FTIR Spectroscopy Research Articles

Quantifying the Crystalline Polymorphism in PVDF: Comparative Criteria Using DSC, WAXS, FT-IR, and Raman Spectroscopy

Quantifying the Crystalline Polymorphism in PVDF: Comparative Criteria Using DSC, WAXS, FT-IR, and Raman Spectroscopy

Bioenergy feedstock production in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (microalgae) cultivated under mixotrophic growth with cellulose hydrolysate from agricultural waste.

In the present study, cellulose purified from finger millet agricultural waste is subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis, and the hydrolysate (predominantly glucose) is used as a carbon source supplement in the media for the mixotrophic growth of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Interestingly, a switch between excess starch production and excess lipid (triacylglycerols, TAG) production occurs by a small change in hydrolysate concentration in the media. Starch production increased 4.5-fold with respect to the photoautotrophic control, with a glucose concentration of 3mg/mL in the media after hydrolysate addition. This culture had TAG production enhancement by 1.5-fold. However, mixotrophic cultivation with 4mg/mL glucose concentration in the media with hydrolysate addition resulted in TAG productivity enhancement by 4.2-fold compared to control and starch amount increase of 1.3-fold. The organic carbon source (glucose) and the inorganic carbon source (citrate ions) in the hydrolysate together played a role in this delicate switching between starch and lipid pathways. Proteins, starch, and TAG molecules are analyzed in the microalgal cells grown under different conditions with FTIR spectroscopy, a rapid, high-throughput method of biomolecular estimation. High-resolution single-cell AFM studies of the cell wall structure reveal enhanced corrugations in surface morphology during mixotrophic growth with cellulose hydrolysate, illustrating an adaptive mechanism with improved mechanical stress management. Lipid droplet morphology at the single-cell level points to two distinct mechanisms of lipid accumulation: one in which the lipids are segregated as droplets, and the other in which lipid molecules are uniformly dispersed in the cytosol as unresolved, ultra-small droplets. The present study therefore analyzes both the bulk and the single-cell level changes when cellulose hydrolysate is used as a carbon source for Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mixotrophic cultivation, which serves a four-fold purpose: value from waste, fixation of atmospheric CO2, production of lipids for biodiesel, and starch for bioethanol.

Multi-spectroscopic analysis and molecular simulations provide insights into the noncovalent interactions between the novel antimicrobial peptide Pup2 and Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG)

Antimicrobial peptide Pup2, due to high cost, shows restricted application value in food preservative, which may be improved by interacting with EGCG, characterized by good functional properties. This study aims to characterize a novel antimicrobial peptide-phenolic complex with activity against Staphylococcus aureus and investigate their interaction mechanism. Pup2 and Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) exhibited synergistic effects, resulting in a 4-fold and 8-fold decrease in the minimum inhibitory concentration, respectively. Furthermore, the Pup2/EGCG showed a synergistic damaging effect on the bacterial cell wall and membranes. Multi-spectroscopic analyses, which included UV, fluorescence, FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy, showed that Pup2 and EGCG were non-covalently bound through hydrophobic interactions predominantly and assisted by hydrogen bonding. These interactions led to changes in the amino acid microenvironment of Pup2 and alterations in its secondary structure, with the α-helix content increasing from 3% to 26%. DSC similarly confirmed the occurrence of interactions and increased peptide stability. Additionally, molecular simulations further demonstrated hydrophobic interaction and hydrogen bonding were the main binding forces between Pup2 and EGCG, resulting in the formation of a stable complex. This study helps to elucidate the interaction mechanism between antimicrobial peptide Pup2 and EGCG at the molecular level, while highlights the potential application of this complex as a more economical and effective natural antimicrobial preservative.

Impact of Gd-substitution on structural, dielectric, spectroscopic, Raman, and photo luminance properties of Ba0.4Sr0.6Co2Fe16O27 ceramics

