Theory Of Functional Systems Research Articles

Physical-information model of the immune system as a development of P.K. Anokhin’s theory of functional systems

The article deals with the standard immunological model, which is based on the principles of random combination of molecules and cells and their random encounter with their complementary sites, which is accompanied by the formation of reversible complexes and/or a cascade of subsequent reactions. In its purity, such a model gives rise to various kinds of paradoxes that do not correspond to the reality of immune processes. As a rule, the development of immunology is expressed in the construction of more and more detailed links of immunologic events, but the addition of each new event to the chain of links should lead not to acceleration, but to slowing down of the final process within the combinatorial-complementary system. In this connection, the question of a new possible model of the immune system is raised, which is based on P.K. Anokhin’s theory of functional systems. As its further development the physical-information model (PhIM) of the immune system is proposed, which assumes two plans, informational and physical, of the immune system organization and their coordination on the basis of the ideas of organic potential and processes of conjugation. The information plan is represented as an abstract space of degrees of freedom of the system, analogous to phase space in physics. The current and final state of the system can be represented as points of the state space, the activity of the system with the transition from the current to the final state, as a trajectory in this space. The acceptor of the action result in the theory of functional systems of P.K. Anokhin is connected in this case with the image of the final state as the result of the system action. The construction of the trajectory of the system’s activity can be represented as the direction of reduction of the organic potential of the system, by analogy with that in the case of physical systems and their physical potentials. The organic potential reaches a minimum in the final state and expresses the need of the biosystem as a result of action.

Leveraging normalizing flows for orbital-free density functional theory

Abstract Orbital-free density functional theory (OF-DFT) for real-space systems has historically depended on Lagrange optimization techniques, primarily due to the inability of previously proposed electron density approaches to ensure the normalization constraint. This study illustrates how leveraging contemporary generative models, notably normalizing flows (NFs), can surmount this challenge. We develop a Lagrangian-free optimization framework by employing these machine learning models for the electron density. This diverse approach also integrates cutting-edge variational inference techniques and equivariant deep learning models, offering an innovative reformulation to the OF-DFT problem. We demonstrate the versatility of our framework by simulating a one-dimensional diatomic system, LiH, and comprehensive simulations of hydrogen, lithium hydride, water, and four hydrocarbon molecules. The inherent flexibility of NFs facilitates initialization with promolecular densities, markedly enhancing the efficiency of the optimization process.

QRCODE: Massively parallelized real-time time-dependent density functional theory for periodic systems

We present a new software module, QRCODE (Quantum Research for Calculating Optically Driven Excitations), for massively parallelized real-time time-dependent density functional theory (RT-TDDFT) calculations of periodic systems in the open-source Qbox software package. Our approach utilizes a custom implementation of a fast Fourier transformation scheme that significantly reduces inter-node message passing interface (MPI) communication of the major computational kernel and shows impressive scaling up to 16,344 CPU cores. In addition to improving computational performance, QRCODE contains a suite of various time propagators for accurate RT-TDDFT calculations. As benchmark applications of QRCODE, we calculate the current density and optical absorption spectra of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) and photo-driven reaction dynamics of the ozone-oxygen reaction. We also calculate the second and higher harmonic generation of monolayer and multi-layer boron nitride structures as examples of large material systems. Our optimized implementation of RT-TDDFT in QRCODE enables large-scale calculations of real-time electron dynamics of chemical and material systems with enhanced computational performance and impressive scaling across several thousand CPU cores.

Comparison of Executive Functions, Sensory Processing and Theory of Mind in Children from Divorced Families and Ordinary Children

Introduction: Divorce is not only an event but also a process that has short-term and long-term effects on children. Aim: The present study was conducted to compare executive functions, sensory processing and theory of mind in children from divorced families and ordinary children. Method: This is causal-comparative research. The statistical population included 180 male and female students between 9 and 12 years old in Districts 5 and 18 of Tehran in the academic year 2021-2022 selected by convenience sampling method and divided in two groups of children from divorced families and ordinary children (n=90 in each group). For data collection, Executive Function System (D-KEFS) (Delis, Kaplan, & Kramer, 2001), Sensory Profile (Dunn, 1999) and Theory of Mind (Hutchins et al., 2012) were used. The research data was analyzed by independent t-test and SPSS 24. Results: The results showed a significant difference in working memory (t=6.08, P<0.05), mental flexibility (t=5.12, P<0.05), inhibitory control (t=7.16, P<0.05), sensory register (t=6.72, P<0.05), sensation-seeking (t=4.65, P<0.05) and sensory sensitivity (t=7.36, P<0.05), and theory of mind levels including level 1 (t=7.12, P<0.05), level 2 (t=7.14, P<0.05), and level 3 (t=9.32, P<0.05). The mean of ordinary children was higher than that of children from divorced families, but no significant difference was observed in the mean of sensory avoiding in both groups (P˃0.05). Conclusion: The status of executive functions, sensory processing and theory of mind in normal children was better than that of children from divorced families. Therefore, the use of educational programs to strengthen cognitive dimensions of the mind of children from divorced families with emphasis on executive functions, sensory processing and theory of mind can be effective on improving their cognitive performance.

