Compensation Function Research Articles

Multi-Functionalized High Ionic Conductive Soft Matter for Separator-Free All Solid-State Lithium-Ion Battery

Solid state battery (SSB) with its promising advantages such as extreme light weight, thin film manufacturing, and compact structure, which leads to a possibility of high energy density design (up to 400-500 Wh/kg). The most important key for the development of SSB is the solid electrolyte (SE). Nowadays, there are several SEs been studied to overcome many drawbacks that are being investigated. Those problems are low ionic conductivity at room temperature, low electrochemical stability, low interfacial compatibility, and low mechanical property, respectively. Although several SEs like sulfide, halide, oxide, and polymer-based materials are developed, but there are still big challenges for further commercialization.In this research, multi-functionalized high ionic soft matters have been synthesized successfully. These soft matters are siloxane polyelectrolytes that contains two functions of single ion transfer and lithium-ion compensation. With the single ion transfer design, the ionic conductivity of siloxane polyelectrolyte is achieved to 4*10-4 S/cm at room temperature and the electrochemical stability is illustrated to a window of 0-5.5V. This soft matter provides outstanding interfacial compatibility to solid-solid interface owing to its unique function of lithium-ion compensation by directly coverage on cathode active materials. According to the results, the impedance of SSB with siloxane polyelectrolytes is decreased by 50% as well as the initial capacity on NMC811 cathode is 213.3 mAh/g (CE: 91.4%). The cycle ability on this separator-free polymer based SSB shows almost no fading in 50 cycles (at 60oC) without any assistances, the SSB only has NMC811 cathode, SE, and lithium metal anode. Fig. 1 shows the SEM images of pristine and siloxane polyelectrolyte covered NMC811. According to the results, the NMC811 is homogeneously covered by thin film siloxane polyelectrolyte, which is used to transfer lithium ions.This research demonstrates a separator-free all SSB by multi-functionalized siloxane polyelectrolyte. High ionic conductivity, high interfacial compatibility, lithium-ion compensation, and high mechanical property are provided to a future high energy density battery. Figure 1

High accuracy and resolution damage detection for concrete based on novel virtual correlation imaging method and embedded piezoelectric sensing technology

This paper presents a novel virtual correlation imaging (VCI) method to reduce the adverse effects of stress wave distortion and realize high accuracy and resolution damage imaging based on the sparse stress wave data collected by embedded piezoceramic transducers. Specifically, a compensation function is first constructed in the VCI method based on the frequency response characteristic of damage-induced scattering signals. Then, the constructed compensation function is emitted as the virtual excitation signal in the simulation space via virtual channels. To automatically compensate for the effect of waveform distortion, a virtual correlation operator is developed based on the scattering signal and its corresponding virtual received signal to design the imaging function. Finally, the practicability of the proposed VCI method is investigated on a concrete specimen with two successively drilling holes under laboratory conditions. The results indicate that, compared with the conventional damage imaging methods, the proposed VCI method can effectively decrease the adverse effect of distorted probing stress waves on damage localization accuracy and spatial resolution during the imaging process.

DC power supply with parallel active compensation function and tuneable inductive filter based on analogue control: Part 1

DC power supply with parallel active compensation function and tuneable inductive filter based on analogue control: Part 1

Dynamic assessment method for human factor risk of manned deep submergence operation system based on SPAR-H and SD

Due to the complex and changeable contextual environment, the human factor risk of the manned deep submergence operating system shows dynamic characteristics. Compared with the traditional static human reliability analysis (HRA) method, dynamic HRA method can better simulate the dynamic characteristics and the nonlinear information feedback mechanism of the operating system. This paper proposed a dynamic risk assessment model based on System Dynamics and SPAR-H. The cognitive load was introduced into the Performance Shaping Factor (PSF) network to make it more suitable for the task and environment of manned deep submergence. In addition, in order to measure the compensation effect of PSF on the work efficiency of oceanauts, eight compensation functions were constructed between PSFs and work efficiency. Finally, key risk tasks and sensitive PSFs were identified. Taking the 12 h manned deep diving mission as an example, the dynamic quantification of human error probability and work efficiency of oceanauts was simulated. The results indicate that the dynamic simulation results of the constructed risk assessment model are consistent with the actual situation, and can effectively predict the changes of dynamic risk.

