Theory Of Functional Systems Research Articles

MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR THE INVESTIGATION OF HYPOXIC STATES IN THE HEART MUSCLE AT VIRAL DAMAGE

The main complications of organism damaged by SARS-CoV-2 virus are various cardiovascular system lesions. As a result, the secondary tissue hypoxia is developed and it is relevant to search the means for hypoxic state alleviation. Mathematical modeling of this process, followed by the imitation of hypoxic states development, and subsequent correction of hypoxia at this model may be one of the directions for investigations. Aim. The purpose of this study was to construct mathematical models of functional respiratory and blood circulatory systems to simulate the partial occlusion of blood vessels during viral infection lesions and pharmacological correction of resulting hypoxic state. Methods. Methods of mathematical modeling and dynamic programming were used. Transport and mass exchange of respiratory gases in organism, partial occlusion of blood vessels and influence of antihypoxant were described by the systems of ordinary nonlinear differential equations. Results. Mathematical model of functional respiratory system was developed to simulate pharmacological correction of hypoxic states caused by the complications in courses of viral infection lesions. The model was based on the theory of functional systems by P. K. Anokhin and the assumption about the main function of respiratory system. The interactions and interrelations of individual functional systems in organism were assumed. Constituent parts of our model were the models of transport and mass exchange of respiratory gases in organism, selforganization of respiratory and blood circulatory systems, partial occlusion of blood vessels and the transport of pharmacological substance. Conclusions. The series of computational experiments for averaged person organism demonstrated the possibility of tissue hypoxia compensation using pharmacological substance with vasodilating effect, and in the case of individual data array, it may be useful for the development of strategy and tactics for individual patient medical treatment.

Leveraging Artificial Intelligence for Collective Intelligence

Society faces an increasing number of problems whose scale and complexity are growing exponentially (e.g. global warming, global health crisis/pandemic, food distribution etc.). The advent of artificial intelligence (AI) holds the promise to help us bring together the knowledge and associated action to solve them. However, our ability to tap into the distributed creative potential of humans and AI necessarily involves figuring out how to make them work together as a collective. In this symposium, we bring together diverse perspectives from cross-disciplinary scholars attacking this problem using diverse theoretical lenses and research methods. Together these five papers (qualitative, computational, empirical, and theoretical) create an opportunity to discuss multiple ways for leveraging AI for augmenting individual cognition, interactive processes, and collective functioning. Our goal is to provoke discussion at the intersection of computational social science, complexity sciences, information science, and management science to stimulate progress toward the human-AI systems that provide the greatest hope of solving the major problems threatening humanity. Humans Plus Machines: Diverging Discourse and Structuring of AI Technologies Among Senior Executives Presenter: Rebecca Hinds; Stanford U. Presenter: Melissa Valentine; Stanford U. Designing Diversity for Collective Intelligence with Expert-Aware AI Presenter: James Evans; U. Of Chicago Presenter: Jamshid Sourati; U. Of Chicago Online Diversity improves Geopolitical Forecasting Accuracy as a Function of Group size Presenter: Niccolo Pescetelli; Max Planck Institute for Human Development Presenter: Alex Rutherford; Max Planck Institute for Human Development Presenter: Iyad Rahwan; Max Planck Institute for Human Development Understanding how Machine Behavior Shapes Group Interaction and Effectiveness Presenter: Malte Friedrich Jung; Stanford U. A Functional Systems Theory of Collective Intelligence: Articulating a role for AI in CI Presenter: Pranav Gupta; Carnegie Mellon U. Presenter: Anita Williams Woolley; Carnegie Mellon U.

Структура аномальной личности как нарушение временной перспективы

In order to analyze scientific ideas about the features of self-regulation of behavior in persons with personality disorders, a number of psychological, pathopsychological and neurophysiological concepts are considered as an attempt to identify common mechanisms of dysregulation. It is shown that from the point of view of the theory of functional systems, personality disorders are based on a dysontogenetic violation of the temporal structure of accumulated experience, primarily semantic formations responsible for self-identification – the “Self-concept” and self-awareness.