Жизненная успешность личности сотрудников органов внутренних дел Российской Федерации: концептуальное обоснование и структурно-функциональная организация

The article is devoted to the theoretical and methodological substantiation of the content and functioning of an individual’s life successfulness as a meta-resource that performs an acceptor function, which consists in anticipating and assessing the results of subjective activity in the process of reflection by the subject of his own goals, values and meanings, taking into account integrative qualities and emotional experiences in the “goal” space. value-meaning." The work substantiates the significance of this meta-resource for the personality of employees of internal affairs bodies and indicates its predictive role in relation to indicators of professional success.
 The data from a theoretical analysis of life successfulness as a meta-resource of the individual are summarized, taking into account the philosophical and socio-philosophical contexts, as well as the leading directions of modern psychology. The main structural elements are identified and their functioning is explained from the perspective of integrating the principles of resource, regulatory and subjective approaches and the theory of functional systems. Attention is paid to the relationship between conscious self-regulation and personal resources, and their intersecting functioning is explained. The postulate of the theory of functional systems about understanding the acceptor is extrapolated to the psychological context, in particular when justifying the meaning and functions of life successfulness as a meta-resource of the individual.
 Life successfulness as a meta-resource function in the space of goals, values and meanings of the individual, through the interconnection of reflexive-technological, reflexive-axiological, reflexive-ontological mechanisms; instrumental, socio-psychological and dispositional qualities of the individual; practical, moral and existential emotional experiences.
 The prospects for further development of the meta-resource concept of life successfulness are outlined.

On some questions of the theory of the human body

The subject of medical science is human health. Health is a property of the body. This can only be understood within the framework of a theoretical model. To date, such models do not exist; one of the attempts to create it was the theory of functional systems by P.K. Anokhin, however, it was not completed. At the same time, there are no theoretical models of simpler organisms than humans. Moreover, there is no methodology for creating such models. Empirical approaches implemented in private medical sciences, such as physiology, anatomy, cytology, etc., can in no way become the basis for the formation of a theoretical model of the body, without which understanding health is impossible. This article proposes a framework for developing a model of the human body.

Overcoming the barrier of orbital-free density functional theory for molecular systems using deep learning.

Orbital-free density functional theory (OFDFT) is a quantum chemistry formulation that has a lower cost scaling than the prevailing Kohn-Sham DFT, which is increasingly desired for contemporary molecular research. However, its accuracy is limited by the kinetic energy density functional, which is notoriously hard to approximate for non-periodic molecular systems. Here we propose M-OFDFT, an OFDFT approach capable of solving molecular systems using a deep learning functional model. We build the essential non-locality into the model, which is made affordable by the concise density representation as expansion coefficients under an atomic basis. With techniques to address unconventional learning challenges therein, M-OFDFT achieves a comparable accuracy to Kohn-Sham DFT on a wide range of molecules untouched by OFDFT before. More attractively, M-OFDFT extrapolates well to molecules much larger than those seen in training, which unleashes the appealing scaling of OFDFT for studying large molecules including proteins, representing an advancement of the accuracy-efficiency trade-off frontier in quantum chemistry.

THE THEORY OF FUNCTIONAL SYSTEMS AS A UNIVERSAL CONCEPT FOR ORGANIZING SPORTS TRAINING

The training process constructing fundamentals and the validity of its progress degree are considered from the perspec-tive of the functional systems theory by P. K. Anokhin. The sports characteristics analysis from the perspective of the functional systems theory is provided. It is noted that during sports training the structural and content components of the main competitive exercise technique as a form of the functional systems theory manifestation. And their connection with the energy and vegetative support of activity are not fully taken into account. A new approach and algorithm for organizing sports training is proposed.