Simple quantification of elastomers’ deformation-induced entropy changes through maxwell relation implementation

An upper division experimental method to determine the configurational entropy change using an approximated Maxwell relation for short fiber reinforced polymers is presented. This approach mainly integrates two regression models in data analysis, respectively being the phenomenological Mooney-Rivlin model and the linear tension-temperature relation; the former simulates the tensile performance under various isothermal conditions, while the latter is used to measure the partial differential value in the Maxwell relation. To further correct tensile data to accurately measure the minute configurational entropy change in loading, a linear-form segmented compensation function was used to correct the dynamic fatigue effect in repetitive tensile testing. With corrected Mooney-Rivlin fits under various temperature conditions graphed, one may focus on a fixed strain and investigate its corresponding linear tension-temperature relation to establish the numerical value of In this way, the remaining unknown variable in the Maxwell relation is entropy, thereby enabling its mathematical determination. Such a simple experimental design serves as a convenient method to measure configurational entropy change with strain for basic research.

A New Explanation: Compensation Mechanism in Comorbidity Disorders of Hoarding Disorder

Hoarding Disorder (HD) is a new category of Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorder (OCSD). Developing research has provided assessment, phenomenological, and cognitive-behavioral evidence for the independent diagnosis of HD from Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). Meanwhile, HD was also found to be comorbid with various other mental disorders with significant impairments for its externality. The paper has reviewed several comorbidity research about HD, aiming to generalize the prevalence and duration of comorbidity disorders in HD conditions. In addition, this paper has also tentatively introduced the concept of compensatory mechanism to interpret the reasons for comorbid conditions in HD, especially the acquisition of specific beliefs or emotional attachments where some Personality Disorders could also form. In conclusion, Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) and Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) are most likely comorbid with HD, whereas posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD) might be absent after arguing. Impulse Control Disorder (ICD) could supersede a certain stage of HD with the absence of psychological compensation. Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) could also be comorbid with HD on a neurological basis, it could however not conclude that the compensation functions and require further investigation. Based on summarizing and assessing comorbidity disorders in HD, the present paper has provided recommendations for future research development and optimization of therapies.

Disentangling Immigration Policy From Tort Claims for Future Lost Wages

Abstract While largely unknown, the Indiana Supreme Court’s 2017 opinion Escamilla v. Shiel Sexton Co. deserves to be canonized for closely examining – and, ultimately, rejecting – the incursion of federal immigration law and policy into state tort law. For over two decades, state and federal courts have relied on the United States Supreme Court’s 2002 ruling in Hoffman Plastic Compounds v. NLRB, to deny future lost wages awards to successful tort claimants who lack documentation. Escamilla reveals the faulty logic underlying this caselaw and provides a clear and straightforward framework for future courts to employ when faced with this issue. Ultimately, Escamilla demonstrates why plaintiffs’ undocumented status, alone, is insufficient to allow tortfeasors to escape paying tort victims what often amounts to substantial damages. In doing so, Escamilla fortifies the compensation and deterrence functions of tort law.

Design and Implementation of an Online Efficiency-Optimized Multi-Functional Compensator for Wind Turbine Generators.

In recent years, the penetration of wind power generation has been growing steadily to adapt to the modern trend of boosting renewable energy (RE)-based power generation. However, the dynamic power flow of wind turbine generators (WTGs) is unpredictable and can have a negative impact on existing power grids. To solve this problem efficiently, this paper presents a multifunctional WTG intelligent compensator (WTGIC) for the advanced power management and compensation of power systems embedded with WTGs. The proposed WTGIC consists of a power semiconductor device (PSD)-based bidirectional three-phase inverter module and an energy storage unit (ESU). In order to reduce system costs and improve reliability, efficiency, and flexibility, various control functions and algorithms are integrated via a modularized all-digital control scheme. In this paper, the configuration of the proposed WTGIC is first introduced, and then the operating modes and related compensation and control functions are addressed. An online efficiency optimization algorithm is proposed, and the required controllers are designed and implemented. The designed functions of the proposed WTGIC include high-efficiency charging/discharging of the ESU, real-time power quality (PQ) compensation, and high-efficiency power smoothing of the WTGs. The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed WTGIC are verified using case studies with simulations in the Powersim (PSIM) environment and the implementation of a small-scale hardware experimental system with TI's digital signal processor (DSP) TI28335 as the main controller.