The Role of Vitamin D Metabolite Deficiency in the Development of Structural and Functional Disorders in Coxarthrosis

Summary. At present, there is a need to systematize the data of our own comprehensive research and literature in order to determine the role of active metabolites of vitamin D in the formation of structural and functional disorders (SFD) in osteoarthritis of the hip.
 Objective: on the basis of our own complex researches and data of literature, to determine the role of the insufficiency of vitamin D metabolites in the development of SFD in coxarthrosis.
 Materials and Methods. The basis for determining the role of active metabolites of vitamin D in the development of SFN in coxarthrosis was our own comprehensive studies of 506 patients with osteoarthritis of the hip and data from the literature.
 Results. On the basis of the theory of functional systems, a conceptual model for the development of SFD in coxarthrosis has been developed. The leading factor in the development of SFD in the rapid progression of idiopathic and dysplastic osteoarthritis of the hip is the lack of active metabolites of vitamin D. The presence of undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia in turn causes a decrease in the absorption of provitamin D in the stomach and intestines. With a slow progression of idiopathic coxarthrosis, the leading factor in the development of these disorders is the excessive load on the hip joint. Factors of violation of biomechanical conditions and injury of the hip joint are factors of the progression of coxarthrosis of dysplastic and post-traumatic genesis. Pathogenic factors lead to functional and structural changes in systems of different levels and their elements with the development of inverted processes in the structures of the hip joint.
 Conclusions. Insufficiency of vitamin D metabolites on the background of undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia leads to biochemical changes in articular cartilage and serum, affects both osteo- and chondrogenesis, leads to reduced immune status of patients and the development of clinical manifestations of rapid progression of idiopathic and dysplastic coxarthrosis. With a slow progression of idiopathic coxarthrosis, the main factor leading to the development of the above mentioned disorders is the excessive load on the hip joint. Factors of violation of biomechanical conditions and injury of the hip joint determine the development of SFD in coxarthrosis of dysplastic and post-traumatic genesis.

Подход к обеспечению здоровьесбережения населения Арктической зоны Российской Федерации (обзор)

This paper analyses environmental factors and their influence on the human body in the Far North. The cold factor is considered separately. It is noted that adaptation to extreme environmental factors in the north resembles adaptive processes taking place in the body under stress. The article describes the phenotypic approach to preventing non-communicable diseases in the population based on the theory of adaptation, control theory, theory of functional systems and system approach. We suggest using a predictive model of the body in the form of an anatomico-physiological structure reflecting grouping of interacting organs and tissues by their physiological functions. The model is represented by the reaction norms of the body’s systems and by the rules of their interaction. With its help, one can identify the predisposition of the body’s systems to destruction and the corresponding cause-and-effect relationships in the body, as well as devise a personal algorithm for health preservation and carry out vocational selection. The predictive properties of the model are based on the manifestations of the adaptive response to environmental stress factors. The recommendations are preventive in nature and are aimed at stimulating the individual’s involvement in his/her health protection. Methods of influencing the homeostatic regulation of the body and increasing the capabilities of the immune system in the north are proposed, i.e. technologies for restoring the body’s circadian rhythm as well as activating the living environment and drinking water in order to prevent chronic non-infectious diseases. The suggested predictive model of the body contributes to the development of a general theory of adaptation and a general theory of pathology. The considered approach to health preservation is compatible with telemedicine and e-health technologies and can therefore make adequate medical services available to the population of the Far North, in particular to those living in remote areas. For citation: Marasanov A.V., Stekhin A.A., Yakovleva G.V. An Approach to Public Health Protection in the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation (Review). Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 2021, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 201–212. DOI: 10.37482/2687-1491-Z058

Природні інтелектуальні системи: протиріччя методологій цілісного і системного підходів та шляхи їх подолання

