Fruit Residues Research Articles

Using low dose fungicide by combining with intermittent ozone treatment to reduce fungicide residue, microbial load and quality losses in orange fruit during long term storage

In the present study, the effects of intermittent ozone (IO3) application combined with low dose fungicide and high-dose dissolved ozone in water on storage life and quality of orange cv. Washington Navel were investigated. Harvested orange fruit were subjected to four different treatments: immersion in ozonated (4 mg L−1) water (OW) and only distilled water (Control) for 10 min, treatment with fungicide solutions containing 500 mg L−1 (half dose) and 1000 mg L−1 (common dose) imazalil (IMZ) for 60 s, respectively. Ozone and 500 mg L−1 IMZ treated fruit were kept in cold room under IO3 gas exposure (2.14 mg m−3) for 30 min at one-week intervals during cold storage. Other two groups (Control and 1000 mg L−1 IMZ) were stored at the same conditions without ozone exposure. Treated fruit were stored at 5 °C for 150 d. As a result, while the OW + IO3 treatment was more effective in reducing microbial load, 500 mg L−1 IMZ + IO3 was the best treatment for inhibiting decay rate of orange fruit during cold storage. Although the 1000 mg L−1 IMZ treatment provided a significant reduction in the initial microbial load, it could not maintain its effectiveness at the end of cold storage when compared to OW + IO3 treatment. The fungicide residue in 500 mg L−1 IMZ + IO3 treated fruit was significantly lower than that of common dose (1000 mg L−1 IMZ), as expected. The combined use of low dose IMZ with IO3 gas exposure also gave positive or at least similar results for quality losses compared to common dose during storage. Ozone and fungicide treatments significantly decreased the weight loss and respiration rate, and maintained the visual quality of orange compared to control. Collectively, these results suggest that 500 mg L−1 IMZ + IO3 and OW + IO3 treatments are potential techniques for maintaining the fruit quality of Washington Navel oranges during long term cold storage.

ORGANOCHLORINE AND ORGANOPHOSPHORUS PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN GRAINS, VEGETABLES AND FRUITS: A REVIEW

Organochlorin and organophosphorus pesticides are broadly applied in agriculture, primarily to boost crop yields and protect crops from pests to reach the needs of a growing global population. This review aims to assess levels of pesticide residues in grains, fruits, and vegetables from already established secondary data from different authors or journals. The data obtained adequately confirmed the presence of concentrations of Organochlorin and organophosphorus residues in vegetables, grains and fruits. Both high and low concentration levels of pesticide residue were documented based on data obtained which showed application of the synthetic pesticides by farmers. The high or minute concentration of synthetic pesticides poses adverse health effect on human. This review suggest that consumers of these type of pesticides contaminated food are liable to contact diseases associated with pesticides. Pesticides have been related to damage to the kidneys, liver, and nervous system, birth defects, cancer, immunodeficiency, reproductive process disruption, and altering or interfering with normal endocrine system function. Thereby, the use of natural pesticides as an alternative to synthetic pesticides for pest control is highly recommended for food security and sustainable environmental practices.

Assessment of Neurotoxic Pesticides Residues in Fruits and Vegetables by Bioassay Technique

A study was performed to investigate the status of organophosphate and carbamate pesticide residues present in fruits and vegetables. For this purpose, samples were collected from the local markets of Godawari municipality and Dhangadhisub-metropolitan city of Sudurpaschim province in the Kailali district of Nepal. Samples were analyzed for pesticide residues by the rapid bioassay for pesticide residues (RBPR) technology. The obtained results showed that in fruits the highest inhibition (%) of carbamates(CMs) was present in the banana 29.488%and the highest inhibition (%) of organophosphates(OPs) was present in orange 17.433%. The highest acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition (%) of CMs and OPs pesticides was found to be associated with Sting gourd i.e. 20.574% and 25.357% respectively. The findings point out the urgent need to address the potential risk of exposure to multiple pesticide residues via stringent monitoring programs on daily basis from pesticides present in the diet.