Relation of individual and social characteristics of behavior in the context of achieving successful adaptation on the example of a bachelor group of a semi-wild population of Przewalski’s horse of the Orenburg Reserve

The article deals with the relationship between the degree of behavioral synchronization and the index of behavioral diversity and morphofunctional features of Przewalski’s horse in the context of their adaptive significance. It is noted that the indicated behavioral characteristics determine the ability of animals to form cohesive social groups, which underlies the defensive behavior of some species of social animals, especially ungulates of open spaces, as well as their resistance to various environmental factors (e.g., insects, temperature effects, etc.). The index of behavioral diversity reflects the animal’s desire to display motivated behavior, i.e. to satisfy the dominant need from the position of the theory of functional systems. Consideration of these indicators is important for successful reintroduction programs of different animal species. In this study, the adaptation of horses to the steppe ecosystems of the Southern Urals was assessed using the example of a bachelor group of a semi-voluntary population of the studied species living on the territory of the site «Pre-Ural Steppe» of the Federal State Budgetary Institution «Orenburg Region Reserves» due to a set of ethological observations. A high level of behavioral synchronization and low values of the behavioral diversity index were recorded in the studied community, explained by morphophysiological adaptation of the species to a long period of feed consumption. A relationship between the above behavioral characteristics and the proportion of different behavioral forms in the studied group of wild horses was noted, indicating effective integration of animals into the ecological niche natural to the species.

Mechanism development for managing the economic security of the enterprise

The article presents the mechanism proposed by the author for managing the economic security of an enterprise, which is developed using a system-wide approach to management and the theory of functional systems. Within the framework of the developed mechanism, based on the theory principles of functional systems, it has been envisaged to implement managerial influence on the existing economic security system of enterprises, the effectiveness of which is reflected in ensuring the ability of this system to be flexible and adaptable to changes in the external environment. The economic security management of the enterprise at the present stage of the managerial thought development is filled with transformational processes and is associated with the formation of such a state of the mechanism that must meet the requirements for ensuring and guaranteeing the economic security of the enterprise, its sustainable functioning in the market and development both in the present and in the future.

Single-chain simulation of Ising density functional theory for weak polyelectrolytes.

Conventional theories of weak polyelectrolytes are either computationally prohibitive to account for the multidimensional inhomogeneity of polymer ionization in a liquid environment or oversimplistic in describing the coupling effects of ion-explicit electrostatic interactions and long-range intrachain correlations. To bridge this gap, we implement the Ising density functional theory (iDFT) for ionizable polymer systems using the single-chain-in-mean-field algorithm. The single-chain-in-iDFT (sc-iDFT) shows significant improvements over conventional mean-field methods in describing segment-level dissociation equilibrium, specific ion effects, and long-range intrachain correlations. With an explicit consideration of the fluctuations of polymer configurations and the position-dependent ionization of individual polymer segments, sc-iDFT provides a faithful description of the structure and thermodynamic properties of inhomogeneous weak polyelectrolyte systems across multiple length scales.

Varieties of Systems of DEF Generated by Isomorphic Transformations

Despite more than a century of origin and development, the theory of discrete exponential function (DEF) systems continues to attract the attention of mathematicians and application specialists in various fields of science and technology. One of the most successful applications of the DEF systems is the spectral processing of discrete signals based on fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithms in the DEF bases. The construction of structural schemes of FFT algorithms is preceded, as a rule, by the factorization of the DEF matrices. The main problem encountered when factorizing DEF matrices is that the elements of such matrices are the degrees of phase multipliers, which are complex-valued quantities. In this connection, the computational complexity of factorization of DEF matrices may be too large, especially when the number of components of the matrix order decomposition is large. In this paper, we propose a relatively simple method of mutually unambiguous transition from complex-valued DEF matrices to matrices whose elements are natural numbers equal to the degree indices of phase multipliers in the canonical DEF matrices. Through this bijective transformation, the factorization of DEF matrices becomes significantly more manageable, streamlining the overall process of factorization.

К вопросу о социализации личности как стратегической цели системы общего и профессионального образования

Future of Russia depends on the reform of education. Therefore, there is an active search for ways to solve this fateful task. The most important condition for the success of this process is the choice of a conceptual framework capable of becoming the organizing and guiding force of the reform. Fragmented in parts, education must be assembled into a single system capable of adequately fulfilling the social order of society. The theory of functional systems, developed by Academician P.K. Anokhin, can act as a methodological basis for the reform process. The core of his theory is to obtain a result through the interaction of its components. This initiates the need to determine the desired result, which at the initial stage acts as a goal. The goal-result serves as the unifying mechanism that turns disparate components into a functional system. In our time, the world is changing so rapidly that the education of a new person becomes the most important strategic task of society and the state. Therefore, the result of the activity of education, as a functional system, is the socialization of the individual. This concept is widely used in the literature. But in this case, it is of an expansive nature, since along with the education of the worldview basis of a person, it also includes professional training suitable for achieving a decent standard of living in society. The most important conditions for reforming education in Russia are: 1) a rigorous scientific approach to creating an education model built on an adequate conceptual basis; 2) smart, responsible, professional political will of the state, which manifests itself not in the form of formally voiced catchy slogans — “education needs to be reformed”, but in the creation of a special management mechanism that is functionally capable of organizing large-scale scientific research to solve the problems of reforming education in the country.

