Solanum Nigrum Fruit Research Articles

Mycorrhizal Symbiosis Can Change the Composition of Secondary Metabolites in Fruits of Solanum nigrum L.

Solanum nigrum is a common weed in arable land, while being used in traditional medicine around the world due to its remarkable levels of valuable secondary metabolites. Agronomic and biological techniques can alter the production of a specific metabolite by influencing plant growth and metabolism. The effects of colonization with three arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), including Funneliformis mosseae, Rhizoglomus intraradices, and Rhizoglomus fasciculatum, on the chemical composition of S. nigrum fruits were evaluated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. More than 100 different chemical constituents were evaluated by GC-MS. Our study revealed that the levels of phenols (quinic acid), benzenes (hydroquinone), sulfur-containing compounds, lactone and carboxylic acids were improved by R. intraradices. In contrast, hydroxymethylfurfural increased by 68 % in R. fasciculatum inoculated with uninoculated S. nigrum plants, and this species was also the most efficient in inducing sugar compounds (D-galactose, lactose, and melezitose). Our results suggest that AMF colonization is an effective biological strategy that can alter the chemical composition and improve the medicinal properties of S. nigrum.

Computational, experimental investigations on organic Solanum nigrum fruit extract sensitized titanium dioxide for enhanced photovoltaic performance

Natural dye decorated titanium dioxide nanoparticles were synthesized in a single step by modifying the conventional sol – gel method. The colored titanium dioxide (TiO2) was the outcome of the adding up the dye sensitizer during the synthesis itself. An efficient natural photo sensitizer was extracted from Solanum nigrum fruits which contains gallic acid and catechin as major pigments. The untainted TiO2 was blended via conventional sol – gel scheme and colored TiO2 nanoparticles synthesized via improved sol – gel and are sensitized by Solanum nigrum organic photo sensitizer. In order to study the structural, symmetrical, optical, spectral and morphological belongings were inspected by utilizing x- ray diffraction, transmission electron microscope, Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy and UV – vis spectral analyses. The adsorption of colorant molecule on TiO2 exterior enhances the structural, vibrational mode symmetries deliberated. The optimized molecular structure of Gallic acid and Catechin were premeditated via Density functional theory. Their FMOs analyses and molecular electrostatic potential reactivity analysis were also premeditated. The efficiency studies reveal that the natural DSSCs made-up by utilizing colored TiO2 showed 63 % improvement in efficiency over the pure TiO2 based DSSC. This is credited to single step altered sol–gel practice which enhanced the morphology, dye adsorption and abridged the agglomeration, dye aggregation in TiO2 nanoparticles which has improved the efficiency.

Seasonal Food Preference of Cheetal (Axis axis) and Sambar Deer (Cervus unicolor) In Corbett National Park, Uttarakhand

This study is based on two years field study by direct observation and questionnaire method in Bijrani and Jhirna zones of Corbett National Park. Cheetal (Axis axis) and Sambar deer (Cervus unicolor) are found with their sympatric species Barking deer in Corbett Park. The population of Cheetal and Sambar in different vegetative areas of Corbett varies according to the availability of their favourite food (seasonal). This study reveals that Cheetal preferred new sprouting of Cynadon dactylon, green Desmostachya bipinnata, Eulaliopsis binata, Setaria species, Heteropogon species, Imperata cylindrica, Saccharum bengalensis, and Saccharum narenga in grassland. In dense shrub area, Cheetal preferred green tender leaves of Murraya koenegi, Glycosmis arbores, and fruits of Ziziphus mauritiana, Emblica officinalis, and Solanum nigrum. In Sal-mixed forest Cheetal preferred green fallen leaves of Shorea robusta, Adena cordifolia, Mallotus philippensis and leaves & fruits of Syzigium cumini, Agle marmels, Ficus racemosa, Diospyras tomentosa, flowers of Bombax ceiba (calyx), Cassia fistula etc. In the water-side area Cheetal preferred Dalbergia sissoo, S. munja, Phragmites roxburghii and Acacia catechu etc. Sambar is mostly found in dense shrub area and preferred leaves of M. koenegi, G. arbores, E. officinalis, Justicia adhatoda, Z. mauritiana. In Sal-mixed forest, Sambar preferred leaves of S. robusta, A. cordifolia, A. marmeles, Dendrocalamus strictus, and flowers of B. ceiba etc. In grassland, Sambar preferred S. munja, I. cylindrica, D. bipinnata, E. binata. In water-side Sambar preferred A. arabica, P. roxburghii, and D. sissoo on a priority basis. Sambar generally preferred course food like rough leaves, bark, seeds, flowers, soft twigs, and large grasses.