This study aims to solve the problems of the methodology of holistic and systemic approaches and to establish the form of relations between them. In the general theory of systems between the concepts of "system" and "whole" the relation of primacy is established, namely: the system is recognized as primary, and the concept of "whole" is applied to the formation of properties of the system: emergence and integrativity. For the whole, the regularity of the relationship between the part and whole is established and studied. Besides, it is this pattern is the basis for establishing the characteristics of the system and its elements. In this study, it is proposed to abandon this form of relationship between the system and the whole and move on to the study of the whole as an independent object. In the study of this whole, it is also proposed to abandon the establishment of the form of interaction between the part and the whole and to proceed to the study of the interaction of the parts as a whole. The study of the concept of "organized whole" based on the theory of functional systems, which is considered a natural intellectual system, provided the separation of two parts in an organized whole. Thus, the problem of synthesis of the organized whole is solved. For these two parts, the ways of realization of activity in the form of the decision of the corresponding problems are established. On this basis, the logical principle of mutual relations between the parts of the whole and the results of the realization of their activity in the form of a dialectical triple relation "general" - "special" - "singular, concrete" was determined. It is established that the form of representation of the middle member of this relationship, namely, "special" should be the appropriate sign. The proposed approach investigates the mechanism of interaction (dialectical unity) of two active parts of an organized whole, for which the result of this interaction (zero) is known. The relationship between the system and the organized whole is established in the form of "part" - "whole." The logical sequence of formation of contradictions, axioms, and rules of formation and activity of natural intellectual system which is realized in the given work, is an example of the practical application of a logical method of knowledge of laws.

Modelling Biomolecular Structures in Categorical Systems Theory

In the systemic movement there exist numerous approaches to systems, the most profound of which is the theory of functional systems by Anokhin, which remained largely intuitive science until his pioneering works. The basic principles of functional systems are formalized with the help of the convolutional polycategories in the form of categorical systems theory, which embraced the main systemic approaches, including the traditional mathematical theory of systems. Convolutional polycategories can be built using categorical splices that directly model the external and internal parts of systems. For an algebraic biology using the categorical theory of systems in relation to systemic constructions, the main task of which is to predict the properties of organisms from the genome using strict algebraic methods, new categorical methods are proposed that are widely used in categorical systems theory. These methods are based on the theory of categorical splices, with the help of which the behaviour of quantum-mechanical particles is modelled, in particular, within the framework of the proposed representation of molecules, including RNA and DNA, as categorical systems. Thus, new algebraic and categorical methods (associative algebras with identities, PROP, categorical splices) are involved in the analysis of the genome. The paper presents new results on these matters.

Глубокое обучение адаптивных систем управления на основе логико-вероятностного подхода

The problem of automatic selection of subgoals is currently one of the most relevant in adaptive control problems, in particular, in Reinforcement Learning. This paper proposes a logical-probabilistic approach to the construction of adaptive learning control systems capable of detecting deep implicit subgoals. The approach uses the ideas of the neurophysiological Theory of functional systems to organize the control scheme, and logical-probabilistic methods of machine learning to train the rules of the system and identify subgoals. The efficiency of the proposed approach is demonstrated by an example of solving a three-stage foraging problem containing two nested implicit subgoals

Neurorehabilitation: Sanogenetic and pathogenetic foundations of innovative directions

The processes of sanogenesis and pathogenesis in patients with acute cerebrovascular accident occur simultaneously, starting with the acute period of stroke. In most cases, this is a single process viewed from different perspectives. Modern innovative areas of neurorehabilitation include the use of drug therapy, rehabilitation measures and mechanisms of sanogenesis and self-healing, which can be influenced by the methods used in the course of restoring the health of neurological patients. The organizational model of modern neurorehabilitation is based on an interdisciplinary multistage approach. The analysis of the relationship between patho‑ and sanogenetic reactions is important for the development of this organizational model. Exogenous therapeutic and rehabilitation measures form a single complex with endogenous factors of sanogenesis. These measures achieve the maximum effect only with the conscious active participation of the patient in the recovery process. The theoretical basis of the research is the concept of the theory of functional systems by P. K. Anokhin and the axiomatic theory of human health. The integration of these approaches is considered as the most general self-acting self-healing mechanism, concretized in the form of the concept of sanogenesis. Mechanisms for maintaining homeostasis are activated at all levels when a damaging factor occurs. Pathogenesis develops, becoming an integral part of the processes of sanogenesis.

