Abstract
Oxidative stress is linked with inflammation, diabetic complications, and advanced glycation end products formation. Intake of flavonoid-rich foods has been reported to have a beneficial effect on human health. The aim of this study was to verify the therapeutic potential of Phyllanthusemblica and Azadiractha indica against glycation and other oxidative stress-induced complications such as inflammation using in vitro study. Ethanol extracts of Phyllanthus emblica fruit pulp and dried leaf of Azadiractha indica were prepared to investigate in vitro anti-inflammatory and anti-glycating potentials. In a DPPH assay, the EC50 value of extract of P. emblica and A. indica was found to be 1532.36 ± 0.17 and 1380.61 ± 0.27 µg/mL, respectively. The FRAP value of P. emblica and A. indica extract was 86.6 and 32.12 µg ascorbic acid/100 mg dry weight of the extract. The maximum percentage of H2O2 scavenging activity was 71.30% and 67.38%, respectively. Extracts of P. emblica and A. indica showed maximum inhibition of heat-induced BSA denaturation by 62.42% and 53.00%, heat-induced denaturation of egg albumin, by 50.84%% and 44.31%, and heat-induced hemolysis by 54.44% and 50.21%. Both extracts (600 µg/mL) significantly reduced the browning, structural changes, aggregation, and AGEs formation. Our biophysical studies confirmed the AGEs formation was inhibiting the potential of extracts. Thus, our findings confirm that these extracts are a rich source of antioxidants and may be utilized to prevent the oxidative stress-induced destruction of biomolecules, glycation, and in the therapy of a variety of health problems, including inflammation. Further, a combination of extracts of P. emblica and A. indica may be extremely useful in preventing and treating health problems.
Highlights
IntroductionReactive oxygen species (ROS) are continuously released in aerobic organisms during cell metabolic reactions
Our study shows that P. emblica and A. indica extracts have excellent anti-inflammatory properties at 600 μg/mL; V is volume (mL) concentration
Our study suggests that P. emblica and A. indica are rich in flavonoids and other polyphenolic compounds that might be a possible contributor to the therapeutic capacity of these extracts
Summary
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are continuously released in aerobic organisms during cell metabolic reactions. ROS are very crucial in receptor activation, signal transduction, and gene expression [1]. The excessive production and insufficient removal of ROS result in oxidative stress that works as a significant risk factor in the pathogenesis of various diseases, including diabetes and cancer [2]. ROS plays a very important role in the commencement of cancer [3]. The low concentration of ROS can result in tumor cell proliferation, survival, and tumor progression via the initiation of cellular signaling pathways that may lead to metastasis. The high concentrations of ROS have been reported to initiate cellular signaling pathways that may mediate the tumor cell death, as well as the formation of cancer stem cells. The formation of cancer stem cells may contribute to the recurrence of cancer [4]
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