Analysis of steroidal glycoalkaloids and their metabolites in Solanum nigrum fruits based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and molecular networking.

Solanum nigrum fruit is like a treasure house for anticancer drugs because of its steroidal alkaloids. However, the clinical treatment of cancer mainly uses immature fruits, which can cause a toxic reaction if eaten directly, while mature fruits are eaten as fruit. In order to clarify the reasons for the differences in pharmacodynamics and toxicity between them, we studied the composition and metabolism of steroidal alkaloids in fruits of different maturities based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and molecular networking. As a result, 114 steroidal glycoalkaloids were identified. During fruit ripening, the aglycones of steroidal alkaloids mainly undergo hydroxylation and carboxylation, and the sugar side chains mainly undergo acylation and glycosylation reactions. Furthermore, 219 steroidal alkaloids were identified in a metabolism experiment in rats. Metabolic processes include deglycosylation, redox, sulfuric acid binding, acetyl binding, and glucuronic acid-binding. Steroidal alkaloids in mature fruits have high molecular weight and polarity, which are difficult to absorb, and most of them are excreted through feces and urine, which may be the reason for their poor efficacy. This study lays a foundation for research on the biosynthesis of steroidal alkaloids and provides potential candidates for the discovery of new steroidal alkaloid anticancer drugs.

Physiological and Histopathological Evaluation of the effect of Ethyl Caffeate on Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4) Induced Liver Injury in Rats

The objective of the present work is to analyze the physiological and histopathological changes observed due to the effect of Ethyl caffeate, a polyphenol compound present in Solanum Nigrum fruits on CCl4 induced liver injury in male albino wistar rats. Thirty rats were used (5 groups, 6 animals per group). Group I is normal control given carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), Group II is induction control given Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), Group III (Standard control, Silymarin + CCl4), Group IV (Ethyl caffeate + CCl4) and Group V (Ethyl caffeate alone). At the end of 6 weeks, rats were sacrificed, physiological parameters (body weight, liver weight) were measured and histopathological observation of liver tissues was performed. From the physiological parameter results, body weight of group IV rats were increased (p< 0.05) compared to group II. Enlargement of liver (hepatomegaly) is caused by CCl4 injury in group II (liver weight is increased), while the liver weight was reduced to near normal by ethyl caffeate treatment in group IV. Histolpathological analysis of Ethyl caffeate treated rats (group IV) showed less necrosis with mild periportal inflammation compared to group II rats. The findings of this work suggest that ethyl caffeate possess protective effect against liver injury against CCl4 based on the analysis of physiological and histopathological studies.

Solanum nigrum Fruit Extract Modulates Immune System Activity of Mealworm Beetle, Tenebrio molitor L.

Here, we report the first evidence concerning the modulation of insect immune system activity after applying Solanum nigrum fruit extract (EXT). We focused on two main issues: (1) is EXT cytotoxic for Tenebrio molitor haemocytes? and (2) how EXT affects the basic immune mechanisms of T. molitor. The results indicate cytotoxic action of 0.01 and 0.1% EXT on beetle haemocytes. Both the injection of EXT and incubating haemocytes with the EXT solution on microscopic slides significantly increased the number of apoptotic cells. However, 24 h after injection of 0.1% EXT cytotoxic effect of the tested extract probably was masked by the increased number of circulating haemocytes. Application of 0.01 and 0.1% EXT led to impairment of the activity of basic immune mechanisms such as phenoloxidase activity and the lysozyme-like antimicrobial activity of T. molitor haemolymph. Moreover, the EXT elicited significant changes in the expression level of selected immune genes. However, some of the immunomodulatory effects of EXT were different in beetles with and without an activated immune system. The obtained results are an essential step toward a complete understanding of the EXT mode of action on the T. molitor physiology and its potential usage in pest control.