General theory of functional systems as a theoretical-methodological framework of the pedagogical system of quality assurance

The subject of this research is the pedagogical system of quality assurance. The goal consists in searching for innovative ways of the development of theoretical-methodological foundations for creating the pedagogical system of quality assurance in the higher education institution. The author examines such aspects as the development pf complex pedagogical systems in accordance with the hierarchical principle of compiling its fundamental pedagogical units (pedagogical subsystems), which allow creating branched architecture of the complex pedagogical system is created, depending on the goal and tasks of solution of pedagogical problem (in this case, the problem of quality assurance). Research methodology is based on the productive theoretical-methodological coupling of the concept of the general theory of functional systems (P. K. Anokhin) and the theory of pedagogical systems (N. V. Kuzmina). Comparative analysis is conducted on the analogies of the pedagogical system of quality assurance (according to the author’s version) and the classical functional system of behavioral act of a living organism. As a result, the author develop generalized architecture of the pedagogical system of quality assurance of the university. The novelty of this work consists in introduction of the concept of “pedagogical system of quality assurance” into the general classification of pedagogical systems of vocational education as an example of functional systems. The obtained results can be applied in creation of situational service for predicting and correcting the useful adaptive outcome of the activity of pedagogical system for improving the quality of higher education.

Secondary correction of infertility and oncophobia by means of psychological intervention (clinical case description)

The analysis of psychological correction for post-traumatic stress disorder and progressive chronic psychological stress was carried out. Strategy of the first consultation was based on the principle of A.A. Ukhtomsky, the theory of functional systems by P.K. Anokhin, A. Maslows pyramid of needs, taking into account the hierarchy of emotional stress and cognitive function in the structure of PS, social immobilization and the characteristics of the energy supply of the central nervous system. An algorithm for psychological counseling was developed: 1. Provocation to ensure an intense emotional reaction of suppressed aggression to a stimulus (NLP) under the control of the psychological and physiological state (NLP calibration, lie verification and profiling). 2. Inhibition of the activity of the limbic system and zeroing of emotional stress with the use of pattern interrupt (short-term confusion), followed by breathing control under conditions of transient hypoxia and overload of the representative systems. 3. Conducting resource-relaxation trance (Ericksonian hypnosis). 4. Post-hypnotic suggestion, cognitive analysis and embedding of new patterns of behavior and response to stress. 5. Teaching the method of zeroing emotional stress and reaction to external stimuli. Within 3 weeks after a single consultation, emotional stress disappeared, relations in the professional sphere normalized (transferred to a more prestigious job with a slight increase in salary), friendly relations with a neighbor-friend were restored, and mutual understanding was reached with parents. At the same time, against the background of regression of uterine hypertonicity, the painful formation in the pelvic cavity, perceived as an oncological pathology, disappeared, and the woman got pregnant.

