Phyllanthus Emblica Fruit Research Articles

Phytofabrication of silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles using the fruit extract of Phyllanthus emblica and its potential anti-diabetic and anti-cancer activity

Phytochemicals capacity to reduce metal into nanoparticles has sparked a new eco-friendly method to build green nanotechnology. Synthesis of nanoparticles using a biological approach with valuable medicinal applications is an essential feature of modern nanotechnology. The present study attempts to synthesize silver (PE-AgNPs) and zinc oxide (PE-ZnONPs) nanoparticles using Phyllanthus emblica fruit ethanolic extract and evaluates their therapeutic potential. In our present study, the secondary metabolites of the extract were determined by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectra (GC-MS.) Nanoparticles were characterized using analytical tools. The PE-AgNPs and PE-ZnONPs nanoparticles have shown potential inhibition activity against α-amylase (IC50 170.60 ± 0.94 and 160.82 ± 0.88 µg/mL), α-glucosidase (IC50 80.24 ± 1.38 and 70.02 ± 0.59 µg/mL) and increased glucose uptake (180.42 ± 0.78 and 110.52 ± 0.84 µg/mL). In-vitro MTT assay of PE-AgNPs and PE-ZnONPs nanoparticles revealed the effective anticancer potential against the A549 cancer cell line with an IC50 value of 27.52 ± 1.12 and 70.64 ± 1.4 µg/mL. The synthesized bioactive compounds can be the alternative eco-friendly potential for an antidiabetic and anticancer substitute which can be further recommended for pharmacological applications.

Current advances on the phytochemical composition, pharmacologic effects, toxicology, and product development of Phyllanthi Fructus.

Phyllanthi Fructus (PF), the edible fruits of Phyllanthus emblica L., serves as an important resource for some health products, foods and drugs due to its high safety and sufficient nutritional value. In recent years, in vivo and in vitro experiments have been conducted to reveal the active components of PF. More than 180 compounds have been isolated and identified from the PF so far, primarily including tannins, phenolic acids, flavonoids, terpenoids, polysaccharides, fatty acids and amino acids. In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), PF is used to cure several diseases such as bronchitis, asthma, diabetes, peptic ulcer, hepatopathy, leprosy, and jaundice. Consistent with ethnopharmacology, numerous modern studies have demonstrated that the extracts or monomeric compounds derived from PF exhibit various pharmacological effects including anti-oxidation, anti-bacteria, anti-inflammation, anti-tumour, anti-virus, immunity improvement, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects, and multiple organ protective protection. Toxicological studies on PF indicated the absence of any adverse effects even at a high dose after oral administration. Due to strict quality control, these pharmacological activities and the safety of PF greatly improve the development and utilization of products. Our comprehensive review aims to summarize the phytochemistry, pharmacological effects, toxicology, and product development of PF to provide theoretical guidance and new insights for further research on PF in the future.

Adsorptive Analysis of Azo Dyes on Activated Carbon Prepared from Phyllanthus emblica Fruit Stone Sequentially via Hydrothermal Treatment

The present work aims to provide insight into the role of the functional group in the adsorption of azo dyes namely, ethyl orange (EO), methyl orange (MO), and metanil yellow (MY), on the activated carbon (surface area 569 m2·g−1) prepared from Phyllanthus emblica fruit stone by low-pressure hydrothermal treatment (AC-HTPEFS). More specifically, this study would facilitate a better understanding of the involvement of different amino substituents (-CH3, -C2H5, phenyl group) on the adsorption of azo dye molecules. The experimental adsorption isotherms of the azo dyes quantified with different adsorbents and temperatures (25–45 °C) were utilized to know the effect of functional groups on dye adsorption. Additionally, the equilibrium data were analyzed by applying isotherm models (Freundlich, Langmuir, and Temkin) in order to elucidate the best-fit isotherm model and adsorption capacity, with the Langmuir model fitting the isotherms best as shown by the higher correlation coefficients obtained (0.984–0.994). The Langmuir monolayer adsorption capacities of EO, MO, and MY obtained at 25 °C were found to be 0.202, 0.187, and 0.158 mmol·g−1, respectively, which was attributed to the hydrophobicity and geometry of dye molecules. Moreover, adsorption kinetics conformed well with the pseudo-second-order model. The negative ΔG°, positive ΔH,° and positive ΔS° indicated the adsorption process to be favorable, endothermic, and increased randomness at the solid–liquid interface. Our findings indicate that the porous activated carbon from hydrothermally treated Phyllanthus emblica fruit stone exhibited a promising potential for the removal of azo dyes with rapid kinetics and high adsorption capacity. The present study could thus pave a way for future utilization of activated carbons produced via hydrothermal treatment techniques for wastewater applications.