Phenolic Compounds from the Immature Fruits of Solanum nigrum L.

Solanum nigrum L. has been traditionally used as traditional Chinese medicine and food all over the world. Phytochemical investigations of the immature fruits of S. nigrum have been carried out and five coumarins (1-5) and five phenolic compounds (6-11) were obtained. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic and chemical methods, including IR, MS, 1H and 13C-NMR. They were identifies as 6,7-dimethoxycoumarin (1), 6-methoxy-7-hydroxycoumarin (2), 6,8-dimethoxycoumarin (3), 6,7-dimethoxycoumarin (4), umbelliferone (5), vanillin (6), vanillic acid (7), syringic aldehyde (8), isovanillic acid (9), ethyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (10), and ethyl 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetate (11).

Phytochemical estimation and evaluation of antioxidant activity of hydro-alcoholic and ethylacetate extracts of Tribulus terrestris linn. (gokhru) and Solanum nigrum linn (makoi)

Tribulus terrestris L. and Solanum nigrum L. has been used traditionally since ages. To explore the phytoconstituents (qualitatively and quantitatively) and estimate antioxidant activity of hydroalcoholic and ethyl acetate extracts of fruits of Tribulus terrestris L. and Solanum nigrum. Different methods were adopted for phytochemical screening. Evaluation of antioxidant potential was achieved by total anti-oxidant capacity assay, hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity, DPPH radical-scavenging activity, Nitric oxide radical scavenging activity and reducing power assay. The qualitative estimation of fruits of Tribulus terrestris L and of Solanum nigrum L. showed the presence of various phytoconstituents likewise tannins, saponins, flavonoids and terpenoids. Quantitative estimation revealed the presence of flavonoids (5.01%w/w), saponins (0.70%w/w), and terpenoids (0.013%w/w) in fruits of Tribulus terrestris L. whereas presence of flavonoids (10.46%w/w), saponins (11.02%w/w) and terpenoids (0.034%w/w) was found in fruits of Solanum nigrum L. It can be concluded that both the extracts of Tribulus terrestris L and Solanum nigrum L possess significant antioxidant activity.

Green Synthesis of Selenium Nanoparticles Using Solanum nigrum Fruit Extract and its Anti-cancer Efficacy Against Triple Negative Breast Cancer

Green Synthesis of Selenium Nanoparticles Using Solanum nigrum Fruit Extract and its Anti-cancer Efficacy Against Triple Negative Breast Cancer

Chemical constituents from the fruits of Solanum nigrum and their chemotaxonomic significance

A phytochemical investigation of the fruits of Solanum nigrum L. led to the isolation of 17 compounds including ten lignans (1–10) and seven amide alkaloids (11–17). Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic methods and comparison with literature data. All the compounds were isolated from S.nigrum, firstly. Besides, a plant network analysis of all isolated compounds was presented to demonstrate the chemotaxonomic significance. The research clarifies the chemotaxonomic significance, and it accordingly contributes to further knowledge of the chemical diversity of S. nigrum.

Two new steroidal alkaloids from the mature fruits of Solanum nigrum

Two previously undescribed steroidal alkaloids, compounds 1–2, were isolated from the ripe fruits of Solanum nigrum , along with seven known metabolites (3–9). Based on spectroscopic and chemical evidence, including IR, NMR, and HR-ESI-MS analyses, the structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated as 12 β -hydroxy-(3 β ,22 α ,25 R )-spirosol-5-en-27-acid-3- O - α - L -rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)- β - D -glucopyranosyl-(1→3)]- β - D -galacopyranoside and 12 β -hydroxy-(3 β ,22 α ,25 R )-spirosol-5-en-27-acid-3- O - α - L -rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-[ α - L -rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)]- β - D -glucopyranoside. Four steroidal alkaloids (compounds 1–2 and 4–5) were tested for their anti-proliferative effects against the HT-29, A549, and Lewis cell lines. Both of the previously isolated compounds inhibited the proliferation of these three cell lines in a dose-dependent manner, with the most significant effect being in the A549 cells, but neither reached IC 50 at 50 μM. These results revealed that S . nigrum had weak cytotoxicity, indicating its clinical safety as a traditional anti-tumor herbal medicine. • Two undescribed steroidal alkaloids were isolated from Solanum nigrum. • The structure of compounds were determined by analysis of OR, IR, HR-ESI-MS, and NMR spectra. • Cytotoxicity evaluation against HT-29, A549 and Lewis was examined.