Акмемоделирование в деятельности преподавателя: модели продуктивности и профессионализма

The relevance of the study is determined by the fact that in the context of transformation of the education system, it is especially important for the teacher to know and understand the process of modeling educational activities with an acme-focus on the final result in the student. This presupposes that the teacher has developed professional competencies and competencies in the field of educational systems modeling and personal and professional acme-development of the student. The purpose of the study is to analyse the concept and process of acme-modeling in the teacher’s professional activity and determine its main elements as a method of developing the teacher’s productive competencies in the professional activity. The hypothesis of the study is that knowledge and implementation of the acme-modeling technology in the teacher’s professional activity contributes to the development of his/her highly productive professional competencies and the achievement of results among students as the main indicator of his/her high level of professionalism. We used the following methods: theoretical, logical, scientific and practical analysis; systematization and interpretation of research results. In accordance with the laws of the acmeological theory of fundamental education, the theory of functional systems and the acme-synergetic and socio-synergetic concept of the development of social systems, we made an attempt to identify different types of models of productive professional competencies of a teacher and to identify their characteristics, taking into account a single quality criterion for education in the system of professional education at different levels. Based on the results of the study we 1) theoretically substantiated and determined the features of acmemodeling as a method of developing teacher productivity in professional and educational activities, 2) identified and gave characteristics of invariant idealized models in the activities of a teacher, 3) clarified functional elements of the educational system activity and highlighted the interrelated structural elements for all invariant idealized models of productivity.

Microscopic derivation of density functional theory for superfluid systems based on effective action formalism

Abstract A density-functional theory for superfluid systems is developed in the framework of the functional renormalization group based on the effective action formalism. We introduce the effective action for the particle-number and non-local pairing densities and demonstrate that the Hohenberg–Kohn theorem for superfluid systems is established in terms of the effective action. The flow equation for the effective action is then derived, where the flow parameter runs from $0$ to $1$, corresponding to the non-interacting and interacting systems. From the flow equation and the variational equation that the equilibrium density satisfies, we obtain the exact expression for the Kohn–Sham potential generalized to include the pairing potentials. The resultant Kohn–Sham potential has a nice feature in that it expresses the microscopic formulae of the external, Hartree, pairing and exchange–correlation terms separately. It is shown that our Kohn–Sham potential gives the ground-state energy of the Hartree–Fock–Bogoliubov theory by neglecting the correlations. An advantage of our exact formalism lies in the fact that it provides ways to improve the correlation part systematically.

Система поведенческого доминирования: обзор психофизиологических особенностей и нейробиологических маркеров

This article provides a review of the literature data on the association between personal characteristics belonging to the behavioural dominance system and various psychophysiological, hormonal, and neurobiological indices. Social and behavioural features characteristic of dominance and subordination are described. The review discusses the studies showing the relationship between the indices of dominant or subordinate behaviours and adaptive capacity as well as levels of trait and state anxiety of individuals in different social contexts. Further, the key hormonal mechanisms underlying social dominance are reviewed. The dual-hormone hypothesis of dominance regulation under social stress is illustrated through studies showing the correlation between the changes in adrenocortical and sex hormone levels and their joint effect on the regulation of hierarchical status. Individual characteristics of prevalence or balance between the behavioural activation (motivation of gaining reward) and inhibition (motivation of avoiding failure) systems were found to play a crucial role in achieving higher dominance and the formation of ideas about one’s own social status. In addition, the neurophysiological and neurochemical mechanisms involved in the regulation of social hierarchical relationships are discussed. The review describes the features of brain activation during social interaction, including dominance and subordination, as well as context-dependent perception of one’s own social status and that of the opponent. The behavioural dominance system is proposed to be considered in the framework of the theory of functional systems, its architectonics, and central principles (interaction between its components, afferent synthesis, decision making, action program, and action result acceptor). Based on the systemic principles, social factors can be viewed as major environmental and triggering stimuli which affect the afferent synthesis, modulate the action program, and change the appraisal of results achieved by individuals during social interactions.

