Law Approach to Government Governance in China

Chinese government governance involves the two dimensions of autonomy and co-governance. The process of moving from government management to government governance is a synchronous process of moving from government by a legal system to a “rule of law” government. Such governance coincides with the rule of law in terms of fundamental guarantees, governance frameworks, intrinsic values, external forms, goal pursuits and construction paths and lays the foundation for the realization of government governance. The multi-subject structure, multiplicity of rules and regulations, interaction of processes, diversity of modes and complexity of disputes in this form of governance place new demands on the construction of the rule of law. In response to these needs, we should improve the government’s functional orientation and the disposition of its powers by means of statute law; expand the types of administrative bodies and improve the laws on administrative organizations; enrich the sources of law; use consensus rules to improve controlling rules; be guided by interactivity in improving the administrative procedure system; normalize diversified administrative behavior; and establish multiple dispute resolution mechanisms and strengthen right relief. This will highlight the rule of law path taken by government governance. In the course of the integration and interaction of such governance with the rule of law, we will need to coordinate our responses to its latent risks, such as governance pitfalls and the limitations of the rule of law.

Network Simplification in Half-Duplex: Building on Submodularity

This paper explores the network simplification problem in the context of Gaussian half-duplex diamond networks. Specifically, given an $N$ -relay diamond network, this problem seeks to derive fundamental guarantees on the capacity of the best $k$ -relay subnetwork, as a function of the full network capacity. Simplification guarantees are presented in terms of a particular approximate capacity , termed Independent-Gaussian (IG) approximate capacity, that characterizes the network capacity to within an additive gap, which is independent of the channel coefficients and operating SNR. The main focus of this work is when $k\!=\!N\!-\!1$ relays are selected out of $N$ relays in a diamond network. First, a simple algorithm is proposed which selects all relays except the one with the minimum IG approximate half-duplex capacity. It is shown that the selected $(N\!-\!1)$ -relay subnetwork has an IG approximate half-duplex capacity that is at least $1/2$ of the IG approximate half-duplex capacity of the full network and that for the proposed algorithm, this guarantee is tight. Furthermore, this work proves the following tight fundamental guarantee: there always exists a subnetwork of $k\!=\!N\!-\!1$ relays that have an IG approximate half-duplex capacity that is at least equal to $(N-1)/N$ of the IG approximate half-duplex capacity of the full network. Finally, these results are extended to derive lower bounds on the fraction guarantee when $k \in [1:N]$ relays are selected. The key steps in the proofs lie in the derivation of properties of submodular functions, which provide a combinatorial handle on the network simplification problem for Gaussian half-duplex diamond networks.