Methodological and Valuable Reflection of the Phenomenon of Breathing Based on the Integrative Use of the Theory of Functional Systems and the Anthropological Approach

Methodological and Valuable Reflection of the Phenomenon of Breathing Based on the Integrative Use of the Theory of Functional Systems and the Anthropological Approach

Инновационный подход к исследованию адаптационных резервов и элементного статуса у населения Арктической зоны Российской Федерации (обзор)

The paper suggests an innovative scientific approach to processing data from a survey of residents of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation (AZRF) and an approach to implementing preventive measures to protect the health of the population based on it. The object of the analysis are the adaptive reserves and elemental status (based on blood and hair samples) of the indigenous and newcomer population of AZRF. Innovativeness is understood here as the use of a body model, fundamental interdisciplinary knowledge, and adaptation theory to explain and interpret the differences in the statistical data of the population survey. In addition to the adaptation theory, the author turned to the theory of homeostasis by C. Bernard and W. Cannon, theory of functional systems by P.K. Anokhin, theory of nonspecific reactions by L.Kh. Garkavi, systems approach, doctrine of chemical elements, approach to modelling the state of functional reserves of the population, and method of medical SWOT analysis. The paper describes the physiological mechanisms of the formation of adaptive reactions in the indigenous rural population of AZRF, which ensure the body’s transition to a new level of energy supply necessary for living in extreme environmental conditions. The stressful state of the newcomer population of AZRF is substantiated. A body model is presented that can be used to identify disease determinants. Moreover, the connection of the model’s components with the body’s elemental composition and muscle tissue is described. Based on this model, the influence of the elemental status of the indigenous and newcomer residents of AZRF on the state of their organs and systems was analysed. As a result, a strategy of personalized preventive measures to preserve the health of the population of AZRF as well as recommendations on nutrition and lifestyle were suggested. The approach presented can be used to develop official recommendations for disease prevention in the population of AZRF as well as to improve the selection procedure for rotational work in AZRF.

Structure of the Useful Adaptive Result in the Systemic Organization of Physiological Functions as a Subject of Scientific Analysis: History and Prospects of Research.

The concept of "useful adaptive result", a key concept in the theory of functional systems by P. K. Anokhin, is discussed. A large body of works devoted to this problem, in the historical aspect and on the basis of results of own researches, allows concluding that useful adaptive results of the system organization of physiological functions include not only the event arising as a result of activity of the system, but also the physiological cost of this activity. The ratio of the physiological cost and performance indicators gives an idea of the effectiveness of system activity and is its integral characteristic. The main approaches to estimation of physiological cost and efficiency of activity are discussed, as well as possibilities of using methods of applied mathematics (correlation and cluster analysis, artificial neural network technology) to describe system organization of physiological functions in healthy people. The question of the use of the proposed regulations to describe the system organization of physiological functions in patients with Parkinson's disease and epilepsy is considered.

EVALUATION OF COMPUTER SCIENCE STUDENTS' WORK ON IT PROJECTS BASED ON QUANTIZATION OF PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITY

The article examines the process of evaluating work on IT projects, which is presented systematically and multidimensionally, as a reflective and analytical toolkit. The research was conducted on the basis of the application of a system of humanitarian, psychophysiological, anthropological and informational methods and approaches, where the application of the theory of functional systems and through methodological and value understanding of pedagogical and production experiences and practices are decisive. This work updates the methodological potential of the idea of professionalization, in particular, a specialist in computer specialties, pedagogical anthropology and the theory of functional systems, including the concept of quantization of mental activity, which is interpreted as quantization of professional activity. A decisive methodological and practical-technological factor, which is a prerequisite for considering the evaluation process as a reflective and analytical toolkit, is the systematic quantization of professional activity, which is implemented on the basis of the use of the methodologies of Kanban, Agile methodologies, in particular, Scrum, "Manifesto for Agile Software Development". The research used Information technologies: Jira Software, in particular the Kanban template, Agile tools for Kanban, Agile tools for Scrum. Current strategies for quantifying professional activity when working on IT projects are: Epic; Story; Task; Sub-Task; part of the Story/Task; Bug; Sprint. Students were divided into small groups that worked on IT projects. In the process of project activity, they performed the following roles: Engineer, Scrum Master, Product Owner, Tech Lead. The evaluation presented in the specified system format is a significant component of the result-target basis of work on IT projects, and is also considered as a tool of innovative activity and a prerequisite for personal and professional development and professional communication. In further research, it is planned to develop the problems of professional activity for work on IT projects, which includes the study of motivational, value, cognitive, operational, reflective, components, as well as the use of quantization in pedagogical research on the professional training of students of computer specialties. The results of this study are planned to be applied to improve the qualifications of information technology specialists in the conditions of postgraduate education.