The problem of statistical stability of parameters of the cardiovascular system

One of the main problems in the theory of homeostasis and the theory of functional systems of the human body is the problem of choosing standards. It turned out that the statistics poorly diagnose the norm (standard) of function of the human body. The aim of the study was to assess the possibility of using a new quantitative criteria - the area of the pseudoattractors (Eskov's quasiattractors) as standard (physiological norm) parameters. Methods. In a group of 15 women (mean age = 28 ± 2,3 years, who have been living in the North of the Russian Federation in Ugra for more than 15 years), cardiointerval samples were recorded (300 cardiointervals per sample) 225 times for each test subject. As a result, we calculated 15 matrices of pairwise comparisons of samples. A total of 225 matrices for all 15 subjects and 225 areas of S pseudoattractors for each subject were created. Area S was found from the formula S = Δx1 х Δх2, where Ax1 is the range for cardio intervals, and Δx2 is the range for Δx1. Results. All 225 matrices for 15 subjects showed showed a substantial variability in samples of cardiointervals. However, S areas showed statistical stability for each of 15 subjects. Conclusions: further application of statistics in the calculation of cardio intervals is problematic due to the statistical instability of the samples, therefore we propose to use areas of pseudoattractors to assess the physiological norm.

Imaginary-time time-dependent density functional theory for periodic systems

Imaginary-time time-dependent density functional theory (it-TDDFT) has been proposed as an alternative method for obtaining the ground state within density functional theory (DFT) which avoids some of the difficulties with convergence encountered by the self-consistent-field (SCF) iterative method. It-TDDFT was previously applied to clusters of atoms where it was demonstrated to converge in select cases where SCF had difficulty with convergence. In the present work we implement it-TDDFT propagation for periodic systems by modifying the Quantum ESPRESSO (QE) package, which uses a plane-wave basis with multiple k points, and has the options of non-collinear and DFT + U calculations using ultra-soft or norm-conserving pseudo potentials. We demonstrate that our implementation of it-TDDFT propagation with multiple k points is correct for DFT + U non-collinear calculations and for DFT + U calculations with ultra-soft pseudo potentials. Our implementation of it-TDDFT propagation converges to the exact SCF energy (up to the decimal guaranteed by double precision) in all but one case where it converged to a slightly lower value than SCF, suggesting a useful alternative for systems where SCF has difficulty reaching the Kohn–Sham (KS) ground state. In addition, we demonstrate that more rapid convergence can be achieved if we use adaptive-size imaginary-time-steps for different kinetic-energy plane-waves.

A characterization of Markov equilibrium in stochastic overlapping generations models

This paper characterizes the Markov equilibrium in stochastic overlapping generations models with both pure exchange and production using the theory of linear iterated function systems. We provide conditions for the linearized Markov equilibrium to have an absolutely continuous invariant measure or a singular invariant measure. We also examine relationships between the linear equilibrium system and the model parameters. This analysis identifies the set of economies for each type of invariant measure. We show that the attractor of the singular invariant measure exhibits fractal patterns, which supports the proposition that self-affinity patterns in financial data can be explained via rational expectations equilibrium as an economic mechanism.

Higher efficiency of control over functional status of locomotive crew members

The objective of the study is research into psycho-physiological methods of control over the functional status of a person for higher efficiency of a pre-trip control of locomotive crew members. It is related to the fact that today’s medical methods do not reveal some states which decrease a functional reliability level, particularly, a fatigue level and borderline states. The authors selected parameters which, according to the functional system theory, give information on conditions of two regulation levels in the human body, physiological and higher nervous activity, and correspond to the formulated requirements in terms of the procedure. The study experimentally proved the informative value of 27 psycho-physiological parameters for estimation of exhaustion and borderline states. For a state of exhaustion the hemodynamic parameters, including those of arrhythmia, both sinus and slow waves, were of the most informative value. The study revealed the parameter of arterial pressure pulse, the value of which in the post-trip group decreased by 25%. While identifying existence of borderline states by sinus arrhythmia parameters, it turned out that much more people with borderline states were in the exhaustion zone, rather than in the control group (42% and 16% respectively).