The effects of bioactive components in Solanum nigrum against oxidative stress in liver damage

The present study aimed to evaluate the role of bioactive components in Solanum nigrum fruit, its phytochemical screening, and in vivo antioxidant potential against liver injury. The HPLC analysis of an ethanolic extract of Solanum nigrum fruit revealed the presence of bioactive components that showed its significant in vitro antioxidant activity. Moreover, The Sprague Dawley rats were divided into four groups for in vivo analysis: G1 (negative control), G2 (positive control), G3 (rats receiving standard drug), and G4 (rats receiving Solanum nigrum fruit extract). The Solanum nigrum fruit reduced the level of liver enzymes, and bilirubin. An opposite trend was seen in the case of albumin, catalase, creatinine, and superoxide dismutase. Histology slides also showed the normal cell structure of hepatocytes. Conclusively, Solanum nigrum fruit bioactive components have the ability to reduce oxidative stress.

Healing effects of Solanum nigrum fruit extract on second-degree burn wounds and its antibacterial activity against common pathogens of burn infection

Aims: Solanum nigrum (S. nigrum) is a species of flowering plant from the Solanaceae family and one of the indigenous plants of Eurasia. Given the biological activities of this plant, like antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory ones, this study assessed its effects on the healing process of second-degree burn wounds in rats. We also evaluated its antibacterial activity against common pathogens of burn wound infection (i.e., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Acinetobacter baumanni). Methods: S. nigrum fruit extract was prepared by percolation and reflux methods. The extract was applied for the treatment of animal models with second-degree burn wounds. Parameters of wound healing and maturation, including collagen deposition, epithelialization, reduction of neutrophil migration, and angiogenesis, were evaluated. The antimicrobial activity of S. nigrum fruit extract against common pathogens of burn wound infection was assessed by the agar well diffusion method via measurement of zones of microbial growth inhibition. Results: Histological analysis showed a significant reduction in neutrophil migration by the 20% hydroalcoholic extract vs. control group (normal saline). In addition, we found that the 20% hydroalcoholic extract was more efficient than silver sulfadiazine in augmenting collagen deposition. S. nigrum hydro alcoholic extract also showed an inhibitory effect on S. aureus. Conclusion: S. nigrum 20% hydroalcoholic extract improved some of the wound healing parameters such as collagen deposition and inflammation. It also shows an inhibitory effect on S. aureus. So, it may have therapeutic effects on burns.

Total phenolic contents and determination of Antioxidant activity by DPPH, FRAP, and cyclic voltammetry of the fruit of Solanum nigrum (Black nightshade) growing in the south of Algeria

In the present research, we studied the quantification of the total phenolics, total flavonoids, total flavonols, and the evaluation of the antioxidant activity of the fruits of Solanum nigrum L. by chemical and electrochemical methods. The chloroform, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol crude extracts are prepared from the hydroethanolic extract of the fruits were tested. The results showed that ethyl acetate extract showed the highest phenolic content (87.68mg GAE/g), chloroform extract showed the highest flavonoid content (24.23mg QE/g) and highest flavonol content (71.60mg RE/g). The evaluation of antioxidant activity by chemical methods revealed that the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity was shown by ethyl acetate extract (0.123mg/mL) while the highest ferric reducing capacity was shown by butanol extract (610.46±0.0015mg FeSO4/g). The electrochemical study of the three extracts by cyclic voltammetry method indicates that the highest antioxidant activity was shown by ethyl acetate extract (17.75±0.238mg/g) equivalent ascorbic acid. The superoxide scavenging assay of chloroform extract showed the highest value (0.8 mg/mL).

