Abstract
Response inhibition has been widely explored using the stop signal paradigm in the laboratory setting. However, the mechanism that demarcates attentional capture from the motor inhibition process is still unclear. Error monitoring is also involved in the stop signal task. Error responses that do not complete, i.e., partial errors, may require different error monitoring mechanisms relative to an overt error. Thus, in this study, we included a “continue go” (Cont_Go) condition to the stop signal task to investigate the inhibitory control process. To establish the finer difference in error processing (partial vs. full unsuccessful stop (USST)), a grip-force device was used in tandem with electroencephalographic (EEG), and the time-frequency characteristics were computed with Hilbert–Huang transform (HHT). Relative to Cont_Go, HHT results reveal (1) an increased beta and low gamma power for successful stop trials, indicating an electrophysiological index of inhibitory control, (2) an enhanced theta and alpha power for full USST trials that may mirror error processing. Additionally, the higher theta and alpha power observed in partial over full USST trials around 100 ms before the response onset, indicating the early detection of error and the corresponding correction process. Together, this study extends our understanding of the finer motor inhibition control and its dynamic electrophysiological mechanisms.
Highlights
Response inhibition has been widely explored using the stop signal paradigm in the laboratory setting
A significantly larger peak force was evident for full USST trials compared to partial USST trials (p < 0.01)
The results demonstrate that a larger beta and low gamma power was observed in successful stop trials (SST) trials compared to continue go” (Cont_Go) trials, showing that beta and low gamma band is associated with the inhibition process [31,32]
Summary
Response inhibition has been widely explored using the stop signal paradigm in the laboratory setting. Impairment in motor inhibitory control is linked to numerous clinical ailments including attention deficit hyperactivity [1], obsessivecompulsive disorder [2], Tourette’s syndrome in adults [3] and Parkinson’s disease with surgical treatments such as subthalamotomy or deep brain stimulation [4,5] and without those special treatments [6,7]. This process has been widely studied both in a clinical population and healthy volunteers using the stop signal task [8,9]. Neurophysiological studies have illustrated that the neural correlates published maps and institutional affiliations
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