Food chemical contamination condition in Lac Thuy district, Hoa Binh province surveillance in 2021

Pesticides, formol, borax, and unpermitted colorants using in food production chain still need to control in Vietnam. Our study aimed to determine the chemical contamination in some common food samples collected at production facilities, business stores, wholesale food supply markets in Lac Thuy district. As the results, borax detected at the ratio of 15.9%, in which "Cha" accounted for the highest rate of 25%, " gio lon" was 21.4%; the lowest rate was vermicelli 7.7% and noodle soup 8.3%. The ratio of alkaline dye contaminated was quite high at 58.5%; in which sausages and melon seeds accounted for the highest proportion of over 80%, and the lowest was “Su Se” cake and “Com” cake with 33.3%. Formol was detected at 24.3%, in which rice noodle and vermicelli detected over 30%. The ratio of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables was 35.6%, in which beans and pulses was contaminated highest ratio with 60%, following is vegetables with 55%, and tomatoes and lettuce with lowest ratio of over 10%.

Ingestive behavior of dairy heifers receiving passion fruit peel silage in natura with passion fruit peel dehydrated as an additive

The objective was to evaluate the ingestive behavior of dairy heifers confined and fed with passion fruit pell silage in natura with inclusion levels of dehydrated and concentrated passion fruit peel. The treatments consisted of 6 different silages, being: passion fruit silages with 0, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35% inclusion of dehydrated passion fruit peel. Six dairy heifers distributed in a Latin square (6x6) were used. The data were submitted to the normality test (Shapiro-Wilk test), analysis of variance, polynomial contrasts and regressions, in SAS at 5% significance. No differences were observed for feeding, idle and water intake times, in addition to the number and time of chewing per bolus and the feeding efficiencies of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber. Rumination time and number of chewed boluses showed linear reductions. The rumination efficiencies showed increasing linear values according to the increase in the level of inclusion of the additive. The use of passion fruit residue silage with up to 35% inclusion of dehydrated passion fruit peel did not interfere negatively in the behavior of the animals, presenting itself as a good option in the feeding of dairy heifers.

Pectinases Secretion by Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Optimization in Solid-State Fermentation and Identification by a Shotgun Proteomics Approach.

A sequential design strategy was applied to optimize the secretion of pectinases by a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain, from Brazilian sugarcane liquor vat, on passion fruit residue flour (PFRF), through solid-state fermentation (SSF). A factorial design was performed to determine the influence variables and two rotational central composite designs were executed. The validated experimental result was of 7.1 U mL−1 using 50% PFRF (w/w), pH 5, 30 °C for 24 h, under static SSF. Polygalacturonase, pectin methyl esterase, pectin–lyase and pectate–lyase activities were 3.5; 0.08; 3.1 and 0.8 U mL−1, respectively. Shotgun proteomics analysis of the crude extract enabled the identification of two pectin–lyases, one pectate–lyase and a glucosidase. The crude enzymatic extract maintained at least 80% of its original activity at pH values and temperatures ranging from 2 to 8 and 30 to 80 °C, respectively, over 60 min incubation. Results revealed that PFRF might be a cost-effective and eco-friendly substrate to produce pectinases. Statistical optimization led to fermentation conditions wherein pectin active proteins predominated. To the extent of our knowledge, this is the first study reporting the synthesis of pectate lyase by S. cerevisiae.

