Brain Function Disorders Research Articles

GNEA: A Graph Neural Network with ELM Aggregator for Brain Network Classification

Brain networks provide essential insights into the diagnosis of functional brain disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Many machine learning methods have been applied to learn from brain images or networks in Euclidean space. However, it is still challenging to learn complex network structures and the connectivity of brain regions in non-Euclidean space. To address this problem, in this paper, we exploit the study of brain network classification from the perspective of graph learning. We propose an aggregator based on extreme learning machine (ELM) that boosts the aggregation ability and efficiency of graph convolution without iterative tuning. Then, we design a graph neural network named GNEA (Graph Neural Network with ELM Aggregator) for the graph classification task. Extensive experiments are conducted using a real-world AD detection dataset to evaluate and compare the graph learning performances of GNEA and state-of-the-art graph learning methods. The results indicate that GNEA achieves excellent learning performance with the best graph representation ability in brain network classification applications.

Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus and Alzheimer's disease in clinical practice: comorbidity and differentiation

The idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (Hakim – Adams syndrome) is characterized by the expansion of cerebrospinal cavities, which is clinically manifested by triad symptoms: cognitive impairment, impaired gait and urination. In this research the severity and modality of cognitive impairment, the pattern of gait changes and the levels of protein biomarkers of amyloidosis and neurodegeneration and neuroimaging changes was evaluated for idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus, Alzheimer's disease and their combination. It has been established that for patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus the most characteristic is the dysregulatory type of disorders of higher brain functions, while for patients with a combination of Alzheimer's disease and idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus, mnemonic disorders are also detected. The specific changes of cerebrospinal fluid in patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus are higher levels of amyloid beta, a decrease concentration of tau and phosphorylated tau-protein compared to patients with Alzheimer's disease. In the case of a combination of diseases (comorbidity), it was characterized by intermediate results by cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers. We also revealed patterns of transformation of moderate cognitive impairment into dementia (according to the ratio of tau/Aβ‑42 and ftau /Aβ‑42). The value of evaluating the results of magnetic resonance imaging using special techniques that evaluate both the expansion of the ventricular system and atrophy of the brain parenchyma. Comorbid patients are characterized by a combination of these processes based on the results of neuroimaging. That is why it is necessary to use complex visually analog neuroimaging scales for differential diagnosis and establishing diagnosis. Also, in the course of this work, an algorithm is proposed for mandatory clinical-neuropsychological and laboratory-instrumental examination of patients with cognitive impairment in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus, Alzheimer's disease and their combination.

Dietary Fatty Acid Factors in Alzheimer's Disease: A Review.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an irreversible neurodegenerative disease characterized by brain function disorder and chronic cognitive function impairment. The onset of AD is complex and is mostly attributed to interactions between genetic factors and environmental factors. Lifestyle, dietary habits, and food consumption are likely to play indispensable functions in aged-related neurodegenerative diseases in elderly people. An increasing number of epidemiological studies have linked dietary fatty acid factors to AD, raising the point of view that fatty acid metabolism plays an important role in AD initiation and progression as well as in other central nervous system disorders. In this paper, we review the effects of the consumption of various dietary fatty acids on AD onset and progression and discuss the detrimental and beneficial effects of some typical fatty acids derived from dietary patterns on the pathology of AD. We outline these recent advances, and we recommend that healthy dietary lifestyles may contribute to preventing the occurrence and decreasing the pathology of AD.

Family Perception of Diseases Related to the Reference Time in Stroke Patient: Literature Review