SEEING HOW MULTIMODAL SOURCE ARE USED IN EFL CLASSROOM

The use of body movements and facial expressions in learning English helps students interpret and express the meaning of words and sentences. By looking at the implementation of multimodal in English classrooms, this study provides important insights into the potential for using multimodal in enhancing English learning. Multimodality involving various types of media such as text, images, audio, and video will be analyzed in the context of three SFL dimensions, namely ideational, interpersonal, and textual dimensions and observing how teachers and students gain an understanding of how multimodal is used in contexts of language and meaning. The results of this research can provide valuable contributions to the development of more innovative and effective English curricula and teaching methods. English teachers can use these findings as guidelines in designing learning strategies that are more interesting and focus on students' needs. In addition, this research can also be a basis for further research on the use of multimodal in the context of learning English. This study aims to analyze the use of multimodal in learning English in the classroom. This research includes observing the use of multimodal at SMA Garut in English classes at level 10, as well as the use of multimodal in teaching English based on the Linguistic Functional System (SFL) theory.

High-Throughput Condensed-Phase Hybrid Density Functional Theory for Large-Scale Finite-Gap Systems: The SeA Approach.

High-throughput electronic structure calculations (often performed using density functional theory (DFT)) play a central role in screening existing and novel materials, sampling potential energy surfaces, and generating data for machine learning applications. By including a fraction of exact exchange (EXX), hybrid functionals reduce the self-interaction error in semilocal DFT and furnish a more accurate description of the underlying electronic structure, albeit at a computational cost that often prohibits such high-throughput applications. To address this challenge, we have constructed a robust, accurate, and computationally efficient framework for high-throughput condensed-phase hybrid DFT and implemented this approach in the PWSCF module of Quantum ESPRESSO (QE). The resulting SeA approach (SeA = SCDM + exx + ACE) combines and seamlessly integrates: (i) the selected columns of the density matrix method (SCDM, a robust noniterative orbital localization scheme that sidesteps system-dependent optimization protocols), (ii) a recently extended version of exx (a black-box linear-scaling EXX algorithm that exploits sparsity between localized orbitals in real space when evaluating the action of the standard/full-rank operator), and (iii) adaptively compressed exchange (ACE, a low-rank approximation). In doing so, SeA harnesses three levels of computational savings: pair selection and domain truncation from SCDM + exx (which only considers spatially overlapping orbitals on orbital-pair-specific and system-size-independent domains) and low-rank approximation from ACE (which reduces the number of calls to SCDM + exx during the self-consistent field (SCF) procedure). Across a diverse set of 200 nonequilibrium (H2O)64 configurations (with densities spanning 0.4-1.7 g/cm3), SeA provides a 1-2 order-of-magnitude speedup in the overall time-to-solution, i.e., ≈8-26× compared to the convolution-based PWSCF(ACE) implementation in QE and ≈78-247× compared to the conventional PWSCF(Full) approach, and yields energies, ionic forces, and other properties with high fidelity. As a proof-of-principle high-throughput application, we trained a deep neural network (DNN) potential for ambient liquid water at the hybrid DFT level using SeA via an actively learned data set with ≈8,700 (H2O)64 configurations. Using an out-of-sample set of (H2O)512 configurations (at nonambient conditions), we confirmed the accuracy of this SeA-trained potential and showcased the capabilities of SeA by computing the ground-truth ionic forces in this challenging system containing >1,500 atoms.

Task-driven approach to artificial intelligence

The paper considers the task-driven approach to artificial intelligence. It is shown that, on the one hand, it generalizes such approaches as the agent-based approach and general artificial intelligence, and, on the other hand, accurately reflects the cognitive processes and purposeful behavior described in the physiological Theory of functional brain systems.