Isolation and identification of sweet substances and sweet aftertaste substances in the fruit of Phyllanthus emblica

Isolation and identification of sweet substances and sweet aftertaste substances in the fruit of Phyllanthus emblica

Identification and characterization of Ethyl gallate from Ethyl acetate fraction of Phyllanthus emblica fruit, and invitro free radical scavenging activity

Phyllanthus emblica fruit has a rich source of polyphenolic compounds and is widely used due to its medicinal properties. A portion of the ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) from 70% methanol extract (70% ME) showed greater 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) scavenging activities. Moreover, EAF has more polyphenol content than 70% ME. The EAF was subjected to a dry silica gel column eluted successively with a mixture of chloroform: ethyl acetate: formic acid (2.8: 2.4: 0.4ml) as a mobile phase solvent system, and to afford various fractions. EAF and isolated fraction-1 of ethyl gallate (EG) showed a unique pattern of EG standard chromatogram in thin layer chromatography (TLC) analysis. EAF and isolated fraction-1 real time (R.T) of the peaks were unique compared with those of the standard chromatogram in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. This chromatogram fraction was collected from isolated fraction-1 at the same R.T time by multiple HPLC analysis. The collected fraction from HPLC was injected into Mass spectroscopy (MS) and it showed a molecular ion at m/z 197 corresponding to C9H10O5. The substance was identified as EG based on the results mentioned above.

Hepatoprotective activity of Amalakyadi Gana, a polyherbal ayurvedic formulation in paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in mice

Since ancient times, Amalakyadi Gana, a polyherbal formulation of Susruta Samhita (6th century BCE), has been used for the prevention and treatment of numerous gastrointestinal diseases. This formulation consists of fruits of Phyllanthus emblica, Terminalia chebula, Piper longum, and the root of Plumbago zeylanica. The hepatoprotective efficacy of this formulation was evaluated following the acute toxicity study in mice to validate its ayurvedic uses. The hepatoprotective efficacy was assessed using paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in Swiss albino mice. Research drug exhibited in normalizing the PCM-dependent rise of serum liver function markers. After administration of the aqueous extract of Amalakyadi Gana, relevant blood biochemical measures showed significant (P < 0.05) hepatoprotective activity in a dosage-dependent manner, especially at the dose of 700 mg/kg orally in mice. When compared to the control group, significant (p < 0.05) histological alterations were also observed in the liver tissues. This formulation exhibited results in normalizing the liver architecture by decreasing necrotic foci along with the normal liver parenchymal structure in the research drug pre-treated groups mainly at the dose of 700 mg/kg, caused due to paracetamol toxicity. The research drug's sustained activity was comparable to that of the silymarin (200 mg/kg, p.o.) reference medicine. This formulation possesses significant hepatoprotective activity without any toxicity in mice.

Development of a Herbal Tea with Potential Antiglycation Effects using <em>Phyllanthus emblica</em> (Indian Gooseberry), <em>Zingiber officinale</em> (Ginger), and <em>Coriander sativum</em> (Coriander)