This paper represents a detailed study of Gd3+ substitutions on Structural, Dielectric, Spectroscopic, Raman, and Photo luminance Properties of Ba0.4Sr0.6Co2Fe16O27 magnetic oxides were prepared using the sol-gel auto combustion method. All of these specimens were sintered at 1100 °C for 5 h. X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) confirmed the single-phase detection and structural analysis. The lattice parameters a and c show the insignificant behavior 5.893–5.933 Å, and 32.049–32.476 Å with the concentration of gadolinium ions. The crystallite size ranged from 25 to 30 nm, demonstrating a growing tendency as Gd-substitution was enhanced. The discrepancy in the ionic radii of iron (Fe3+) and substituent elements (Gd3+) is the cause of the variation in cell volume and lattice constants. FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the presence of absorption bands (590 and 3000 cm−1) for prepared BaSr-based W-type hexa-ferrites. The vibrational bands of metal oxide ions are responsible for the 590 and 685 cm−1 peaks. The Raman spectrum showed six discrete, brittle peaks: 320, 440, 620, 690, 1300, and 1600 of synthesized nanomaterials—the dielectric constant and dielectric loss increase by substituting the Gd3+ ion. The dielectric parameters and dielectric loss at higher frequencies suggest that the prepared material may be excellent for switching, sensing, and high-frequency applications.

Sustainable Al2O3 nanoparticles in catalytic pyrolysis: Unlocking high-yield bio-oil from Melia azedarach fruit biomass with comprehensive physicochemical analysis

The catalytic pyrolysis of Melia azedarach fruit biomass in the presence of aluminium oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles was studied using a fixed bed reactor. Cost-effective and sustainable Al2O3 nanoparticles were employed as a catalyst in biomass pyrolysis and these nanoparticles were synthesized by using the extract of Phyllanthus emblica seeds as a reducing and capping agent. The confirmation of fabricated Al2O3 nanoparticles was analyzed by EDS, SEM and XRD characterization techniques. The potential effects of pyrolysis process parameters including catalyst dose, temperature and time were investigated. The optimized catalytic bio-oil was further characterized by FTIR spectroscopy. Moreover, physiochemical analyses were also performed to examine the bio-oil properties as fuel. This study demonstrates that catalytic bio-oil produced from Melia azedarach fruit biomass has the potential to be used as a substitute for fossil fuel for the generation of energy and industrial applications.

Physicochemical and molecular docking studies of tween 20 in the presence of NaX salts and hydrotropes in aqueous media

An investigation has been conducted on the interaction between the plasma protein bovine serum albumin (BSA) and the surfactant T20 using various hydrotropes of sodium salt (NaX, where X is Sal and Benz). The acquired results provide a practical and efficient means to comprehend the binding process of the micellar system T20 to BSA. The predominant forces involved are hydrophobic forces and hydrogen bonding. The further study intends to investigate the impact of NaX (here, X represents Cl, Br, NO3, Sal, and Benz), on the T20 solution using various techniques including density (ρ), viscosity (η), sound velocity (U), dynamic light scattering (Dh), FT-IR spectroscopy, and molecular docking at varying temperatures. The values of ρ, η, and U increase as the concentration of Na salt increases. Conversely, when the temperature increases, the values of ρ and η fall, while the value of U increases. NaSal exhibits higher viscosity compared to other substances. The phase separation model was employed to calculate the standard Gibbs free energy ( Δ G CP 0 ), enthalpy ( Δ H CP 0 ), and entropy ( Δ S CP 0 ). The NaBenz exhibits the highest values of sound velocity while examining at different temperatures. The structural identification was performed using FT-IR data, which revealed good agreement with the available literature.

Ca-doped ZnO nanoparticles for MB dye degradation and adsorptive removal of tinidazole.

Industrial dye degradation involves several processes by which dyes are broken down, ideally into innocuous products. Methylene blue (MB) is one of the most commonly employed dyes in the textile industry and is released into water in routine industry processes. These discharges lead to creating a nocuous nature for humans and animals. Drugs are also discharged into water bodies from various pharmaceutical industries. In these two contexts, in the present work, the green synthesis of calcium-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles (Ca-doped ZnO NPs) is achieved using the aqueous peel extract of Citrus limetta by the solution combustion technique. The structural, morphological, and optical properties of the synthesized Ca-doped ZnO NPs are investigated using XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDX, and UV-visible spectroscopy. The prepared NPs were subjected to photocatalytic degradation of MB dye under visible-light illumination, which shows ~ 95% dye degradation. The synthesized Ca-doped ZnO NPs were also employed to adsorb tinidazole (TDZ), a nitroimidazole antibiotic, from water samples. An excellent adsorptive capacity of the NPs was observed for selectively adsorbing the TDZ ~ 96.2%. The drug TDZ was found to have pseudo-second-order kinetics. The catalyst recycling proved its repeatability; removal of the dye reached up to 92% after three successive usages. Therefore, using waste Citrus limetta peel extract, the multifunctional Ca-doped ZnO NPs were synthesized, which maintained effective adsorption potential and photocatalytic abilities and could be used as an effective material for environmental remediation.