Glaucoma in Axenfeld–Rieger Syndrome. A Clinical Case

Background: AxenfeldRieger syndrome is a genetically heterogeneous group of morphogenesis disorders associated with abnormal development of the anterior segment of the eye, teeth, the organ of hearing, and abdominal region. Сongenital glaucoma, which is refractory to standard methods of treatment due to pronounced changes in the structures of the anterior segment of the eyeball and other comorbidities, is frequent manifestation of this syndrome. There are several methods for treating glaucoma in patients with AxenfeldRieger syndrome: sinus trabeculectomy, implantation of drainage devices and transscleral cyclocoagulation. Сlinical case description: A patient with congenital glaucoma associated with AxenfeldRieger syndrome underwent sinus trabeculectomy with posterior scleral trepanation in the right eye and valve drainage implantation in the left eye at the S. Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Federal State Institution, Moscow due to the intraocular pressure decompensation. In the postoperative period, an encapsulated cyst around the body of the drainage was detected, and then a revision of the operation area was performed. After the anti-glaucoma operations, the intraocular pressure compensation was achieved in the follow-up period up to 9 months. Conclusion: Depending on the degree of the changes in the anterior chamber angle structures, sinus trabeculectomy or valve drainage implantation are the methods of choice for the surgical treatment aimed at the intraocular pressure compensation and visual function preservation in patients with Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome.

Canopy Laser Interception Compensation Mechanism—UAV LiDAR Precise Monitoring Method for Cotton Height

Plant height is a crucial phenotypic trait that plays a vital role in predicting cotton growth and yield, as well as in estimating biomass in cotton plants. The accurate estimation of canopy height from single-flight LiDAR data remains a formidable challenge in current high-density cotton cultivation patterns, where dense foliage obstructs the collection of bare soil terrain, particularly after flowering. The existing LiDAR-based methods for cotton height estimation suffer from significant errors. In this study, a new method is proposed to compensate for the canopy height estimation by using the canopy laser interception rate. The ground points are extracted by the ground filtering algorithm, and the interception rate of the laser per unit volume of the canopy is calculated to represent the canopy density and compensate for the cotton height estimation. The appropriate segmented height compensation function is determined by grouping and step-by-step analysis of the canopy laser interception rate. Verified by 440 groups of height data measured manually in the field, the results show that the canopy laser interception compensation mechanism is of great help in improving the estimation accuracy of LiDAR. R2 and RMSE reach 0.90 and 6.18 cm, respectively. Compared with the estimation method before compensation, R2 is increased by 13.92%, and RMSE is reduced by 49.31%. And when the canopy interception rate is greater than 99%, the compensation effect is more obvious, and the RMSE is reduced by 62.49%. This research result can significantly improve the height estimation accuracy of UAV-borne for high planting density cotton areas, which is helpful to improve the efficiency of cotton quality breeding and match genomics data.

Optimizing Wildlife Habitat Management in Socio-Ecological Systems: An Evolutionary Game Theory Approach

This paper focuses on the issue of balancing interests between stakeholders and ecosystems in the process of wildlife habitat conservation. By employing evolutionary game theory, an analysis framework for the socio-ecological system of wildlife habitats is constructed, comprising four main entities: central government, farmers, local government, and ecosystems. This framework explores the influencing factors of habitat protection strategies adopted by various stakeholders and the conditions required for the socio-ecological system to evolve towards an ideal state. In this paper, we analyze how the central government can design cost–benefit-based policy mechanisms, control the evolution of the socio-ecological system by altering conditions, and achieve a balance of interests among all parties involved in the habitat protection process. In this study, we find that the central government should establish disturbance monitoring indicators for human activities and ecological restoration, based on different compensation standards. Moreover, the hierarchical management of wildlife habitat according to different management levels can enhance the probability of the socio-ecological system evolving towards an ideal state, while achieving the sum of social costs. Additionally, shifting the compensation strategies for farmers and local governments from cost compensation to benefit compensation will reduce the harmful costs that the ecosystem imposes on the social system, thereby facilitating the realization of an ideal wildlife habitat protection and management model. Therefore, the central government should intensify compensation efforts and design reasonable compensation standards, transitioning the compensation function from cost recovery to income generation. Simultaneously, guidance should be provided to farmers for the rational utilization of forest resources to increase their income. The alignment of agricultural activities with habitat protection goals should be encouraged, and local governments should establish mechanisms for realizing the value of ecological products, making relatively implicit long-term social welfare explicit.

A 10-km Polarization Maintaining Fiber Distributed Polarization Coupling Measurement Method With Dispersion Compensation Function Based on White Light Interferometer

A 10-km Polarization Maintaining Fiber Distributed Polarization Coupling Measurement Method With Dispersion Compensation Function Based on White Light Interferometer

Integration and Detection of a Moving Target with Multiple Beams Based on Multi-Scale Sliding Windowed Phase Difference and Spatial Projection