The study was conducted to investigate the capability of developing a herbal tea using Phyllanthus emblica (PE) fruit, Zingiber officinale (ZO) rhizome, and Coriander sativum (CS) seeds and to assess its anti-glycation effects. Phyllanthus emblica, ZO, and CS are common and individually used materials in traditional medicine in Sri Lanka. No evidence is found in using combinations of these plant materials being used in commercial tea / herbal infusion production in Sri Lanka. The herbal tea was formulated with powdered form of PE fruits, ZO rhizome and CS seeds in three different formulations; PE-50% + ZO-25% + CS-25%; PE-25% + ZO-50% + CS-25%; and PE-25% + ZO-25% + CS-50%. The three formulated teas were subjected to a five-point hedonic scale sensory evaluation. The formula with PE fruits 50%, ZO rhizome 25%, and CS seeds 25% was selected for further analysis. The phytochemicals of the selected formulation were analyzed, and the results bared the presence of glycosides, alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins, and tannins, which ensures a high antioxidant quality of the formulated tea. The tested parameter for the shelf-life determination study concluded that the product is shelf-stable for 14 days under 0 °C temperature. An in vitro assay using Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis was used to test the antiglycation effects. Results showed that the herbal tea was able to inhibit glycation-induced protein cross-linking over prolonged incubation periods with strong glycating conditions. Therefore, this product could also have a potential to be used as a home remedy to prevent diabetic complications.

The Medicinal Uses of Phyllanthus emblica L. (Indian gooseberry): An Evidence-Based

Phyllanthus emblica L. (Indian gooseberry) has been used in traditional medicine for treatment of various diseases in Asian countries. It has been recorded in Ayurvedic and traditional medicines in Thailand for antitussive medicine for a long time. It is developed into Phyllanthus emblica fruit extract and also medicine/ health products with several health claims. However, there have been not articles discussing its use in Thai traditional medicine and relevant empirical evidence. The objective of this article is to review and evaluate evidence related to medicinal uses of the Indian gooseberry, including treatment of COVID-19, in order to provide information for rationale uses. The Indian gooseberry and Thai traditional uses in Tamra Kanphaet Thaidoem (Pheattayasat Songkhro Chabab Anurak) Volume 1 were listed. The empirical evidence of the medicinal properties of Indian gooseberry as list were searched in PubMed, Web of science, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, ThaiJO and Google Scholar. Eleven out of thirteen scriptures mentioned to 164 recipes contain the Indian gooseberry, Khamphi Prathomchinda contained the highest number of herbal recipes (32 recipes), followed by Khamphi That Wiworn (31 recipes) and Khamphi Sapphakhunya (24 recipes), respectively. The eleven literature searches provided evidence related to cough, sore throat, constipation and pain including treatment or prevention of COVID-19. In conclusion, the Indian gooseberry can be used as an alternative to cough relief. The use of herbal mixtures is more common than single herbs for sore throat, constipation, fever and pain. There is a crucial need for clinical studies on combined treatment with COVID-19.

Utilization of Phyllanthus emblica fruit stone as a Potential Biomaterial for Sustainable Remediation of Lead and Cadmium Ions from Aqueous Solutions

In the present work, an effort has been made to utilize Phyllanthus emblica (PE) fruit stone as a potential biomaterial for the sustainable remediation of noxious heavy metals viz. Pb(II) and Cd(II) from the aqueous solution using adsorption methodology. Further, to elucidate the adsorption potential of Phyllanthus emblica fruit stone (PEFS), effective parameters, such as contact time, initial metal concentration, temperature, etc., were investigated and optimized using a simple batch adsorption method. It was observed that 80% removal for both the heavy metal ions was carried out within 60 min of contact time at an optimized pH 6. Moreover, the thermodynamic parameters results indicated that the adsorption process in the present study was endothermic, spontaneous, and feasible in nature. The positive value of entropy further reflects the high adsorbent–adsorbate interaction. Thus, based on the findings obtained, it can be concluded that the biosorbent may be considered a potential material for the remediation of these noxious impurities and can further be applied or extrapolated to other impurities.

