Enhancement of Solasodine Extracted from Fruits of Solanum nigrum L. by Microwave-Assisted Aqueous Two-Phase Extraction and Analysis by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography.

Yi Wang,Li Zhang,Wen Yang,Yunsong Zhang,Xing Wei,Zhiming Zhang,Maojun Zhao,Ying Zhao,Li Lin

doi:10.3390/molecules24122294

Abstract

Background: Solasodine is a major bioactive ingredient in Solanum nigrum L. that has strong pharmacological characteristics. Therefore, the development of a simple and effective extraction method for obtaining solasodine is highly important. This study aims to provide a rapid and effective method for extracting solasodine from Solanum nigrum L. by microwave-assisted aqueous two-phase extraction (MAATPE). Methods: First, the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) conditions were established for the detection of solasodine. Then, the aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) compositions were examined. On the basis of the results of single-factor experiments, for a better yield, response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize influential factors including the extraction temperature, extraction time and liquid-to-solid ratio. Results: The maximum extraction yield of 7.11 ± 0.08 mg/g was obtained at 44 °C, an extraction time of 15 min, and a liquid-to-solid ratio of 42:1 mL/g in the ATPS consisting of EtOH solvent, (NH4)2SO4, and water (28:16:56, w/w/w). The extraction yield of the alkaloid obtained using this method was markedly higher than those of microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE). Conclusions: In this work, solasodine was extracted by MAATPE for the first time and a high yield was obtained. MAATPE is a simple, rapid, and green technique for extraction from medical plants. Thus, the present study will enable the development of a feasible extraction method of active alkaloids from Solanum nigrum L.

Highlights

Solanum nigrum L. belongs to the Solanaceae family
These results demonstrated that salts could improve the conductivity and microwave action in the microwave-assisted aqueous two-phase extraction (MAATPE), while the volume of the top phase decreased with the increase in the (NH4 )2 SO4 concentration, leading to reductions in the amounts of the target constituents [22,30]
MMAATPE was firstly introduced for improving the extraction yield of Solasodine from fruits of Solanum nigrum L., integrating microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) with aqueous two-phase extraction (ATPE) into a one-step procedure and provided a rapid effective method for extracting Solasodine

Summary

Introduction

Solanum nigrum L. belongs to the Solanaceae family. As a typical traditional medicine in the Chinese pharmacopoeia, its leaves and fruits possess high medical value for treatments to clear heat, remove toxins, reduce swelling, and heal inflammation. Solanum nigrum L. extracts, with antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, liver trauma treatment, and antineoplastic activities, have been extensively developed through a series of experiments, and considerable progress has been made [1,2,3,4,5]. The development of a simple and effective extraction method for obtaining solasodine is highly important. This study aims to provide a rapid and effective method for extracting solasodine from Solanum nigrum L. by microwave-assisted aqueous two-phase extraction (MAATPE). Results: The maximum extraction yield of 7.11 ± 0.08 mg/g was obtained at 44 ◦ C, an extraction time of 15 min, and a liquid-to-solid ratio of 42:1 mL/g in the ATPS consisting of EtOH solvent, (NH4 ) SO4 , and water (28:16:56, w/w/w)

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