Due to the fast scanning speed of the current phased-array radar and the moving characteristics of the target, the moving target usually spans multiple beams during coherent integration time, which results in severe performance loss for target focusing and parameter estimation because of the unknown entry/departure beam time within the coherent period. To solve this issue, a novel focusing and detection method based on the multi-beam phase compensation function (MBPCF), multi-scale sliding windowed phase difference (MSWPD), and spatial projection are proposed in this paper. The proposed method mainly includes the following three steps. First, the geometric and signal models of multiple beam integration with observed moving targets are accurately established where the range migration (RM), Doppler frequency migration (DFM), and beam migration (BM) are analyzed. Based on that, the BM is eliminated by the MBPCF, the second-order keystone transform (SOKT) is utilized to mitigate the RM, and then, a new MSWPD operation is developed to estimate the target’s entry/departure beam time, which realizes well-focusing output within the beam. After that, by dividing the radar detection area, the spatial projection (SP) method is adopted to obtain multiple-beams joint integration, and thus, improved detection performance can be obtained. Numerical experiments are carried out to evaluate the performance of the proposed method. The results show that the proposed method could achieve superior focusing and detection performances.

Compensation function observer-based model-compensation backstepping control and application in anti-inference of quadrotor UAV

This study has considered the dynamical equations of a quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) with model uncertainties, time-varying loads and wind disturbances during actual flight. Then, a model-compensated control idea is innovatively proposed for quadrotor UAV attitude and position tracking control, and a compensation function observer-based model-compensated backstepping controller (CFO-based MC-BC) is designed on this basis. The benefits of this approach arc that the proposed controller not only retains the backstepping control strategy in terms of globally asymptotic stability based on Lyapunov criterion. As well as, a compensation function observer (CFO) with high estimation accuracy is used, which can make excellent use of the system state information to accurately estimate the modeling deviations, parameter variations with time, and external unknown disturbances of the system. And it is incorporated into the controller to dynamically offset this negative impact adaptively. This approach effectively addresses the issue of traditional backstepping control performance relying on modeling accuracy. In addition, this paper introduces a high-order differentiator (HOD) that extracts up to the derivatives of the signal with higher accuracy, effectively solving the issue of “differential explosion”. Finally, a large number of simulation results and experimental validation are presented. The results show that the proposed CFO-based MC-BC is superior than the other four schemes in accurate tracking performance, system transient performance, anti-interference ability, anti-time-varying-load, and unknown information estimation ability.

A method for compensation of permanent magnetic field perturbation (PMFP) testing signal based on lift-off measurement

This paper proposes a novel composite measurement method for defect detection, which integrates PMFP (permanent magnetic field perturbation) testing and lift-off measurement. The PMFP method is used to detect defects, while the permanent magnet is utilized to construct a magnetic bridge for lift-off measurement. In PMFP testing, the variation of lift-off can significantly affect the signal. To mitigate this effect, the proposed method compensates for the defect signal using the measured lift-off information, which effectively reduces the impact of lift-off variation during the testing. Therefore, this paper constructs a magnetic dipole model based on the PMFP method and analyzes the numerical relationship between the defect signal and lift-off. Based on this, a composite lift-off measurement method for PMFP with a signal compensation function is proposed. This multifunctional sensing method has a compact structure, which significantly reduces the impact of lift-off on the defect signal. The experimental results demonstrate that the confidence level can reach 93% after compensating for the amplitude of the defect signal. The proposed method exhibits excellent performance in practical applications.

Underwater weak moving target detection method based on wideband Multi-pulse coherent integration

When active sonar detects a weak moving target in a noisy background, coherent integration can be used to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of echo. The active sonar often transmits wideband signals and the target velocity ambiguity often occurs, in this case, the conventional coherent integration method makes the echo energy disperse and coherent integration gain decrease due to non-constant ambiguity factors in the bandwidth. To solve this problem, an underwater weak moving target detection method using multi-pulse coherent integration based on the wideband keystone transform is proposed. To compensate the non-constant ambiguity factors, a phase compensation function is constructed by replacing a single ambiguity factor with a set of ambiguity factors in the wideband keystone transform. After the proposed method, a well-focused image can be obtained in the delay-Doppler domain, and the coherent integration peak is detected to estimate delay and Doppler of the weak moving target. Simulations and lake test results verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, and show that the coherent integration gain with the proposed method is ca. 7–8 dB higher than that with the conventional method. The simulation results of integrating thirty pulses show that when the detection probability is greater than 0.7, the root-mean-square error of delay estimation of the proposed method is about 1/8 of that of the conventional method, and the root-mean-square error of Doppler estimation is about 1/3 of that of the conventional method, indicating that the proposed method has better parameter estimation accuracy.