Pharmacognostic and physicochemical characterisation of potential plants for antidiabetic herbal formulations

In recent years, mankind has relied largely on herbal medicines to treat a variety of ailments. The aim of the current study is to investigate the pharmacognostic and physicochemical characterisation of some medicinal plants such as Bambusa balcooa (leaf) (BBL), Phyllanthus emblica (fruit) (PEF), Hodgsonia heteroclita (fruit pulp) (HHP), and Punica granatum (fruit peel) (PGP) used by the local Bodo tribe for the treatment of diabetes, which can be combined together to develop a novel polyherbal formulation. The preliminary phytochemical screening, microscopic evaluation, organoleptic and flow properties and qualitative heavy metal estimation was carried out usimng standard protocols. The preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the existence of carbohydrates, phenolics, alkaloids in all. However, amino acids were present in P. granatum and P. emblica, whereas triterpenoids were inferred in P. officinalis. Microscopical analysis of crude showed the presence of stone cells (BBL, HHP and PGP), xylem (PEF, HHP and PGP), trichome (PGP), fibres (all) and epidermis (PEF). The macroscopical study of crushed powder was overall acceptable to sense organs. The physical evaluation of flow properties was found to be good for P. emblica fruit when compared to others which was fair to passable. The heavy metal test showed the absence of bismuth, cadmium and lead in all species. Accordingly, the results obtained from the study is endowed with essential information for the authentication and quality assessment of these herbal drugs.

Phyto Analysis, Formulation, and Evaluation of Herbal Lotion Produced From Allium Sativum and Phyllanthus Emblica Alcoholic Extracts


 Herbal cosmetics are concoctions that are used to beautify and improve the look of humans. The purpose of this study was to develop and test a herbal antibacterial lotion formulation that included an alcohol-based fruit extract. Recent research in numerous parts of the world has found that the active components of Allium sativum and Phyllanthus emblica fruits have a great potential for treating a wide range of health conditions. Microbial/worm infection can be efficiently combated using Allium sativum and Phyllanthus emblica preparations. It's anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-microbial. The prepared lotion displayed good consistency and spreadability, homogeneity, pH, non-greasy, and no symptoms of phase separation during the research period. Stability properties of the produced lotion, such as visual appearance, nature, viscosity, and scent, did not change significantly during the study time.
 

Fresh Phyllanthus emblica (Amla) Fruit Supplementation Enhances Milk Fatty Acid Profiles and the Antioxidant Capacities of Milk and Blood in Dairy Cows

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of a diet supplemented with fresh amla fruit as a natural feed additive on blood metabolic parameters, milk antioxidant capacity, and milk fatty acid (FA) proportions in lactating dairy cows. Eight ruminally cannulated mid-lactation dairy cows were used in a repeated crossover design. The first group of four cows received total mixed ration (TMR) feed without fresh amla fruit (control group). The remaining four cows sequentially supplemented fresh amla fruit (FAF) at three levels (200, 400, then 600 g/d) (treatment group) at 14-day intervals. In second period, control and treatment groups were exchanged. The first ten days were adjusted to diet adaptation for each sub-period, and the last four days for sampling milk and blood. A total of 514 metabolites were detected from FAF using UPLC-ESI-MS/MS. The five main metabolites in FAF were phenolic acids (22%), flavonoids (20%), lipids (20%), amino acids and derivatives (9%), and tannins (7%). Amla fruit supplementation reduced total saturated fatty acid and the omega-6/omega-3 ratio at 200 or 400 g/d FAF dose compared to controls. In addition, amla fruit increased unsaturated FA, such as C20:5 (Eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA) and C22:6 (docosahexaenoic acid, DHA), and branched-chain FA in a dose-dependent manner at 200 or 400 g/d compared to controls. In addition, amla fruit increased the antioxidant capacity biomarkers in the blood, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and albumin; this confirms that amla fruit is an excellent antioxidant, inhibiting reactive oxygen species’ (ROS) metabolism, and can thereby protect cells from oxidative stress. Moreover, the most remarkable improvement of ferric reducing-antioxidant power (FRAP) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in milk was recorded at 400 g/d FAF doses compared to controls. Therefore, fresh amla fruit doses for lactating cows at 400 g/d on an as-fed basis can be used as an alternative additive feed in dairy cow diets to improve antioxidant capacity, protein efficiency, butter quality, and to produce more desirable milk fatty acid profiles for human consumption.

