Full Stop Research Articles

СЛОВНИК ГОВІРКИ СЕЛА КОНИЩЕ КОВЕЛЬСЬКОГО РАЙОНУ ВОЛИНСЬКОЇ ОБЛАСТІ

The article presents a dictionary register fragment of the dialect spoken by the residents of the village of Konyshche in Kovelskyi (before the administrative-territorial reform of 2020 – Ratnivskyi) district of the Volyn region. The object of the description is the native dialect of the compiler himself. The lexical information collected and systematized in the form of a dictionary is of great significance since it is the first attempt to introduce into the Ukrainian dialectological science one more spatial coordinate of the linguistic diversity of the Volynian dialect, and in a broader sense, that of Western Polissia. The dictionary register comprises lexical units of different parts of speech with a quantitative predominance of nouns and verbs. All dictionary entries are arranged alphabetically and reflect a wide range of vocabulary, primarily related to the routine activities of the villagers, rituals, human traits, flora and fauna of the region, etc., situations of informal natural communication of its speakers, their unique spiritual and material culture. Every word meaning is specified by providing a literary equivalent to a dialect word or a description of the object, sign, action, or circumstances denoted by the word. Undoubtedly, the broad involvement of dialect contexts in dictionary entries spotlights the syntagmatic relationship of words, provides a reliable basis for studying the ways of how to construct utterances in accordance with the linguistic and stylistic features of a colloquial folk phrase. There are many cases of expanding the semantic structure of tokens and preservation of archaisms. The study has revealed a considerable number of borrowings and interfering influences of the Polish language. The author concludes that it is difficult to put a full stop in the compilation of a dialect dictionary because even after the publication of the work, the need to record new lexical findings may occur. The analyzed dialect dictionary is an important and promising source of linguistic material for scientific studies in lexicology and the history of the Ukrainian language. It also contributes to a better understanding of the already known dialectological units of speech.

Optical tunnels: long-range optical trapping and manipulation in aqueous media

In this study, we demonstrate an asymmetric counter-propagating beam system with engineered optical forces allowing for long-range particle trapping and manipulation. We achieved this by breaking the symmetry of the well-known counter-propagating optical trapping beams. By doing so, we extend the range of optical forces for particle confinement and transportation to significantly larger foci separations, creating an optical tunnel. These tunnels are capable of moving matter forward and back with controllable speeds for more than a millimeter length with the ability to bring them to a full stop at any point, creating a stable 3D trap. Our trap stiffness measurements for the asymmetric trapping system demonstrate at least one order of magnitude larger values with respect to the symmetric counter-propagating beams so far reported. Our system is quite versatile as it allows for single or multi trapping with flexible positioning of any size particle ranging from tens of nanometers to tens of microns with powers as low as a few milliwatts.

On Tilting Pad Carbon–Graphite Porous Journal Bearings: Measurements of Imbalance Response and Comparison to Predictions of Bearing Performance and System Dynamic Response

Microturbomachinery implements gas bearings to produce significant power with high efficiency at high rotor speed operation. Externally pressurized porous (EPP) gas bearings allow nearly friction-free operation. This article presents rotor dynamic tests conducted with a large and heavy rotor (100 mm outer diameter and 285 N weight) supported on a pair of five-pad tilting pad EPP gas bearings. The specific static load on each bearing is 19.5 kPa. Rotor deceleration tests from 18 krpm (94 m/s journal surface speed) take over 800 s to bring the rotor to a full stop; hence, the derived drag friction coefficient is just ∼0.003. The measured rotor responses to calibrated imbalances evidence a critical speed at ∼7.5 krpm and a system damping ratio of ∼11%. A predictive model for the forced performance of tilting pad EPP gas bearings includes the gas flow through the porous substrate and an operating clearance that is a function of the supply pressure into the bearings, the pads’ pivot flexibility, and the assembly preload. Predictions of the rotor–bearing system response to imbalance produce accurate natural frequencies and critical speeds, both a function of the supply pressure, and slightly more damping than the one experimentally derived. Dry friction arising from the spring washers acting as the pivot element on the bearings’ pads may explain the difference between measurements and predictions, in particular for operation with a low magnitude of supply pressure and near the system critical speed.

The Probabilistic Final Standing Calculator: a fair stochastic tool to handle abruptly stopped football seasons.