Synthesis of bilaterally thiadiazole substituted vic-dioxime ligands and investigation of their polymeric metal complexes

In this study, three novels substituted 1,3,4-thiadiazole-derived vic-dioxime ligands and their corresponding polymeric transition metal (Co2+and Ni2+) complexes were synthesized and their structural characterizations were performed. For this purpose, 4,4′-bis(chloroacetyldiphenyl) ether (OKS1) was obtained from the reaction of diphenyl ether with chloroacetyl chloride at a 1:2 molar ratio with the help of the Friedel-Crafts reaction. Our first starting oxime compound “2,2′-(oxybis(4,1-phenylene))bis(N‑hydroxy-2-oxoacetimidoyl) chloride (OKS2)” was obtained from the reaction of OKS1 with butyl nitrite at a 1:2 molar ratio under the catalysis of HCl gas. Then, our final starting vic-dioxime compound “2,2′-(oxybis(4,1-phenylene))bis(N‑hydroxy-2-(hydroxyimino) acetimidoyl) chloride (OKS3)” was obtained from the reaction of OKS2 with hydroxylamine hydrochloride in ethanol media at 40 °C. Then, our three original target vic-dioxime compounds (OKL1-OKL3) were synthesized from the reaction of substituted 2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole compounds with OKS3. Structural characterizations of all synthesized organic compounds were made using elemental analysis, FTIR, 1H and 13C NMR and mass spectroscopy methods. Target complexes were obtained from the reaction of all ligands with MCl2.nH2O (M: Co2+and Ni2+) salts, and their structures were elucidated using FTIR, magnetic susceptibility, thermogravimetric analysis, elemental analysis, and ICP-OES spectroscopy methods.

A Piezoelectric Electrospun Nanofiber mat (Kaolin/PVDF) for the Degradation of Methylene Blue in Water

AbstractOrganic compounds of various classes have been identified as major pollutants commonly detected in several environmental freshwaters. As a potential solution, electrospun mat-like nanofibers comprising polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanofibers and kaolin clay composite were synthesized for the degradation of methylene blue dye in wastewater using piezocatalytic technique. The kaolin/PVDF composites were characterized with SEM, XRD, FTIR, Chronoamperometry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The poling of the piezoelectric charges of the electrospun mat-like nanofibers, enhanced by the presence of the crystalline nature of the kaolin clay occasioned the generation of reactive species upon exposure to ultrasonic vibration. Moreover, ultrasound waves in the system prevented passivation of the mat’s active surface during piezocatalysis through continuous cleaning action. A degradation efficiency of 100% was obtained from the degradation of methylene blue dye using the synthesized kaolin/PVDF composites during piezocatalysis. This result positions the nanofiber as an effective catalyst in wastewater treatment applications. Graphical Abstract

Inhibition mechanism of different structural polyphenols against α-amylase studied by solid-state NMR and molecular docking

Polyphenol has the considerable effects for inhibition of digestive enzymes, however, inhibition mechanism of molecular size-dependent polyphenols on enzyme activity is still lacking. Herein, inhibition effect and binding interactions of three different structural polyphenols (catechol, quercetin and hesperidin) on α-amylase were studied. Inhibition assays proved that polyphenols significantly inhibited α-amylase and their effects were increased with their molecular sizes. Hesperidin showed the highest inhibition ability of α-amylase, which was determined as IC50 = 0.43 mg/mL. Fluorescence and FT-IR spectroscopy proved that inter-molecular interactions between polyphenols and α-amylase occurred through non-covalent bonds. Besides, the secondary structure of α-amylase was obviously changed after binding with polyphenols. Inter-molecular interactions were investigated using solid-state NMR and molecular docking. Findings proved that hydrogen bonds and π-π stacking interactions were the mainly inter-molecular interactions. We hope this contribution could provide a theoretical basis for developing some digestive enzyme inhibitors from natural polyphenols.