Determination of Phytochemical Constituent, Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenol and Total Flavonoid of Extract Ethanol Phyllanthus emblica Fruit

Determination of Phytochemical Constituent, Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenol and Total Flavonoid of Extract Ethanol Phyllanthus emblica Fruit

Phyllanthus Emblica (Indian Gooseberry) in the prevention of cancer

Medicinal plants have been considered to be precious natural gifts to human beings that could promote disease-free life. Indian gooseberry or Amla, scientifically known as Phyllanthus emblica, is a tree abundantly found in the tropical and subtropical regions of Southeast Asia. The fruit of Phyllanthus emblica is rich in vitamin C, flavonoids like quercetin and rutin, and polyphenols like tannins, gallic acid, and ellagic acid, etc. Research reports suggested that Amla is possessed with important neuroprotective, cardio-protective, gastro-protective, nephronprotective, and chemo-preventive properties. Cancer is currently a global epidemic with an estimated 19.3 million new cancer cases and approximately 10.0 million cancer deaths taking place in 2020. The societal impact of such a staggering number of deaths is immense when we think of the quality of human life and the economy. So undoubtedly we need new, promising and effective therapies for common cancers. In recent years the potential of Amla as an effective anti-cancer agent has been scrutinized through many studies and there is certainly evidence to show that Amla extracts can be used as an anti-tumor and cancer preventive agent. In this article, we focus on the anti-cancer properties of Indian Gooseberry or Amla.

Histological Evaluation of Aqueous Extracts of Phyllanthus Emblica Fruit And Terminalia Arjuna Bark on Body Weight, Hepatic and Renal Structures In High Fat Diet Induced Albino Wistar Rats

High fat diet is one of the leading causative factors for high cholesterol levels. Hyperlipidemia plays a major role in the development of atherosclerosis and oxidative stress. Aim & Objective: The current study was taken to assess the high fat diet changes in the body weight, hepatic and renal tissue treated with the various doses of aqueous extracts of Phyllanthus emblica fruit and Terminalia arjuna bark. Materials and Methods: Group I served as normal control. Group II was fed with high fat diet. Group III was fed with high fat diet and aqueous extract of Phyllanthus emblica fruit -200 mg/kg body wt. Group IV was fed with high fat diet and aqueous extract of Phyllanthus emblica fruit -400 mg/kg body wt. Group V was fed with high fat diet and aqueous extract of Terminalia arjuna bark -400mg/kg body wt. Group VI was fed with hyperlipidemic diet + Atorvastatin standard drug. Results: Histopathological analysis using hematoxylin and eosin stain for liver, renal glomerulus and tubules showed therapeutic effect with treatment of Phyllanthus emblica fruit extract 400mg/kg b.w and Terminalia arjuna bark extract 400mg/kg b.w. Conclusion: we observed the high fat diet induced structural and histological changes in the liver and renal tissue which was improved with Phyllanthus emblica fruit extract 400mg/kg compared with Terminalia arjuna bark.

TLC-Based Metabolite Profiling and Bioactivity-Based Scientific Validation for Use of Water Extracts in AYUSH Formulations.

We aimed to develop a chromatographic method for scientific validation of water extract of some important Indian traditional plants used in AYUSH-based formulation as immunomodulator and to evaluate their bioactive potential. Fruits of Phyllanthus emblica L. and Piper nigrum L., stem of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers, rhizome of Curcuma longa L., leaves of Ocimum sanctum L. and Achillea millefolium L., roots of Withania somnifera L., and stem bark of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. were coarsely powdered and extracted in three different solvents (water, ethanol, and hydroethanol). The antioxidant potential was determined through 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and ferric reducing capacity methods. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was carried out for the comparative metabolite profiling of the extracts using toluene, ethyl acetate, and formic acid (5 : 4 : 1, v/v/v) as a solvent system. In vitro immunomodulatory activity of the extracts has been tested on splenocyte proliferation and pinocytic assay. Hydroethanolic extract (HEE) of most of the plant materials has the highest phenolic and flavonoid contents, followed by water extract (WE) and ethanolic extract (EE), whereas the water extracts of most of the plant material showed better antioxidant activity. Almost all extract exhibited splenocyte proliferation and pinocytic activity in a dose-dependent manner. But water extract showed significantly higher splenocyte proliferation and pinocytic activity as compared to the other two extracts. TLC analysis resulted in detection of totally 63 and 56 metabolites at 254 nm and 366 nm, respectively. Through principal component analysis (PCA), it was observed that metabolite pattern of different extracts from same plant materials may be different or similar. This preliminary result can be used for quality evaluation and to develop a synergy-based polyherbal combination of water extracts of selected plant materials.