Background: Stroke is a functional brain disorder characterized by neurological deficits or nerve paralysis that occurs suddenly due to obstruction of blood flow to the brain. In 2018 the prevalence of stroke in Indonesia has increased compared to 2013, namely the prevalence of stroke rose from 7 percent to 10.9 percent. South Kalimantan ranks 5th in Indonesia with a stroke prevalence of 12.7%. The duration of stroke is caused by the delays in referring patients to the hospital. Poor perception is one of the factors that causes delay in patients being taken to the hospital for immediate treatment. Purpose: This study aimed to learn about family perceptions of diseases related to patient referral in Empirical studies in the past 5 years. Methods: This study uses the literature review method. a database with the electronic search on Ebsco, ProQuest, Google Scholar, and DOAJ that published in 2016-2019. Results: There is a correlation between the perception of the disease with referral time in stroke patients. Lack of knowledge about the symptoms of stroke symptoms that arise so that the perception of symptoms that arise is an ordinary disease and can disappear by itself. Conclusion: Closely Banjar culture causes families to choose to only bring patients to traditional medicine rather than bringing stroke patients to the hospital. The family has the perception that stroke is a common disease that can be cured by bringing patients to traditional medicine

Peripheral Occipital Nerve Decompression Surgery in Migraine Headache.

Background:Migraine headache in the occipital region is characterized by a recurrent pain of moderate to severe intensity. However, the diagnosis can be difficult because of the multitude of symptoms overlapping with similar disorders and a pathophysiology that is not well-understood. For this reason, the medical management is often complex and ineffective.Methods:A literature search according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines was conducted to evaluate the surgical treatment of occipital migraines. Inclusion criteria were: English language, diagnosis of migraine, occipital neuralgia, or tension headache in compliance with the classification of the International Headache Society, follow-up at minimum 3 months, and adult age. The treatment had to consist of peripheral occipital nerve surgery.Results:323 records were identified after duplicates were removed, 30 full text articles were assessed for eligibility, and 9 records were selected for inclusion. A total of 1046 patients were included in the review. General positive response after surgery (>50% reduction in occipital migraine headaches) ranged from 80.0% to 94.9%. However, many differences in the selection of patients, target of decompression surgery, and measurement outcome were described.Conclusion:Despite the decennial proven effectiveness and safeness of surgical therapy for chronic occipital migraine headaches, more significant proof is needed to definitively confirm its use as a standard therapy.

Mens Sana in Corpore Sano: Does the Glycemic Index Have a Role to Play?

Although diet interventions are mostly related to metabolic disorders, nowadays they are used in a wide variety of pathologies. From diabetes and obesity to cardiovascular diseases, to cancer or neurological disorders and stroke, nutritional recommendations are applied to almost all diseases. Among such disorders, metabolic disturbances and brain function and/or diseases have recently been shown to be linked. Indeed, numerous neurological functions are often associated with perturbations of whole-body energy homeostasis. In this regard, specific diets are used in various neurological conditions, such as epilepsy, stroke, or seizure recovery. In addition, Alzheimer’s disease and Autism Spectrum Disorders are also considered to be putatively improved by diet interventions. Glycemic index diets are a novel developed indicator expected to anticipate the changes in blood glucose induced by specific foods and how they can affect various physiological functions. Several results have provided indications of the efficiency of low-glycemic index diets in weight management and insulin sensitivity, but also cognitive function, epilepsy treatment, stroke, and neurodegenerative diseases. Overall, studies involving the glycemic index can provide new insights into the relationship between energy homeostasis regulation and brain function or related disorders. Therefore, in this review, we will summarize the main evidence on glycemic index involvement in brain mechanisms of energy homeostasis regulation.

Deep learning of brain magnetic resonance images: A brief review.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is one of the most popular techniques in brain science and is important for understanding brain function and neuropsychiatric disorders. However, the processing and analysis of MRI is not a trivial task with lots of challenges. Recently, deep learning has shown superior performance over traditional machine learning approaches in image analysis. In this survey, we give a brief review of the recent popular deep learning approaches and their applications in brain MRI analysis. Furthermore, popular brain MRI databases and deep learning tools are also introduced. The strength and weaknesses of different approaches are addressed, and challenges as well as future directions are also discussed.