Didactics: Methodological Basis of Motor Learning in Children and Adolescents

The purpose of the study was to determine the impact of knowledge considered as a methodological basis of motor learning on the effectiveness of motor skills development in children and adolescents. Materials and methods. Young gymnasts aged 7-13 participated in the experiment. At the first stage – young gymnasts aged 8 (16 groups of 6 people each). At the second stage – young gymnasts aged 8 (3 groups of 6 people each), young gymnasts aged 13 (2 groups of 6 people each). Both philosophical and general scientific research methods were used to solve the tasks set, among which were: dialectical method, systems approach, modeling, pedagogical experiment organized according to the scheme of a 2k factorial experiment. Results. A positive effect of learning depends on the consistent solution of learning tasks and rational application of methods. This is indicated by the following: firstly, the total impact of factors reduces the number of repetitions when teaching young gymnasts a side handspring (by 23 repetitions), secondly, the total interaction increases the duration of training by 9 repetitions. Obviously, studying the decomposition of learning tasks can improve the effectiveness of learning in general. Conclusions. The learning process structure is most influenced by the conclusions of the theory of functional systems (43%, p < 0.001), the theory of movement construction (41%, p < 0.001), and the theory of management of knowledge acquisition, formation of actions and concepts (2.6%, p < 0.05). A positive effect of learning depends on the consistent solution of learning tasks and rational application of methods.

ІНТЕЛЕКТУАЛЬНІ СИСТЕМИ: ПРИНЦИПИ ЕВРИСТИЧНОЇ САМООРГАНІЗАЦІЇ ПРОЦЕСІВ СМИСЛОВОГО МИСЛЕННЯ ТА СМИСЛОВОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ

The purpose of this study is to solve the following problems. The first task concerns the determination of the form of correspondence of factors that model the technological activity of the “process” and “resource” with factors that are subjected to simultaneous processing according to the central regularity of the integrative activity of the brain. The second task concerns the determination of possible forms of relationships for technological activity factors “process” and “resource” with concepts that characterize thinking processes, namely: “reflection”, “data”, “information”, “knowledge”, “meaning”, “thinking”, “intelligence”, “semantic thinking”, “understanding”. From the above analysis of the problems of representation, processing, and acquisition of knowledge, it follows that the main problem is the mismatch of the laws of formal logic with logic, which is realized in the thinking processes of living beings. Human intelligence in the theory of artificial intelligence is perceived as an auxiliary tool. In the theory of artificial intelligence, the model of an artificial neuron copies its structure but does not reproduce the processes that are realized in it. From a philosophical point of view, the basic concepts that reveal the content of thinking processes are the concepts of “reason” and “mind”. Moreover, the main property of the mind is its dialectics, which is manifested through the concept of "measure". The content of the concept of “measure” is defined in the form of a dialectical unity of the concepts of “general” (qualitative definition) “single” (quantitative definition). The methodological basis for the construction of all logical models is the methodology of a holistic approach based on which a logical model of holistic semantic activity is formed. In this model, the content of "duality" of the content of the concept of "activity" is disclosed. This ensured the definition of the principle of organizing the intellectual system into an organized whole in the form of the dialectical unity of certain tasks, as well as the principle of self-organization of its activities in the form of a mechanism to ensure compliance with the results of solving these problems. Based on the hypothesis about the equivalence of the technological activity of the natural intellectual system using the “process” and “resource” factors and the process of semantic thinking based on the central regularity of the integrative activity of the brain, a logical model for structuring excitations on the theory of functional systems has been developed. This model, along with the logical model of semantic activity (process), serves as the basis for the formation of logical models of levels 0 - 4. The principle of heuristic self-organization in the form of a fourth heuristic, namely, dialectical self-organization for the concepts of “general” “single”, is a fundamental principle of heuristic self-organization of pairs of factors for logical models. The architectures of these logical models are formed using two pairs of factors defined for each model. The fifth principle of heuristic self-organization follows from this: the architecture of logical models of semantic thinking and semantic activity are formed using two pairs of factors defined for each logical model, the elements of each of which are connected by cause-effect relationships, which in meaning correspond to pairs of process and resource factors, and correspond to the architecture of the Cartesian coordinate system.