The COVID-19 pandemic has left its marks in the sports world, forcing the full stop of all sports-related activities in the first half of 2020. Football leagues were suddenly stopped, and each country was hesitating between a relaunch of the competition and a premature ending. Some opted for the latter option and took as the final standing of the season the ranking from the moment the competition got interrupted. This decision has been perceived as unfair, especially by those teams who had remaining matches against easier opponents. In this paper, we introduce a tool to calculate in a fairer way the final standings of domestic leagues that have to stop prematurely: our Probabilistic Final Standing Calculator (PFSC). It is based on a stochastic model taking into account the results of the matches played and simulating the remaining matches, yielding the probabilities for the various possible final rankings. We have compared our PFSC with state-of-the-art prediction models, using previous seasons which we pretend to stop at different points in time. We illustrate our PFSC by showing how a probabilistic ranking of the French Ligue 1 in the stopped 2019–2020 season could have led to alternative, potentially fairer, decisions on the final standing.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10182-021-00416-6.

Mental Status of Youth During Covid-19: A Sociological Analysis

Happiness is a key to success. Being happy is a state of mind in the true sense when a person is mentally present at a place and sounds happy from within. It is observed that a happy person can solve many difficult problems in a couple of minutes. So, it will not be wrong to say that happiness is positivity because when a person is happy he is loaded with an enormous amount of energy which keeps him motivated. Every person passes through different stages of development; infancy, childhood, adolescence, youth, adulthood, and old age in which each stage has its own sweet as well as sour memories, but over time from infancy to childhood and then to adolescence almost everyone changes and is loaded with responsibilities. With time everything changes are its people, place, situation, society, technology, science, environment and the emergence of COVID-19 (coronavirus disease) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus, has proved it to be right that people have to modify themselves with the changing situations. This COVID-19 has also proved Charles Darwin’s concept the right that says “survival of the fittest”, meaning a fit person will only survive and the unhealthy will be eliminated. COVID-19 being a pandemic disease have scattered everything be it people’s life (emotions, state of mind, jobs, education, economic state, relationships, family, etc.), the economic crisis has occurred in overall all states, railways/airlines services have stopped, for instance, one can feel the sudden full stop to almost all the present essential services.

Indonesian Sentence Boundary Detection using Deep Learning Approaches

Detecting the sentence boundary is one of the crucial pre-processing steps in natural language processing. It can define the boundary of a sentence since the border between a sentence, and another sentence might be ambiguous. Because there are multiple separators and dynamic sentence patterns, using a full stop at the end of a sentence is sometimes inappropriate. This research uses a deep learning approach to split each sentence from an Indonesian news document. Hence, there is no need to define any handcrafted features or rules. In Part of Speech Tagging and Named Entity Recognition, we use sequence labeling to determine sentence boundaries. Two labels will be used, namely O as a non-boundary token and E as the last token marker in the sentence. To do this, we used the Bi-LSTM approach, which has been widely used in sequence labeling. We have proved that our approach works for Indonesian text using pre-trained embedding in Indonesian, as in previous studies. This study achieved an F1-Score value of 98.49 percent. When compared to previous studies, the achieved performance represents a significant increase in outcomes..

DEVELOPMENT OF LEARNING VIDEOS AS INDEPENDENT LEARNING RESOURCES DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

The condition of the Covid-19 pandemic has made learning that was originally face-to-face turning online, of course, brings new problems in learning, especially in practical learning. One of the efforts was to fulfill needs learning is through the use of media who had played a role as a tool or an intermediary that support the teaching process .In relation to this matter one of the media learning that can be used is a video. This study aims to develop PNPR 2 learning videos to facilitate learning by producing various independent learning resources in the form of instructional videos that can be used according to learning needs. The research method used is Research and Development (R & D) using the Derek Rowntree product development model with three stages, namely: a) the planning stage; b) the development stage (development); c) the evaluation stage (formative evaluation). Product effectiveness testing is carried out by providing advice and input from colleagues (one to one person). The results of this study indicate that (1) the development of instructional videos that was much as 87% is considered clear and effective for use in the learning process more broadly. Meanwhile, to measure the effectiveness of using PNPR 2 learning videos is to conduct performance tests on full stop, as such it was found that the percentage of student learning outcomes after using PNPR 2 learning videos was that 89% of students to display good performance, 11 % poor practice well or said wrong. Thus the PNPR 2 learning video is considered effective to be used in the learning process.