Постинсультные нейропсихологические нарушения

The aim of research. The aim of the study was to evaluate neuropsychological disorders in patients with ischemic stroke in the acute period. Materials and methods. 100 patients with primary and repeated ischemic stroke in the carotid artery and vertebro-basilar arterial system in the acute period were examined. Patients did not have severe motor and speech disorders that could prevent neuro-psychological examination. The ischemic focus was visualized for 1–6 days from the onset of the disease by magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography. Cognitive functions were assessed using a Mini Mental State Examination scale, a 10-word memorization test, and Schulte tables. Results. In the acute period of stroke, cognitive deficit was observed in 77% of cases and according to Mini Mental State Examination was 26.87±0.8 points in young patients, 22.83±0.8 points-in middle-aged patients. More pronounced disorders of higher brain functions were found in patients hospitalized during a period of more than 12 hours from the beginning of the disease clinic and amounted to 23.2±0.6 points. Conclusion. The study revealed that in the acute period of ischemic stroke, cognitive disorders were observed in 77% of cases, while late hospitalization of patients was accompanied by more pronounced violations of neuropsychological functions. And cognitive impairment was significantly prevalent in individuals of middle and old age compared to younger patients. Repeated stroke led to more significant not only neurological, but also cognitive impairment, which is associated with structural and functional damage to the substance of the brain and a decrease in the reserve capacity of the Central nervous system.

Epilepsy and Neuroscience: Evolution and Interaction.

Neuroscience is a relatively new and fashionable word that emerged in the 1950s in several countries, including the UK, to describe a multidisciplinary clinical and laboratory approach to the study of the brain, mind, and neuropsychiatric disorders. However collaborative study of neurological and psychiatric disorders can be traced to the 17th century with roots in antiquity. I describe the evolution of our understanding of epilepsy beginning with the first detailed clinical descriptions, associated with supernatural theories, in Babylonian medicine in the second millennium BC. Interest in natural causation arose in the Greco-Roman period when it was first suggested that “the sacred disease” was a disorder of the brain. However, this theory did not take root until the 17th and 18th centuries AD when epilepsy began to be separated from other “convulsive” diseases, including hysteria. In the 19th century developments in neuropathology and our understanding of cortical localization led to the much-debated separation of idiopathic from symptomatic epilepsy which continues to influence international classifications of seizures and epilepsies. Also in the 19th century, the concept of seizures as electrical discharges in the brain evolved, reinforced in the 20th century by the discovery of the electroencephalogram. For many reasons, people with epilepsy have experienced a high incidence of cognitive and psychosocial disorders. Epilepsy, which is a global problem, has, therefore, remained a bridge between neurology and psychiatry. Furthermore, the study of epilepsy continues to shed light on brain function and other neuropsychiatric disorders.

ZAP-X: A Novel Radiosurgical Device for the Treatment of Trigeminal Neuralgia

IntroductionThe treatment of trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is one of the most demanding of all radiosurgery procedures, requiring accurate delivery and sharp dose fall off. ZAP-X®, a new, innovative frameless radiosurgical device, maybe an attractive platform for the treatment of TN and other functional brain disorders. Here, we compared the dosimetry of ZAP-X plans for a single patient to that generated by a well-established dedicated radiosurgery device, the CyberKnife.MethodsRadiosurgery plans that delineated the cranial nerve from a single patient’s fused computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (CT-MR) data set were planned on both the ZAP-X and CyberKnife, with the latter serving as a validated benchmark. The same target and treatment planning constraints were applied. Plans were evaluated by a physician with experience treating TN and a medical physicist. The ZAP-X treatment plan used two isocenters delivered through 4-mm collimators based on a non-isocentric plan that delivered 29,441 MU through 81 beams. The CyberKnife plans used a 5-mm collimator for a non-isocentric plan that delivered 17,880 MU through 88 beams.ResultsBased on visual inspection, the isodose volumes covered by ZAP-X and CyberKnife were similar at the prescription isodose (70% and 80%, respectively, with a maximum dose (Dmax) of 7500 cGy. The conformality index was better for the CyberKnife as compared to ZAP-X. However, the irradiated volumes were smaller at the 50%, 20%, and 10% isodoses for ZAP-X (0.12 cc, 0.57 cc, and 1.69 for ZAP-X; 0.18 cc, 0.91 cc, and 3.41 cc for CyberKnife). In particular, the 20% and 10% isodose volumes were much smaller for ZAP-X, especially on the axial and sagittal planes.ConclusionsZAP-X treatment planning for TN compares favorably with equivalent planning on CyberKnife. The brain volumes containing the 20% and 10% isodoses are smaller using ZAP-X, thus relatively sparing critical structures close to the target, including the Gasserian ganglion and brainstem. This feature could be of clinical relevance by potentially reducing treatment-related complications.