Solanum Nigrum Fruit Extract Increases Toxicity of Fenitrothion-A Synthetic Insecticide, in the Mealworm Beetle Tenebrio Molitor Larvae.

Synthetic insecticides are widely used for crop protection both in the fields and in the food stored facilities. Due to their toxicity, and assumptions of Integrated Pest Management, we conducted two independent experiments, where we studied the influence of Solanum nigrum unripe fruit extract on the toxicity of an organophosphorus insecticide fenitrothion. In the first variant of the experiment, Tenebrio molitor larvae were fed with blended fenitrothion (LC50) and the extract in four concentrations (0.01, 0.1, 1 and 10%) in ratio 1:1 for 3 days. In the second variant, a two-day application of fenitrothion (LC40) was preceded by a one-day extract treatment. The first variant did not show any increase in lethality compared to fenitrothion; however, ultrastructure observations exhibited swollen endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes in the midgut and nuclear and cellular membranes in the fat body, after application of blended fenitrothion and extract. An increased amount of heterochromatin in the fat body was observed, too. In the second variant, pre-treatment of the extract increased the lethality of larvae, decreased the level of glycogen and lipids in the fat body and disrupted integrity of midgut cellular membranes. S. nigrum extract, applied prior to fenitrothion treatment can be a factor increasing fenitrothion toxicity in T. molitor larvae. Thus, this strategy may lead to decreased emission of synthetic insecticides to the environment.

Bactericidal, Antioxidant Activity and In Silico Analysis of Phytochemicals Derived From Selected Plants of Solanaceae Family

A diverse range of active therapeutic constituents i.e. antioxidants from medicinal plants of Solanaceae family are responsible for anticancer & antibacterial activity. The study was aimed to investigate phytochemicals i.e. alkaloids, phenols, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, glycosides, and steroids qualitatively in selected plants of Solanaceae family. Total phenolic and flavonoid content of the aqueous extracts of the plants were determined quantitatively by the Folin-Ciocalteus reagent method and modified Aluminium Chloride assay respectively.Flavanoids present in the extracts of Solanumnigrum(fruit and leaf), Daturainoxia (leaf) and Capsicum annum (fruit) samples were 0.39 ± 0.030, 0.42 ± 0.020, 0.51 ± 0.04, 0.34± 0.030µgmL-1 respectively, whereas phenolic contents were 94± 1.2, 107± 1.5, 96± 1.3, 87± 1.9 mg chlorogenic acid equivalent respectively. The aqueous and ethanolic extracts of S. nigrum, D. inoxia and C. annum showed bactericidal activity against strains of Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia and Staphylococcus aureus with (MIC)2mgmL-1 and 5mgmL-1. Highest free radical scavenging of DPPH activity 81.3% was exhibited by 2mgmL-1methanolic extract of D. inoxia. Docking of Murine with Saponin, Flavone, phenol showed hydrogen bond of length 2.47 Å, 1.98 Å, 2.285 Å respectively while two H-bonds with 1.96 and 2.56 Å bond lengths of alkaloids. Representative trends and in silico assay results explain the synergism among flavonoids, alkaloids, and phenols. The phytochemicals provide antibacterial activity, antioxidant property as well as anti-cancerous bioactive compounds such as alkaloids and tannins, justifying their therapeutic efficacy in the field of cancer medicine.

Bioassay of Lantana camara and Solanum nigrum Extracts on Potato Tuber Moth Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

In vitro effect of the aqueous extract concentrations of the methanol crude extract of Lantana camara flowers and Solanum nigrum fruits were evaluated on the reproduction, feeding response and adult emergence of the potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella. Aqueous extracts of the two tested plants hindered the oviposition of gravid females and hatchability. Moreover, the extracts prevented feeding by newly hatched larvae. The extracts caused a decrease in adult emergence from the treated potato tubers as compared to the control. In addition, bioassay results indicate that the extract of S. nigrum fruits was more effective than the extract of L. camara flowers on the potato tuber moth.