An Analysis of English Word Choice and Grammatical Errors in Thai Novel Translation of Matthayomsuksa VI Students at Panyaworakun School

The research entitled “An Analysis of English Word Choice and Grammatical Errors in Thai Novel Translation of Matthayomsuksa VI Students at Panyaworakun School” contains 11 populations. This study was conducted by using the Grammar-Translation Method to study word choices and grammar in translating the assigned novel extract of 11 Matthayomsuksa 6/4 students in the English-Japanese Program and analyze the problems found in the translation works produced by each and all students in this classroom. The research instruments were a Wo. Winitchaikun’s novel extract “Burapha” and the translation works of the extract made by each of 11 Matthayomsuksa 6/4 students. The students’ translation works were analyzed by consulting the 3 English grammatical books as follows: 1. English Grammar in Use , 2. Prentice Hall Writing and Grammar: Communication in Action Bronze Level , and 3. Advanced English Grammar for High Learner .The research results revealed that in translating and writing English, mostly, 11 Matthayomsuksa 6/4 students made errors in the first 5 sequences of the following problematic points: 1. 11 points or 15.94% of Missing Some Words, 2. 10 points or 14.49% of Word Choice, 3. 9 points or 13.04% of Capital and Small Letters, 4. 7 points or 10.14% of Tense and Full Stop ( . ) which also has the same 7 points or 10.14%, 5. 4 points or 5.80% of Sentence Parts. Therefore, to improve 11 high-school students of Matthayomsuksa 6/4 in the English-Japanese Program, the teacher-researcher should develop the students in these first 6 problematic points which the students made the most in the first 5 sequences. Keywords: The Grammar-Translation Method, An Analysis of English Word Choice and Grammatical Errors, The Students’ Translation Works DOI: 10.7176/JEP/12-15-02 Publication date: May 31 st 2021

Reserve Judgment

My dad taught me how to think. Not what to think—but how. I was in seventh grade when we started a ritual of sneaking out of the house early on Saturday mornings, letting my mom sleep late, and walking 10 blocks to the neighborhood diner. We'd settle into a booth and order our usual (two eggs, over easy, with home fries and bacon). Eating always took less time than the walk there and back. For one thing, my dad walked ponderously, as if thinking took so much attention that only a very little bit was left over to direct his feet to keep moving forward. For another, Dad would come to a full stop whenever he thought especially hard about what we were discussing. It could take forever to get to breakfast. Often, we'd talk about whatever was on Dad's mind—thermodynamics, the economy, his work. Wherever our conversations started, their destinations were, unlike the diner, neither planned nor foreseen at the start.

VADER Sentiment Analysis without and with English Punctuation Marks

Sentiment analysis is the foremost task in Natural Language Processing to understand the user’s attitude (positive, neutral, or negative) by capturing their thoughts, opinions, and feeling about a particular product. This helps companies to fulfill customer satisfaction and make better future decisions about the product. Various techniques have been used in the literature forsentiment analysis, such as polarity scores, classifications, and automated sentiment analysis. In this paper, Valence Aware Dictionary and sEntiment Reasoner (VADER) sentiment analysis tool has been employed on a Twitter dataset (downloaded from https://www.kaggle.com). The study aims to measure the performance of VADER sentiment while concatenating fourteen English language punctuations marks, including Exclamation (!), Comma (,), Full Stop (.), Question Mark (?), Round Brackets (), Curly Brackets {}, Square Brackets [], Colon (:), Apostrophe (‘), Dash (-), Hyphen (--), Semi-Colon (;), Slash (/), Quotation Mark (“ ”) and to observe whether the polarity (positive, neutral and negative) of a sentence changes or remains the same. After the analysis, the study found that Exclamation (!) maximizes the average positive polarity and average negative polarity and lowers the average neutralpolarity. The Hyphen (--) and Comma (,) increase the average positive and neutral polarity and decrease the aver-age negative polarity. For Round Brackets (), Curly Brackets {}, Square Brackets [], Colon (:), Apostrophe (‘), Dash (-), Semi-Colon (;), Slash (/) and Full Stop (.) the average positive and average neutral polarity decreases and average negative polarity increases.