Pengaruh Stretching Exercise terhadap Perubahan Kekuatan Otot pada Pasien Pasca Stroke

Stroke is a functional brain disorder in the form of nerve paralysis / neurological deficits due to impaired blood flow in one part of the brain. Stroke patients will experience hemiparese resulting in decreased muscle strength. Stretching Exercise is one of the stretching exercises that serves to increase muscle strength. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of stretching exercise on changes in muscle strength in post-stroke patients in outpatient hospitals. Jakarta National Brain Center. This research is a quasi experimental design study with a randomized pretest-posttest control group approach. The number of samples in this study were 109 respondents who were divided into intervention groups of 82 respondents who were given stretching exercises 3 times a week for 10 weeks and the control group of 27 respondents using the Wilcoxon and Mann Whitney Tests. The results showed that muscle strength increased significantly after stretching exercises (ρ value = 0.000). Conclusion, Stretching Exercise affects the increase in muscle strength of post-stroke patients in the outpatients of the Jakarta National Brain Center Hospital. Suggestions, the results of this study can contribute knowledge related to independent interventions namely Stretching Exercise for post-stroke patients who experience physical weakness. Keywords :Stroke, Hemiparese, Stretching Exercise, Muscle Strength

Behavioural Changes in Mice after Getting Accustomed to the Mirror.

Patients with brain function disorders due to stroke or dementia may show inability to recognize themselves in the mirror. Although the cognitive ability to recognize mirror images has been investigated in many animal species, the animal species that can be used for experimentation and the mechanisms involved in recognition remain unclear. We investigated whether mice have the ability to recognize their mirror images. Demonstrating evidence of this in mice would be useful for researching the psychological and biological mechanisms underlying this ability. We examined whether mice preferred mirrors, whether plastic tapes on their heads increased their interest, and whether mice accustomed to mirrors learnt its physical phenomenon. Mice were significantly more interested in live stranger mice than mirrors. Mice with tape on their heads spent more time before mirrors. Becoming accustomed to mirrors did not change their behaviour. Mice accustomed to mirrors had significantly increased interest in photos of themselves over those of strangers and cage-mates. These results indicated that mice visually recognized plastic tape adherent to reflected individuals. Mice accustomed to mirrors were able to discriminate between their images, cage-mates, and stranger mice. However, it is still unknown whether mice recognize that the reflected images are of themselves.

Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Diabetes.

Diabetes and its chronic complications still represent a great clinical problem, despite improvements made in the diagnosis and treatment of the disease. People with diabetes have a much higher risk of impaired brain function and psychiatric disorders. Neurotrophins are factors that protect neuronal tissue and improve the function of the central nervous system, and among them is brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). The level and function of BDNF in diabetes seems to be disturbed by and connected with the presence of insulin resistance. On the other hand, there is evidence for the highly beneficial impact of physical activity on brain function and BDNF level. However, it is not clear if this protective phenomenon works in the presence of diabetes. In this review, we summarize the current available research on this topic and find that the results of published studies are ambiguous.

Modeling Neuronal Diseases in Zebrafish in the Era of CRISPR.