Sensitive Immunochromatographic Assay (ICA) for the Determination of Thiamethoxam in Fruit, Vegetables, and Natural Water

Rapid on-site detection of thiamethoxam, a widely used neonicotinoid insecticide, is required to ensure food safety and environmental health. In this study, we produced specific and high-affinity monoclonal antibodies against thiamethoxam and developed an immunochromatographic assay (ICA) strip. Monoclonal antibodies labeled with colloidal gold particles were used as the probe, nitrocellulose membrane as the solid carrier, thiamethoxam-ovalbumin (OVA) conjugate as the test line, and goat anti-rat immunoglobulin G (IgG) as the control line. The visual limit of detection of the test strip was 0.5 µg/L thiamethoxam and the cutoff value was 2.0 µg/L. The test strip enabled rapid visual detection (within 10 min) of thiamethoxam. Matrix interferences were eliminated by diluting the sample extracts with the optimized working buffer solution (phosphate buffer containing 5% methanol v/v, pH 8.0); the final dilutions used were: 50-fold for cucumber, pear, and bok choy extracts, 5-fold for apple extracts, and 2-fold for pond water. Using the recovery test, we verified that the test strip was suitable for rapid on-site determination of thiamethoxam residues in fruit, vegetable, and water samples. The developed immunochromatographic assay is easy to use, rapid, environment-friendly, and suitable for on-site screening and detection of thiamethoxam residues in food and environmental samples.

Modification of the existing maximum residue levels for copper compounds in other small fruits and berries.

In accordance with Article 6 of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005, the applicant Spiess‐Urania Chemicals GmbH submitted a request to the competent national authority in Austria to modify the existing maximum residue levels (MRLs) for the active substance copper compounds in the whole group of other small fruits and berries. The data submitted in support of the request were found to be sufficient to derive MRL proposals for the whole subgroup of other small fruits and berries. Adequate analytical methods for enforcement of mineral copper independently from its chemical form are available for matrices under consideration at the validated limit of quantification (LOQ) of 5 mg/kg. Based on indicative risk assessment results, EFSA concluded that the long‐term intake of copper residues resulting from the intended and existing uses, natural background levels and monitoring levels might present a risk to consumer health. Although residues in other small fruits and berries are minor contributors to the overall consumer exposure, a risk management decision has to be taken on whether it is appropriate to increase the existing MRLs for these crops, given that a potential consumer intake concern could not be excluded.

Improvement of the QuEChERS method coupled with GC–MS/MS for the determination of pesticide residues in fresh fruit and vegetables

An enhanced methodology for the determination of 31 currently used pesticides (13 insecticides including 7 acaricides, 17 fungicides and 1 herbicide) in food samples was proposed to meet the increasingly stringent legal requirements concerning the maximum pesticide residue limits (MRLs). The procedure involves a modified quick, easy, cheap, efficient, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) method coupled to gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (GC–MS/MS). In order to obtain lower limits of quantification (LOQs), an additional extract preconcentration step prior to their purification was introduced. Retention times of analytes were corrected using the Automatic Adjustment of Retention Time (AART) program, which further improved the efficiency and peak identification after changing the sample matrices. The methodology was validated in accordance with the EU ‘SANTE’ guide and the obtained LOQs were in the range of 0.63 µg kg−1 (fenazaquin) – 39 µg kg−1 (imazalil), with the coefficient of variability (CV) lower than 6 %. The recoveries were in the range of 82 % (etofenprox) – 112 % (captan) at two different spiked levels. The validated procedure has been successfully applied to the analysis of various fruit and vegetable samples with high water content. The MRLs were exceeded for captan (in cucumbers and Ligol apples), dimethoate (in courgettes), lambda-cyhalothrin (in parsley roots) and linuron (in carrots), while the rest of the samples do not pose a health risk.

Rapid determination of pesticide residues in fruit and vegetable using Au@AgNPs decorated 2D Ni-MOF nanosheets as efficient surface-enhanced Raman scattering substrate