Impacts of Amla (Phyllanthus emblica) fruit extract on growth, skin mucosal and serum immunities, and disease resistance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) raised under biofloc system

This study aimed to investigate the effects of Amla (Phyllanthus emblica) fruit extract (AFE) on the growth, skin mucosal and serum immunity, and disease resistance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) against Streptococcus agalactiae. Three hundred fish (10.48 ± 0.56 g fish-1) were distributed in 15 tanks with 20 fish per tank and fed basal diet supplemented with 0, 5, 10, 20, and 40 mg kg-1 AFE for eight weeks. The completed randomized design with three replications was applied. Growth performance, peroxidase, alternative complement, phagocytosis, and respiratory burst activities were determined at weeks 4 and 8. The challenge study was conducted at the end of the experiment. Based on the results, Nile tilapia fed the AFE diets significantly enhanced skin mucus lysozyme and peroxidase activities (P ≤ 0.05) post-feeding. The highest levels were observed in the group that received 20 mg kg-1 of AFE (P ≤ 0.05), whereas the control group presented the lowest levels of lysosome and peroxidase activities. Similarly, incorporation of 20 mg kg-1 of AFE brought about the maximum levels of (P ≤ 0.05) serum lysozyme, peroxidase, alternative complement, phagocytosis, and respiratory burst activities in contrast to the other treatments; whereas fish fed the control diet generated the lowest immune parameter values (P ≤ 0.05). In the challenge study, the Nile tilapia’s relative percent survival (RPS) was 52.38%, 61.90%, 80.95%, and 47.62% in Diet 2, Diet 3, Diet 4, and Diet 5, respectively. Fish fed 20 mg kg-1 AFE showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher RPS, as well as the highest resistance towards S. agalactiae. The inclusion of AFE for 8 weeks resulted in a significant (P < 0.05) enhancement of growth parameters, with the highest growth rate observed in the 20 mg kg-1 AFE group. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with 20 mg AFE kg-1 may be used as a growth promoter and immunostimulant in Nile tilapia aquaculture.

Amla (Phyllanthus emblica) fresh fruit as new feed source to enhance ruminal fermentation and milk production in lactating dairy cows

This study sought to determine the effect of feeding three levels of the novel feedstuff fresh Phyllanthus emblica (amla) fruit on nutrient digestibility, fermentation parameters, and milk production of lactating dairy cows. Eight ruminally cannulated mid-lactation dairy cows were randomly assigned to two treatment groups in a repeated crossover design. There was a 14-d adaptation phase followed by the start of period 1. In this period, the first group of 4 cows received the control diet, whereas the other group was supplemented with FAF at increasing levels (200, 400, 600 g/d), sequentially, at 14-d intervals. Each period consisted of a cow as the main plot, with three different amla doses representing subplots. In period 2, the control and supplemented groups were exchanged. For each sub-period, the first ten days were adjusted for diet adaptation, and the last four days were assigned to sample milk, feed, rumen, and feces. Supplementation of FAF had no effect (P = 0.92) on feed intake. While, the lowest (P < 0.01) rumen protozoa count was recorded at 400 g/d FAF dose compared to other groups. However, total VFA concentrations varied in a quadratic manner (P = 0.04) with increasing FAF doses. The molar proportion of acetate (P = 0.01) and propionate (P < 0.01) were altered (cubic effect). The effects of FAF supplementation on NH3-N concentration (P < 0.001) were dose-dependent, with the concentration decreasing by 54.9% at 200 g/d and increasing by 29.8% at 600 g/d when compared to controls. There was a quadratic effect of FAF on milk yield (P = 0.02), with the 200 and 400 g/d groups producing higher milk yields than the 600 g/d groups. The inclusion of 400 g/d FAF in the diet led to greater milk protein yield (P < 0.01) and milk nitrogen efficiency (P < 0.01) compared to cows fed 200 g/d FAF. Moreover, the concentration of milk urea nitrogen (MUN) was reduced (P < 0.001) with 200 or 400 g/d FAF supplementation compared with control or 600 g/d FAF. When cows were supplemented with a 400 g/d FAF dose, both ruminal protozoa counts and MUN were reduced, but milk protein and nitrogen efficiency were increased with no reduction in milk production. These results suggest that FAF can be used as an alternative natural feed source up to 400 g/d on an as-fed basis, but beyond that there may have anti-nutritional factors that limit the levels of amla supplementation.