Background:Danio rerio is a powerful experimental model for studies in genetics and development. Recently, CRISPR technology has been applied in this species to mimic various human diseases, including those affecting the nervous system. Zebrafish offer multiple experimental advantages: external embryogenesis, rapid development, transparent embryos, short life cycle, and basic neurobiological processes shared with humans. This animal model, together with the CRISPR system and, emerging imaging technologies, and novel behavioral approaches, lay the basis for a prominent future in neuropathology and will undoubtedly accelerate our understanding of brain function and its disorders.Objective:Gather relevant findings from studies that have used CRISPR technologies in zebrafish to explore basic neuronal function and model human diseases.Methods:We systematically reviewed the most recent literature about CRISPR technology applications for understanding brain function and neurological disorders in D. rerio. We highlighted the key role of CRISPR in driving forward our understanding of particular topics in neuroscience.Results:We show specific advances in neurobiology when the CRISPR system has been applied in zebrafish and describe how CRISPR is accelerating our understanding of brain organization.Conclusion:Today, CRISPR is the preferred method to modify genomes of practically any living organism. Despite the rapid development of CRISPR technologies to generate disease models in zebrafish, more efforts are needed to efficiently combine different disciplines to find the etiology and treatments for many brain diseases.

The gut microbiome and neuropsychiatric disorders: implications for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Neuropsychiatric disorders (NPDs) such as depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) all relate to behavioural, cognitive and emotional disturbances that are ultimately rooted in disordered brain function. More specifically, these disorders are linked to various neuromodulators (i.e. serotonin and dopamine), as well as dysfunction in both cognitive and socio-affective brain networks. Increasing evidence suggests that the gut environment, and particularly the microbiome, plays a significant role in individual mental health. Although the presence of a gut-brain communication axis has long been established, recent studies argue that the development and regulation of this axis is dictated by the gut microbiome. Many studies involving both animals and humans have connected the gut microbiome with depression, anxiety and ASD. Microbiome-centred treatments for individuals with these same NPDs have yielded promising results. Despite its recent rise and underlying similarities to other NPDs, both biochemically and symptomatically, connections between the gut microbiome and ADHD currently lag behind those for other NPDs. We demonstrate that all evidence points to the importance of, and dire need for, a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of the role of the gut microbiome in ADHD, to deepen our understanding of a condition that affects millions of individuals worldwide.

A Bi-Directional Competitive Interaction between <i>CircHomer1</i> and <i>Homer1b</i> within the Orbitofrontal Cortex Regulates Reversal Learning

Although circular RNAs (circRNAs) are abundantly expressed in the mammalian brain and preferentially-derived from synaptic genes, their relevance for brain function and psychiatric disorders and their interactions with neuronal protein-coding gene expression still remain poorly understood. Here we show that alterations in the levels of circHomer1, a neuronal-enriched circRNA altered in psychiatric disease that has been shown to influence OFC-mediated cognitive flexibility, are inversely associated with the relative expression of the long linear HOMER1B mRNA isoform in both the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and stem cell-derived neuronal cultures of subjects with psychiatric disorders. Using in vivo mature circHomer1-specific knockdown (KD) in adult mouse OFC, we further demonstrate that downregulation of circHomer1 results in increased synaptic expression of Homer1b mRNA. Furthermore, we utilize circRNA antisense purification to show that circHomer1 directly binds to Homer1b mRNA. We then demonstrate that in vivo Homer1b-specific KD increases synaptic circHomer1 levels within the OFC and improves OFC-mediated behavioral flexibility. Importantly, we show that double circHomer1 and Homer1b in vivo co-KD results in a complete rescue in circHomer1-associated alterations in both chance reversal learning and synaptic gene expression. Lastly, we demonstrate that circHomer1 is an experience-dependent circRNA that is significantly altered during chance reversal learning and that variability in its baseline expression within the OFC is significantly inversely correlated to behavioral performance during chance reversal learning. Taken together our data provide novel mechanistic insights into the importance of circRNAs in brain function and disease.