Molecular interactions and thermodynamic modelling of N,N-dimethyl benzyl amine-alkoxy ethanol mixtures: an FT-IR spectroscopy and Jouyban–Acree model approach

ABSTRACT This study examines intermolecular interactions in binary mixtures of N,N-dimethyl benzyl amine (DMBA) with short-chain alkoxy ethanols (2-methoxy ethanol (ME), 2-ethoxy ethanol (EE) and 2-butoxy ethanol (BE)). Densities (ρ), speeds of sound (u) and viscosities (η) were measured from 303.15 K to 313.15 K at atmospheric pressure for all compositions. These data were used to determine excess thermodynamic and transport properties: excess molar volume (V E ), excess isentropic compressibility (κs E ), viscosity deviation (Δη) and excess Gibbs free energy of activation (ΔG *E ). Partial and infinite dilution molar partial properties were also calculated. Results focus on complex formation driven by chemical forces. The Jouyban–Acree model predicted these properties, with accuracy assessed using mean relative deviations (MRDs) and individual relative deviations (IRDs). FTIR spectroscopy provided additional insights into intermolecular interactions.

Physicochemical and Spectroscopic Characterization of Glycogen and Glycogen Phosphorylase b Complexes

Glycogen is a natural polysaccharide used as an energy storage macromolecule. The role of glycogen metabolism in type 2 diabetes mellitus has been under investigation for several years, along with its implication in cancer and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Previous studies using pig liver glycogen with rabbit muscle glycogen phosphorylase (RMGPb), which catalyzes the first step of glycogen degradation to glucose-1-phosphate, showed that the surface of an average glycogen molecule is covered by a total of 20 RMGPb dimeric molecules. In this work, we selected oyster glycogen (Glyc) to investigate its interaction with RMGPb by employing biophysical techniques. Dynamic, static, and electrophoretic light scattering were used to investigate the solution behaviors and structures of both the Glyc molecule itself and the formed complexes between Glyc and GPb at different mixing ratios. It was established that the interaction between oyster Glyc and RMGPb is similar to that previously reported for pig liver glycogen. Moreover, the structure of the complexed GPb was monitored by fluorescence and FTIR spectroscopy.

Energetic features of H-bonded and antiparallel π-stacked supramolecular assemblies in pyrazolones: Experimental, computational and biological analyses

The work presented herein outlines a straightforward synthetic route to produce a series of pyrazolone compounds, which are significant in both coordination chemistry and pharmaceutical research. These heterocyclic compounds were thoroughly characterized using FTIR, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, and their molecular structures were conclusively determined through X-ray crystallography. The resulting supramolecular architectures feature a variety of noncovalent interactions, including conventional NH…O and CH…O hydrogen bonds, CH…halogen contacts, CH…N interactions, and offset π-π stacking. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations, alongside Molecular Electrostatic Potential (MEP) surface analysis and Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules (QTAIM)/Non-Covalent Interaction (NCI) plot methodologies, were employed to probe these interactions further. This analysis highlighted the significance of both CH…O and NH…O hydrogen bonds and revealed the critical role of antiparallel π-stacking interactions, particularly within chlorophenyl and benzonitrile substituted pyrazolones, underscoring their stabilizing effects on the molecular structure. Biological assessment against urease enzyme unveiled compound 3a as the lead inhibitor with an IC50 value of 0.71 ± 0.09 μM and 31-folds strong inhibition than thiourea, thus making pyrazolone heterocycles as potential drug candidates.

Properties of cellulose nitrates produced by nitration of bacterial cellulose using mixed sulfuric-nitric acids

The study set out to investigate the chemical functionalization of bacterial cellulose as an alternative means of satisfying the high demand for nano-sized cellulose nitrates. Using a Medusomyces gisevii Sa-12 symbiotic culture as a microbial producer, bacterial cellulose having a polymerization degree of 3950 was obtained on a synthetic glucose medium. Nitration was carried out using mixed sulfuric-nitric acids differing in their water content, followed by stabilization of the synthesized bacterial cellulose nitrates. Subject to a varying water content (14, 16 and 20 %) in the nitrating mixture, the obtained bacterial cellulose nitrates exhibited a nitrogen mass content of 8.68–11.56 %, a solubility in alcohol-ether mixture of 16.5–91.0 % and a viscosity of 32–255 mPa×s. The bacterial cellulose nitrate fibers were shown to have a nanoscale nature. Coupled thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses revealed the bacterial cellulose nitrates to have a high chemical purity and energy content. FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the high quality of the bacterial cellulose based on the presence of basic functional groups characteristic of conventional cellulose: 3371, 2943, 1633, 1428, 1371, 1163, and 1112 cm-1. According to their infrared spectra, the detected basic functional groups corroborate that the synthesized products are low-substituted cellulose nitrate esters: 1660–1643, 1282-1276, 847–837, 752–749, and 691–690 cm-1. The relationship between the properties of the synthesized bacterial cellulose nitrates and the water mass content in mixed sulfuric-nitric acids is shown to have a complex nature.