APAP: An adaptive packet-reproduction and active packet-loss data collection protocol for WSNs

In lossy, large-scale wireless sensor networks (WSNs), data collection protocols face the challenge of balancing expected data transmission reliability and limited resources of sensors. Packet redundancy strategies have been widely employed to guarantee transmission reliability. However, these schemes often result in energy waste, especially in sink-neared hotspot districts. We propose the APAP to balance the two competing interests in energy-constrained WSNs. APAP mainly consists of two parts: adaptive packet-reproduction routing and active packet-loss mechanism. In the first part, we design a compensation function to compensate for packet losses and employ it in the packet-reproduction routing. Through available network parameters, such a function offers an optimized number of redundant packets. In the second part, we devise a novel distributed packet-loss mechanism to detect and intercept redundant packets in the hotspot area. Hotspot nodes record the simple traffic information in their vicinity on a local micro-table, these nodes transform their mode based on the records to reach a basic consensus with one-hop neighbors, they then collaboratively intercept excess packets from outside, thus the injection traffic can be mitigated. Such an interception area has the potential to be expanded and prolonged as the redundancy becomes more severe. Our mechanism imposes low-complexity requirements on general devices. Moreover, thorough mathematical analyses are offered for the performance of APAP. Simulation results indicate that with high reliability, the maximum node energy consumption is reduced by 44.7% to 66.3% compared to conventional protocols in one round. Besides, the network lifetime is prolonged by 91.1% to 200%.

H‐infinity loop shaping control of wireless power transfer system based on generalized state space averaging model

SummaryThe transmission distance and the output load of wireless power transfer (WPT) system are particularly prone to change, which results in higher requirements for the robustness and dynamic performance of the control. In order to reduce the influence of these characteristics, an H∞ loop shaping controller based on generalized state space averaging (GSSA) method is proposed in this paper. Based on the GSSA model, an appropriate compensation function is constructed for the WPT system to the target loop transfer function. The nominal coprime factorization of WPT system is carried out, and on this basis, H∞ controller is achieved by Riccati equation to minimize the infinite norm from disturbance to error output. The designed controller meets the requirements of robust. Furthermore, the obtained high‐order controller is discretized by a reasonable discretization method, and the details and limitations of its practical application are discussed based on the hardware computational capacity. The experimental results show that the proposed controller has better robustness and dynamic performance and flexibility than the mixed sensitivity H∞ controller and the Z‐N PI controller.

Liquid water content measurement with SEA multi-element sensor in CARDC icing wind tunnel: Calibration and performance

The measurement of cloud liquid water content (LWC) plays a critical role in the development of icing airworthiness standards for aircraft and the calibration of icing wind tunnels. The SEA multi-element sensor, the modern hot-wire device for LWC measurement, still faces several challenges for performance calibration due to the effects of the baseline drift and droplet retention characteristics. To fully calibrate the performance of the sensor, two wind tunnel tests were conducted in the China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center (CARDC) icing wind tunnel including a dry air calibration test and an icing cloud measurement test. Using the in-situ dry power calibration method developed in this study, the compensation function and the empirical formula of dry air Nusselt number for each sense element are obtained, and present great linear characteristics in the range of the test section velocity VTS from 40 to 110 m/s. However, there is an abnormal peak area of total power for the W1 element at the VTS of 120 and 130 m/s, which may be associated with significant water vapor condensation. The consistency and discrepancy of four LWC calculation methods via the combinations of dry and wet power calculation methods are assessed. Further, the LWC response characteristics of the sense elements are examined and the correlations of the droplet retention efficiency for the W2 and W3 elements are acquired as functions of median volume diameter. Finally, the measurement accuracy of the SEA multi-element sensor is validated compared to the icing blade device. It demonstrates that the uncertainty of the W1 element for the sensor is about ±5% at the low LWC and the W1 element has a better ability in the measurement of the high LWC.

Adaptive ELM-Based Security Control for a Class of Nonlinear-Interconnected Systems With DoS Attacks

This article is concerned with the output feedback security control of a class of high-order nonlinear-interconnected systems with denial-of-service (DoS) attacks, nonlinear dynamics, and exogenous disturbances. First, extreme learning machine (ELM) and adaptive techniques are adopted to approximate the unknown nonlinearities. Then, novel adaptive ELM-based nonlinear state observers with adaptive compensation functions are developed to estimate the unmeasurable states during DoS attacks under the influence of the disturbances. Further, by combining with the backstepping control and filtering techniques, adaptive ELM-based controllers are proposed to achieve uniformly ultimately bounded results based on the observation and adaption control signals under the influence of DoS attacks, nonlinear dynamics, and exogenous disturbances. Comparative studies are carried out to validate the effectiveness of the developed ELM-based adaptive observation and control strategies for two interconnected power systems.