Jay Watson, Faulkner and the Faces of Modernity

Jay Watson, Faulkner and the Faces of Modernity. Oxford University Press, 2019. Pp.396. ISBN: 9780198849742 Joseph Kuhn, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan This study of William Faulkner is an exhilarating book to read. Jay Watson’s historicist and new materialist interpretations—which have an intensely granular focus—allow readers to see important things in Faulkner’s writing that they might have overlooked. Why, for example, in The Sound and the Fury does Benjy use a full stop at the end o...

Dynamical EEG Indices of Progressive Motor Inhibition and Error-Monitoring.

Response inhibition has been widely explored using the stop signal paradigm in the laboratory setting. However, the mechanism that demarcates attentional capture from the motor inhibition process is still unclear. Error monitoring is also involved in the stop signal task. Error responses that do not complete, i.e., partial errors, may require different error monitoring mechanisms relative to an overt error. Thus, in this study, we included a “continue go” (Cont_Go) condition to the stop signal task to investigate the inhibitory control process. To establish the finer difference in error processing (partial vs. full unsuccessful stop (USST)), a grip-force device was used in tandem with electroencephalographic (EEG), and the time-frequency characteristics were computed with Hilbert–Huang transform (HHT). Relative to Cont_Go, HHT results reveal (1) an increased beta and low gamma power for successful stop trials, indicating an electrophysiological index of inhibitory control, (2) an enhanced theta and alpha power for full USST trials that may mirror error processing. Additionally, the higher theta and alpha power observed in partial over full USST trials around 100 ms before the response onset, indicating the early detection of error and the corresponding correction process. Together, this study extends our understanding of the finer motor inhibition control and its dynamic electrophysiological mechanisms.

Commentary to "Challenges and opportunities in translational pain research-An opinion paper of the working group on translational pain research of the European Pain Federation (EFIC)" by Mouraux et al.

Preclinical and clinical pain science have since long suffered from lack of joint ventures that, as securely as possible, have approached problems that are relevant for the understanding of clinical pain phenomenologies and treatment (Yezierski & Hansson, 2018), the core of translational pain medicine. The uncoupling of the two has led to loss of momentum and few novel efficacious treatment remedies where needed the most, i.e., in long term pain states. Here, the area of translational pain medicine is craving for a road map so that preclinical and clinical scientists can walk hand in hand into the future with a common agenda on how to approach the search for much needed improved treatment strategies.

Prototyping and Evaluation of Infrastructure-Assisted Transition of Control for Cooperative Automated Vehicles

Automated driving is now possible in diverse road and traffic conditions. However, there are still situations that automated vehicles cannot handle safely and efficiently. In this case, a Transition of Control (ToC) is necessary so that the driver takes control of the driving. Executing a ToC requires the driver to get full situation awareness of the driving environment. If the driver fails to get back the control in a limited time, a Minimum Risk Maneuver (MRM) is executed to bring the vehicle into a safe state (e.g., decelerating to full stop). The execution of ToCs requires some time and can cause traffic disruption and safety risks that increase if several vehicles execute ToCs/MRMs at similar times and in the same area. This study proposes to use novel C-ITS traffic management measures where the infrastructure exploits V2X communications to assist Connected and Automated Vehicles (CAVs) in the execution of ToCs. The infrastructure can suggest a spatial distribution of ToCs, and inform vehicles of the locations where they could execute a safe stop in case of MRM. This paper reports the first field operational tests that validate the feasibility and quantify the benefits of the proposed infrastructure-assisted ToC and MRM management. The paper also presents the CAV and roadside infrastructure prototypes implemented and used in the trials. The conducted field trials demonstrate that infrastructure-assisted traffic management solutions can reduce safety risks and traffic disruptions.