Aplikasi Model Cox Proportional Hazard pada Pasien Stroke RSD Balung Kabupaten Jember

<p>According to the World Health Organization (WHO) cardiovascular disease is a disease caused by impaired heart and blood vessel function. There are many types of cardiovascular disease, but the most common and most well-known are coronary heart disease and stroke. Stroke is a syndrome characterized by symptoms and / or rapidly developing clinical signs in the form of focal and global brain functional disorders lasting more than 24 hours (unless there are surgical interventions or bringing death), which are not caused by other causes besides vascular causes. The number of stroke patients in Indonesia in 2013 based on the diagnosis of health personnel (Nakes) was 1.236.825 (7,0%), while based on the diagnosis of symptoms was 2.137.941 (12,1%). In this study the factors that can affect the survival of stroke sufferers were analyzed using the Cox proportional hazard regression model, the dependent variable was the length of time the patient was treated and the independent variables were gender, age, hypertension status, cholesterol status, Diabetes Militus (DM) status, stroke type, and Body Mass Index (BMI). The result showed that age, DM status, and type of stroke were the most influential factors on the survival of stroke patients at Balung Regional Hospital.</p><strong>Keywords : </strong>stroke disease, survival analysis, Cox proportional hazard model

Systemic disorders of brain functions in distant period of explosive closed brain injury: clinical case

The paper presents of clinical case of brain traumatic disease course after explosive injury. It was included about forming systemic disorders of brain in distant period based on of patient complaints, anamnesis of disease, data of neurological status as well as results neurophysiological and neuropsychological examinations. This pathology is manifested as functional impairment of non-specific system of brain on all levels of organization with domination of mediobasal temporal area dysfunction with involvement of parietal-temporal section of cortex. Case presented points to necessity of durable neurological observation of patients with this pathology for timely diagnosis and treatment of complications as well as for providing of patients psychical and social adaptation. Keywords: explosive closed brain injury, distant eff ects, systemic disorders of brain

Double-Dissociation Studies in Psychiatric Research: A Scoping Review.

After participating in this activity, learners should be better able to:• Evaluate the double-dissociation approach to research in neuropsychology• Assess research aiming to provide evidence of double dissociation between neurobiological abnormalities and clinical presentations in psychiatry BACKGROUND: Psychiatric neuroscience research has grown exponentially, but it has not generated the desired breakthroughs in diagnosis, treatment development, or treatment selection. In many instances a given neurobiological abnormality is found in multiple clinical syndromes, and conversely, a clinical syndrome is associated with multiple neurobiological abnormalities. To the extent that neurobiology research is conducted to explain psychiatric manifestations, however, it should also provide insight into how certain brain abnormalities lead to one and not another specific clinical presentation-that is, "double-dissociation." We hypothesized that most psychiatric research studies are not designed to identify such double dissociations. We selected three leading psychiatric journals (American Journal of Psychiatry, JAMA Psychiatry, and Molecular Psychiatry) that are representative of high-quality psychiatry research and that also provided a sample size that was feasible to screen. We screened all original research manuscripts published over the course of one calendar year (2017) to identify those measuring brain function or biological parameters (which, collectively, we term neurobiological measures) in psychiatric disorders. We asked whether such biological research could provide evidence for a double dissociation of any kind. We found that only 7 of 403 articles published in three psychiatry journals, constituting approximately 2% of publications, examined the dissociation of neurobiological measures relating to two psychiatric disorders or symptom clusters. Of these 7 studies, 5 used imaging as research tool; 1 used genotype array; and 1 used polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Sample sizes of the 7 studies ranged from 100 to 2876. We report on a striking paucity of research aiming to provide evidence of double dissociation between neurobiological abnormalities and clinical presentations in psychiatry. We conclude that this paucity represents a missed opportunity for the field. Double-dissociation approaches have been used successfully in many studies in neurology and psychiatry in the past, and more widespread and explicit adoption of this design may improve the mechanistic insights obtained in psychiatry research.

Brain Imaging Genomics: Integrated Analysis and Machine Learning.

Brain imaging genomics is an emerging data science field, where integrated analysis of brain imaging and genomics data, often combined with other biomarker, clinical and environmental data, is performed to gain new insights into the phenotypic, genetic and molecular characteristics of the brain as well as their impact on normal and disordered brain function and behavior. It has enormous potential to contribute significantly to biomedical discoveries in brain science. Given the increasingly important role of statistical and machine learning in biomedicine and rapidly growing literature in brain imaging genomics, we provide an up-to-date and comprehensive review of statistical and machine learning methods for brain imaging genomics, as well as a practical discussion on method selection for various biomedical applications.