Development of Triphala Extract-Loaded Mucoadhesive Films for Aphthous Ulcers

Triphala is a traditional Thai herbal formulation containing dried fruits of Phyllanthus emblica, Terminalia bellirica, and Terminalia chebula. It has wound healing, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The objective of this research was to formulate mucoadhesive films containing Triphala extract for aphthous ulcers treatment. The films were formulated using hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, HPMC, (5, 8, 10% w/w) as a film-forming polymer and glycerin (5% w/w) as a plasticizer. Triphala extract (2.5, 5, 10% w/w) was incorporated into the film during the film preparation. The films were then evaluated for the physical appearance, dissolution time, mechanical properties (strength and elasticity) and mucoadhesive capability to the porcine buccal mucosa. The antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory activity of the films were also evaluated by DPPH assay and the proteins denaturation method, respectively. Physical properties revealed that Triphala-loaded HPMC films were transparent with brown color. All formulations showed 1-2 hr of dissolution times. Triphala films exhibited good mucoadhesive properties. Films prepared from the solution containing HPMC (10% w/w), glycerin (5% w/w), and Triphala extract (10% w/w) were the most appropriate formulation for further development due to suitable strength, elasticity, and mucoadhesive properties. Moreover, the films exhibited antioxidants and anti-inflammatory activity which may help relieve the symptom of aphthous ulcers.

Health Promoting Effect of Phyllanthus emblica and Azadiractha indica against Advanced Glycation End Products Formation

Oxidative stress is linked with inflammation, diabetic complications, and advanced glycation end products formation. Intake of flavonoid-rich foods has been reported to have a beneficial effect on human health. The aim of this study was to verify the therapeutic potential of Phyllanthusemblica and Azadiractha indica against glycation and other oxidative stress-induced complications such as inflammation using in vitro study. Ethanol extracts of Phyllanthus emblica fruit pulp and dried leaf of Azadiractha indica were prepared to investigate in vitro anti-inflammatory and anti-glycating potentials. In a DPPH assay, the EC50 value of extract of P. emblica and A. indica was found to be 1532.36 ± 0.17 and 1380.61 ± 0.27 µg/mL, respectively. The FRAP value of P. emblica and A. indica extract was 86.6 and 32.12 µg ascorbic acid/100 mg dry weight of the extract. The maximum percentage of H2O2 scavenging activity was 71.30% and 67.38%, respectively. Extracts of P. emblica and A. indica showed maximum inhibition of heat-induced BSA denaturation by 62.42% and 53.00%, heat-induced denaturation of egg albumin, by 50.84%% and 44.31%, and heat-induced hemolysis by 54.44% and 50.21%. Both extracts (600 µg/mL) significantly reduced the browning, structural changes, aggregation, and AGEs formation. Our biophysical studies confirmed the AGEs formation was inhibiting the potential of extracts. Thus, our findings confirm that these extracts are a rich source of antioxidants and may be utilized to prevent the oxidative stress-induced destruction of biomolecules, glycation, and in the therapy of a variety of health problems, including inflammation. Further, a combination of extracts of P. emblica and A. indica may be extremely useful in preventing and treating health problems.