Herein, a core-shell Au@Ag nanoparticles modified 2D Ni-MOF nanosheets (Ni-MOF-Au@AgNPs) surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate was prepared for fast determination of pesticide residues in fruit and vegetable samples. Au@AgNPs with controllable sizes were in-situ grown onto 2D Ni-MOF nanosheets to modulate the electromagnetic enhancement. Moreover, 2D MOF nanosheets endowed the Ni-MOF-Au@AgNPs substrate with fast adsorption and separation capacity to positively charged targets within 10–15 min. The Ni-MOF-Au@AgNPs SERS substrate with dense Au@AgNPs distribution exhibited high enhancement factors of 2.2 × 106, 3.7 × 105, and 9.5 × 105 to thiram, diquat, and paraquat, respectively. Subsequently, the Ni-MOF-Au@AgNPs substrate was used for the quantification of thiram, diquat, and paraquat in range from 0.01 to 50 mg/L with detection limits of 87.1, 188.8, and 8.9 μg/L, respectively. The recoveries of thiram, diquat, and paraquat during food sample analysis were 80.6–105%, 87.8–102%, and 80.0–113%, with relative standard deviations of 1.0–6.2%, 1.4–7.7%, and 1.6–7.4% (n = 3), respectively. The whole analysis process could be finished within 30–45 min. Such a robust 2D Ni-MOF-Au@AgNPs substrate with well-defined structure and good SERS activity has great potential for fast food safety monitoring and environmental analysis.

Preliminary Study of Profenofos and Difenoconazole Pesticide Residue in Soil and Citrus Fruits from Citrus Farming in Serai Village Kintamani Bangli

The intensively use of both profenofos and difenoconazole pesticides in Citrus farming in Serai Village Kintamani Bangli may remain as residue in the soil and citrus fruits. This study was performed in order to determine the level of pesticide residues in the soil and the citrus fruits from Citrus farming in Bangli. The pesticide residue levels in the soil and citrus fruit were performed by using solid-liquid extraction (SLE) and detected by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The result shows that the pesticide residue levels in soil, citrus peel and citrus flesh are 0.057±0.002, 0.112±0.013 and 0 mg/L for profenofos and 0.069±0.002, 0.180±0.013 and 0 mg/L for difenoconazole. The results indicated that the soil and citrus peel from citrus farming area in Serai Village Bangli Regency contained both pesticide residues but not the citrus flesh.

Simultaneous enantioselective determination of two succinate- dehydrogenase-inhibitor fungicides in plant-origin foods by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography−tandem mass spectrometry

Fluindapyr and penthiopyrad are two new succinate-dehydrogenase-inhibitor fungicides both employed as racemic mixtures of enantiomers to control various fungal pathogens. In the present work, a robust and highly-sensitive method for simultaneous determination of fluindapyr and penthiopyrad enantiomers in plant-origin foods (cereals, fruits and vegetables) was developed using UPLC-MS/MS combined with a chiral stationary phase. Rapid baseline chiral separation of four stereoisomers of fluindapyr and penthiopyrad was obtained within 4.2 min on chiral MX(2)-RH column under reversed-phase conditions (with the eluent of acetonitrile/0.1% formic acid in water =70/30 (V:V) and column temperature maintained at 30 °C). The plant-origin samples were extracted quickly with acetonitrile and purified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Excellent linearity for the target analytes was observed in the concentration ranging from 1 to 250 µg/L with regression coefficient no less than 0.9967. The mean recoveries of fluindapyr and penthiopyrad enantiomers from six matrices were 77.1–107.2%, with all relative standard deviations values lower than 9.1%. The limit of quantification of four stereoisomers of two target chiral fungicides was 5 µg/kg. The analysis of real samples reveal that the developed method is suitable for the simultaneous chiral determination of fluindapyr and penthiopyrad residues in cereals, fruits and vegetables samples at enantiomeric level and can support their further investigation on enantioselective environmental behaviors and residue surveillance.