Ammonia and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Organic Manure Composting: The Effect of Membrane Cover

The current scientific literature predominantly focuses on pilot-scale studies concerning the effectiveness of membrane covers in reducing gas emissions during cattle manure composting. Our study centers on the application of a leading market commercial membrane cover (ePTE-TEXcomm) and a locally manufactured one (ProfiCover®) at industrial processing levels, evaluating their efficacy in mitigating gas emission during the fifth day of the thermophilic phase. Taking into account material inhomogeneities, work environment impact, and efficiency, the results are characteristic of industrial-scale processes rarely discussed in the scientific literature. Our results, obtained with a portable gas sampler and FTIR spectroscopy measurements using corresponding standards, indicate that ePTE-TEXcomm manifested a reduction of 90.8% for NH3 and 59.6% for CO2. CH4 emissions increased, suggesting their potential entrapment. N2O and propane equivalent experienced reductions of 23.1% and 44.8%, respectively. On the other hand, ProfiCover® presented emission reductions for NH3 and CO2 of 93.3% and 85.9%, respectively. CH4, contrasting with ePTE-TEXcomm, showed a significant reduction of 55.6%. N2O and propane equivalent followed with reductions of 56.7% and 84.5%, respectively. All of this divergence in performance implies a potential trade-off in emission reduction efficacy between the covers. Knowledge sharing between researchers and industry partners is key to translating these technologies into widespread adoption.

Metal-free Carbon Material Derived from Lantana Camara for the Detection and Removal of Ciprofloxacin.

This work reports the preparation of a metal-free nitrogen and sulphur functionalized graphitic carbon sheets from a unique and less expensive precursor Lantana camara, which is a common hazardous weed in India. The synthesized material NS-CN-180 was successfully tested for the adsorption and removal of fluoroquinolone antibiotics ciprofloxacin. The surface morphology and elemental composition of NS-CN-180 were investigated through FESEM and XPS analyses. The SEM data reveals the graphitic sheets stacked onto each other with cavities in between them. The presence of various functional groups was identified through FT-IR spectroscopy and the degree of graphitization was calculated from XRD pattern. The probable mechanism of interaction for ciprofloxacin molecule with NS-CN-180 was also investigated with the help of FT-IR and zeta potential analyses. The fabricated material was found to be excellent for ciprofloxacin detection with a limit of detection value 16.08nM. Also, the prepared material efficiently removes the 66.2% ciprofloxacin drug in 1h. Adsorption and desorption experiments were performed to demonstrate the reusability of the material.

Anti-tumor and anti-metastasis of water-soluble sulfated β-glucan derivatives from Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Traditional fungi β-glucan commonly possesses high molecular weight with poor water solubility, which remains significant challenge in the drug development and medical application. Water-soluble β-glucan with high molecular weight (dHSCG) of 560 kDa, low molecular weight (dLSCG) of 60 kDa, and sulfated derivative (SCGS) with a molecular weight of 146 kDa and sulfate degree at 2.04 were obtained through well-controlled degradation and sulfated modification from Saccharomyces cerevisiae in this study. The structural characteristics were confirmed as β-1,3/6-glucan by FT-IR and NMR spectroscopy. Carbohydrate microarrays and surface plasmon resonance revealed distinct and contrasting binding affinities between the natural β-glucans and sulfated derivatives. SCGS exhibited strong binding to FGF and VEGF, while natural β-glucan showed no response, suggesting its potential as a novel antitumor agent. Moreover, SCGS significantly inhibited the migration rate of the highly metastatic melanoma (B16F10) cells. The lung metastasis mouse model also demonstrated that SCGS significantly reduced and eliminated the nodules, achieving an inhibition rate of 86.7% in vivo, with a dramatic improvement in IFN-α, TNF-α, and IL-1β levels. Through analysis of protein content and distribution in lung tissues, the anti-tumor and anti-metastasis mechanism of SCGS involves the regulation of degrading enzymes to protect extracellular matrix (ECM), as well as the reduction of angiogenic factor release. These findings provide a foundation for exploring the potential of SCGS in the development of new anti-tumor and anti-metastasis drugs and open up a new field in cancer research.