Histological evaluation of nephroprotective effect of Solanum nigrum fruit extract against gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity in experimental rats

Background: Drug induced nephrotoxicity, one of the most common renal problem, is a challenge to deal with especially in patients with renal dysfunction. It is responsible for 20% cases of acute renal failure in the community. Modern medicines are costly and have minimal nephroprotection. Solanum nigrum fruit extract, a cheaper drug, have antioxidant property and may help in nephroprotection.Methods: Total 54 rats were randomised in 3 groups named G10, G20 and G30 according to 10, 20 and 30 days of treatment. In each groups, rats were randomly assigned to any of the three subgroups i.e., control C group [received normal saline (2 ml/100 gm/day) orally consecutively for test duration], gentamicin treated (GT) group [received normal saline (2 ml/100 gm/day) orally consecutively for test duration and intraperitoneal gentamicin (40 mg/kg) once daily for last five days] and S. nigrum treated (SNT) group [received S. nigrum orally (200 mg/kg/day) for the test duration and intraperitoneal gentamicin (40 mg/kg) once daily for last five days]. Rats were sacrificed 24 hours after the last dose of gentamicin injection (on 11th, 21st and 31st day). Excised kidneys were weighted and prepared for histological examination.Results: The mean weight of kidneys in GT group was significantly higher than the SNT group in all test durations suggestive of decrease in inflammation in SNT group. This was also reflected histologically as SNT group kidney showed less amount of tubular destruction as compared to GT group.Conclusions: S. nigrum extract provide nephroprotection against gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity.

Steroidal alkaloid glycosides and phenolics from the immature fruits of Solanum nigrum

Solanum nigrum L. (also called as European black nightshade) has been traditionally used as folk medicine and food in some regions. Phytochemical investigations of the immature fruits of S. nigrum yielded five steroidal alkaloid glycosides (1–5), including an unprecedented nor-spirosolane type steroidal alkaloid with a five-membered ring A (1) and two novel spirosolane type steroidal alkaloid glycosides (2, 3), together with eight known phenolic compounds (6–13). Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic and chemical methods, including IR, NMR, HR-ESI-MS, and GC analyses. Five steroidal alkaloid glycosides were tested for their potential antiproliferative effects against HL-60, U-937, Jurkat, K562, and HepG2 cell lines and inhibitory activities on nitric oxide (NO) production induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in a macrophage cell line RAW 264.7. Compound 1 exhibited significant inhibition on NO production with an IC50 value of 23.4 ± 2.0 μM, compared to positive control indomethacin (IC50, 47.40 ± 4.50 μM). Compound 4 exhibited significant cytotoxicity against all tested cell lines.

Enhancement of Solasodine Extracted from Fruits of Solanum nigrum L. by Microwave-Assisted Aqueous Two-Phase Extraction and Analysis by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography.

Background: Solasodine is a major bioactive ingredient in Solanum nigrum L. that has strong pharmacological characteristics. Therefore, the development of a simple and effective extraction method for obtaining solasodine is highly important. This study aims to provide a rapid and effective method for extracting solasodine from Solanum nigrum L. by microwave-assisted aqueous two-phase extraction (MAATPE). Methods: First, the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) conditions were established for the detection of solasodine. Then, the aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) compositions were examined. On the basis of the results of single-factor experiments, for a better yield, response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize influential factors including the extraction temperature, extraction time and liquid-to-solid ratio. Results: The maximum extraction yield of 7.11 ± 0.08 mg/g was obtained at 44 °C, an extraction time of 15 min, and a liquid-to-solid ratio of 42:1 mL/g in the ATPS consisting of EtOH solvent, (NH4)2SO4, and water (28:16:56, w/w/w). The extraction yield of the alkaloid obtained using this method was markedly higher than those of microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE). Conclusions: In this work, solasodine was extracted by MAATPE for the first time and a high yield was obtained. MAATPE is a simple, rapid, and green technique for extraction from medical plants. Thus, the present study will enable the development of a feasible extraction method of active alkaloids from Solanum nigrum L.