The Impact of Short-term Thermal Stress on the Consequent Germination of Dill Seeds

The authors obtained new data on the germination of dill seeds, which were gathered from the first-order and second-order branches, after short-term thermal stress (40 °C). The seeds were germinated in a thermostat. The swollen seeds (4 replications with 100 seeds each) were incubated at 40 °C for 1 to 5 days. The seeds in the control group were not incubated. After the incubation, the seeds were transferred to the standard (t = 20 °C) conditions and germinated on filter paper in Petri dishes without light for 21 days. In this study, the authors employed the dynamic method of seed germination analysis. To plot the seed germination curve, the authors used a log-logistic regression with three parameters: b, d, and e. The statistical analysis was conducted in R 3.4.3. The authors determined the duration of heat stress that inhibits the germination speed and germination rate of seeds. Seeds gathered from the first-order branches (“first-order seeds” from now onward) after 1-day to 3-day incubation germinated similarly to the control group. Increasing the incubation period to 4–5 days sharply reduced the germination speed. Seeds gathered from the second-order branches (“second-order seeds” from now onward) were less resistant to high-temperature stress. Three-day incubation completely precluded germination. The germination time of 50% (T50) of the first-order seeds slowed by 0.92±0.11–6.4±0.49 days because of the gradual increase in incubation time. The second-order seeds that incubated for 1–2 days germinated significantly slower than the control group seeds. After this point, further incubation precluded germination. Upon reaching the incubation threshold, the germination rate curves steepened and then continued falling up to the full germination stop. The maximum incubation time (at 40 °C), after which germination was possible in standard temperature conditions, was 3.69±0.06 days for the first-order seeds, and 2.00±0.19 days for the second-order roots. The differences in data were statistically significant at p-value < 0.001

Social norms as a cost-effective measure of managing transport demand: Evidence from an experiment on the London underground

Demand for public transport in cities has been and is projected to increase, putting existing transport networks under increasing strain. Nudging passengers to behave in certain ways through the creation of a salient social norm has the potential to be a cost-effective mechanism to manage transport demand. Transport for London (TfL) implemented in the second half of 2017 an experiment on one of its busiest metro train platforms. The platform surface was painted to highlight the exact location of the train doors once it comes to a full stop and to direct passengers to wait in parts of the platform that would not obstruct passengers from alighting from the train and leaving the platform. Drawing on millions of individual train waiting times, we estimate the effect of this intervention to change passenger behaviour on the platform on train waiting and delay times. We use different sets of assumptions about what the counterfactual change in waiting and delay times would have been in the absence of the intervention. The intervention has reduced train waiting times by up to 6.6%. This reduction came about mainly through reducing delay times of trains once they are delayed. The reductions tend to occur during peak traffic hours. The implied cost-savings amount to a return of £6 per £1 investment.

Merger Remedies, Incomplete Information, and Commitment

Current EU law states that the competition authorities, in dealing with a merger proposal, cannot commit to specific remedies when rejecting proposals and essentially have to resort to accept or reject remedies proposed to it. We show that giving the authorities the power to propose, and commit to, remedies for a merger that they cannot accept in full will lead to a more efficient merger policy. We do this by setting up a theoretic model where government lacks information about the various markets affected by the merger and has resources to collect information on some but not all of them. The benefit of being able to commit is that government, in some cases, is able to obtain remedies rather than full stop of a merger by collecting information on relatively benign markets and, in some other cases, is able to obtain remedies even without spending resources on collecting information.