An eco-friendly wheat straw adsorbent functionalized with mercaptopropionyl for the removal of Cu(II) from aqueous solution

A novel absorbent called mercaptopropionyl wheat straw (MPWS) was prepared through alkali pretreatment and mercaptopropionyl modification for efficient removal of Cu(II) from aqueous solutions. Single factor experiments were conducted to investigate various parameters affecting the adsorption of Cu(II) with MPWS. Adsorption experiments including kinetics, isotherms, thermodynamics, as well as various characterization methods were employed to discuss the mechanism of Cu(II) uptake by MPWS in this study. The results showed that MPWS exhibited high removal capacity for Cu(II), achieving a maximum removal efficiency of 97.28 % under optimal conditions: oscillation rate at 150 rpm, temperature at 303 K, duration at 2 h, pH value at 6.0, and initial concentration of Cu(II) at 100 mg/L. The fitting results indicated that pseudo-second-order kinetic model better described the experimental data while Freundlich model provided a better fit for isothermal data. Thermodynamic calculations confirmed that the adsorptive process was spontaneous and endothermic. Characterization techniques such as FTIR spectroscopy SEM imaging, and EDS analysis confirmed chemisorption between Cu(II) ions and functional groups present on MPWS including sulfhydryl groups, amine groups, hydroxyl groups, and carboxyl groups. Overall, the main mechanisms governing Cu(II) uptake onto MPWS included coordination, ion exchange, electrostatic adsorption, and physical adsorption.

1,2,4-triazine derived binuclear lead(ii) complexes: synthesis, spectroscopic and structural investigations and application in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs).

Two novel binuclear complexes of Pb(ii) were synthesized by reacting a 3-(2-pyridyl)-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,2,4-triazine (PMPT) ligand with different anionic co-ligands (1: bromide, 2: acetate and isothiocyanate) in a 1 : 1 molar ratio of PMPT ligands to lead(ii) salts. The complexes, [Pb2(μ-PMPT)2Br4] (1) and [Pb2(μ-PMPT)2((μ-CH3COO)2(NCS)2] (2), were characterized using various physicochemical techniques such as CHN analysis, FT-IR spectroscopy, and 1H NMR spectroscopy. Additionally, their structures were determined using single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Based on the obtained structural parameters, complex 1 exhibited a PbN3Br2 environment, while complex 2 displayed a PbN4O3 environment, with holodirected and hemidirected coordination spheres, respectively. Within the crystal network of the complexes, there were interactions involving C-H⋯X (X: O, S, N) as well as π-π stacking. The Pb(ii) complexes were further investigated for their potential use as the emitting layer in organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs). The current-voltage and luminescence-voltage characteristics, as well as the electroluminescence (EL) properties of the complexes, were studied.

Anticoagulation activity of sulfated carboxymethyl cellulose/Azadirachta indica leaf powder-based bio-composite.

Polymeric bio-composites synthesized via a green approach using natural herbs have fascinating anticoagulant activity due to their eco-friendly and non-toxic behavior towards various physical and chemical actions. Herein, we introduce a simple and eco-friendly approach for the fabrication of a new hybrid type of bio-composite based on sulfated carboxymethyl cellulose (S-CMC) and Azadirachta indica leaf powder (S-CMC/NLP). First, a non-toxic sulfating agent called N(SO3Na)3 was used to modify carboxymethyl cellulose into S-CMC. With an ion exchange capacity of 0.25 meq. g-1, the level of sulfation (%) of S-CMC (modified polysaccharide) was measured to be 12.01%. Three types of S-CMC/NLP bio-composites were developed by varying the concentration of NLP. FE-SEM, EDX, and XRD were used to characterize the structural features of S-CMC/NLP bio-composites. FTIR spectroscopy indicated that the S-CMC/NLP bio-composite possesses COO-, -OH and SO3- groups, suggesting the structural similarity to heparin. In addition, the anticoagulant effect of the S-CMC/NLP bio-composite was investigated using PT and APTT assays. The APTT investigation confirmed that following the intrinsic pathway of the coagulation system, 2-NLP/S-CMC bio-composite dose-dependently (0.045-0.28 mg mL-1) prolonged the time of blood coagulation compared to control (pure plasma). The S-CMC/NLP bio-composite showed its potential as a new, safe, and effective candidate for anticoagulant activity.