What Remains

What Remains Denise O'Hagan (bio) In remembrance of my grandfather, who served with the New Zealand Expeditionary Force as part of the ANZAC forces in the First World War. Do I really believe I'll find him here, among the precisely catalogued, digitised details of government archives? I realise I'm holding my breath as I read these outward markers of a man, the charting of his physical attributes and movements, his personal coordinates on the greater map of war at a particular point in time. Unit N.Z.M.R. Rank Trooper Surname O'Hagan Christian name Isaac, Bartholomew What are your parents' names? Father: Isaac O'Hagan Maiden surname of mother: Mary O'Sullivan Where were your parents born? Ireland No 36123 Occupation Farm-hand Religion R.C. Yet, it's his signature to which I'm drawn. This is no hurried scrawl; he's used a startlingly elegant—by our modern standards—cursive calligraphy; every eloquent loop and flourish, every soaring ascender and diving descender breathes pride and care, and the full stop at the end is the neatest ballast. QUESTIONS TO BE PUT TO THE RECRUIT. What is the date of your birth? 18th Jan 1896 If your parents are of alien origin, when and where were they naturalized?—Are you willing to serve in the New Zealand expeditionary force in or beyond the Dominion of New Zealand for the duration of this war with Germany? Yes. So he had to prove his worthiness to fight for New Zealand as part of the United Kingdom forces, though his own parents had had to flee their country as a result of the policies of that same British government. History is peppered with such ironies. Oath to be taken by Recruit on attestation. I, Isaac Bartholomew O'Hagan, do sincerely promise and swear that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to our Sovereign Lord the King … and that I will loyally observe and obey all orders of the Generals and Officers set over me … so help me, God. [End Page 119] The degree of his faithfulness to the King notwithstanding, he signed his name again, though this time, I notice, his middle name's squeezed in, a wobbly afterthought—or perhaps he was obliged to write it in full. Total service 2 years, 338 days Date commenced duty 2.1.17 Date discharged 5.12.19 Theatres of operation Egyptian E.F. 1917–18-19 Regiment or Corps 25th N.Z.M.R. Still I want more—but these are government records, not diaries. Yet I can't help scouring them for something. And then, with the stirring of a memory of a long-ago remark about an accident on the farm, I come across it. Apparent age: 20 years Height 5 ft 7 inches Weight: 9 st 7 lbs Complexion: Medium Colour of eyes: Blue Colour of hair: Brown Distinctive marks, and marks indicating congenital peculiarities or previous disease: Lost tip middle finger left I wonder whether soldiers' ages were described as being "apparent" because birth or baptismal certificates were not always available. In fact, he was just two weeks shy of his twentieth birthday. The next reports read like an exotic list of place-names, at least to begin with. Embarked per "Moeraki," Wellington, 19.4.17. Re-embarked per "Port Sydney," 9.8.17. Posted to Moascar, 30.7.17; El Arish, 2.10.17; Abbazia (di Montecassino), 5.10.17. Admitted, inflamed knee joint, Heliopolis 16.10.17; Port Said, 20.10.17. Admitted, malaria, Gaza 10.7.18 Catching malaria in Gaza spelled the end of war for him—that much I knew—yet it's sobering to read of the ever more regular sick-leave certificates for admission to hospital and rest camp, culminating in an official pronouncement. URGENT. CERTIFICATE OF DISCHARGE. 19.4.19 Isaac Bartholomew O'Hagan is discharged in consequence of being no longer physically fit for War Service on account of malaria contracted on active service. Postscript. Every scrap of information we find out about someone else also leaves us with the silent weight of what we will never know. My grandfather returned...

Resavski pravopis u Baranjskom prepisu Dušanovog zakonika

The paper examines the characteristics of the orthography of Resava in the Baranja Transcription of Dušan's Code, created at the beginning of the 16th century. The research included the following features: the writing of the grapheme x, the writing of the grapheme Q at the etymological place, the use of the grapheme J in front of j, the use of the ligature ] to mark the initial group [ja] and the use of the grapheme a to mark the aforementioned group after a vowel, the use of the graphemes e and j to mark the group [je] in all positions in the word, the use of the Greek letters, the latest punctuation system, and, lastly, the writing of the accents and spiritus lenis. A significant number of examples confirmed the use of the grapheme Q at the etymological place, the use of the grapheme J to mark the so-called reduced i, the use of the grapheme a to write the group [ja] after a vowel, the use of the comma and the full stop on the line on the bottom, as well as the writing of the accents and spiritus lenis. The research has also shown that the grapheme x was written in an isolated example, that the group [je] was primarily written by using graphemes j and e, which is in accord with the orthography of Resava, and, finally, that the rare use of the Greek letters is related to the Greek words. Therefore, it was concluded that the norms of the orthography of Resava were not consistently implemented in the Baranja Transcription of Dušan's Code. The research also confirmed the coexistence of Raška and Resava orthographic norms in some cases.

АБРИС ПЕРИНАТАЛЬНОГО ОПЫТА

The article outlines perinatal experience as a specific state of subjective reality with formation of basic mental functions, sensory deprivation, partial body immobility and hypoxia. This state is characterized by: inactivity of will; absence of self-consciousness and sometimes even feeling of “self”; spontaneity of consciousness, dominance of protopathic cognitive processes over epicritical ones, spatial thinking over logical reasoning; absence of logical form in the information received; change of space-time continuum consisting in the phenomena of reversibility, slowing down and even full stop of time and uncontrolled flow of visual and/or acoustical experiences.