Sowing kernels for food safety: Importance of rapid on‐site detction of pesticide residues in agricultural foods

AbstractSustainable cultivation and safe agricultural production are needed to ensure the safety of all living organisms and ecosystems. Most agricultural foods currently contain unacceptable levels of pesticide residues. In an attempt to ensure pest control and high crop yields, farmers spray a large number of pesticides in quantities that exceed the safety limits for agricultural crops. Pesticide residues are highly toxic to humans, causing severe and even deadly diseases. Traditional analytical strategies for laboratory pesticide detection are often limited because they are time‐consuming and require trained personnel, which makes them very costly. Hence, accurate, rapid, and on‐site analysis of pesticides is drawing increasing attention for food safety reasons. Therefore, on‐site or point‐of‐care (POC) detection of pesticide residues has become an approach of paramount importance. Recently, various portable detection technologies, such as colorimetric, fluorescence, electrochemical, surface plasmon resonance, chemiluminescence, phosphorescence, microfluidic, and surface‐enhanced Raman scattering techniques, have been designed for on‐site monitoring of pesticide residues in vegetables and fruits. These devices have demonstrated great power of detection in preclinical agricultural settings. This review highlights the emerging insights and novel advances in portable devices, POC technologies, and on‐site sensing approaches for the detection of pesticide residues in agricultural foods. However, greater rigor in the design of portable pesticide‐detection devices is essential. The increasing demand for rapid detection of hazardous pesticide components has prompted a timely opportunity to summarize recent developments and progress in portable devices and on‐site sensing strategies to evaluate food safety.

Situation of antibiotic residues in pork, chicken and beef in Thailand

Humans can exist by consuming food. In our daily lives, there are free foods as well as foods that contain residues such as drug resistance in meat. There are many cases of unsafe consumption disadvantages, such as headaches, nausea and vomiting, allergic reactions or even fatalities, where food residues can be obtained from various sources such as agriculture, pesticides, fruit residues, livestock, as well as aquatic animals. When humans have increased demand for food, they are increasingly consuming food. As a result, many food sources use various substances to increase productivity and result in residues, such as the use of accelerants for pigs to grow quickly, increasing the weight of pigs in a matter of months. The constant detection of antibiotic residues in pork, chicken, and cows shows the problem of residues that have not improved at all. This is due to the use of antibiotics on farms, hygiene, and incorrect drug habits. It affects a lot of our daily lives. When consuming foods containing large quantities of residues for a long time. These residues can cause long-term effects, with the effects of exposure to large amounts of residues in the body, possibly leading to the development of antibiotic bacteria. As a result, various ailments followed later. This study contains objects intended to study the situation of antibiotic residues in pork, chicken, and cows, which are the main food days of Thai people and to increase awareness of safe food. The study was based on government report sources as well as relevant research to collect and analyze data.

Determination of dazomet and its metabolite methyl isothiocyanate residues in plant-derived foods by gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry

基于气相色谱-三重四极杆质谱建立了同时快速测定植物源性食品中棉隆及其代谢物异硫氰酸甲酯残留量的方法。对样品前处理及色谱条件进行了优化,蔬菜、水果、谷物、坚果、茶叶和香辛料样品经乙酸乙酯提取,离心后上清液经乙二胺-N-丙基硅烷化硅胶、石墨化炭黑、十八烷基键合硅胶和无水硫酸镁分散固相萃取净化,经DB-17MS色谱柱(30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm)分离,采用EI源,在多反应监测(MRM)模式下检测,基质匹配外标法定量。在优化实验条件下,目标化合物在0.005~1 mg/L范围内的线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0. 99,方法定量限为0.01 mg/kg。空白样品在4个添加水平下的平均回收率为74.2%~117.2%,相对标准偏差(n=6)为2.8%~9.0%,方法的准确度和精密度符合农药残留测定要求。应用建立的方法对实验室日常样品大白菜、韭菜、豇豆、油麦菜、茄子、姜、芹菜、马铃薯、橙、猕猴桃、西红柿、辣椒、大米、茶叶、杏仁和孜然各6个进行检测,均未检出目标物。该方法具有操作简单、快速、灵敏、准确的特点,解决了已有方法中需采用两种前处理方法、两套设备进行检测的不足,能满足植物源食品中棉隆及其代谢物异硫氰酸甲酯的检测要求。

Evaluation of Fruit Residues as a Feed Material Based on Nutrient Content and Gas Production

In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the nutrient content, gas production, methane production, metabolisable energy, and organic matter digestibility of some fruit residues obtained from markets. Lemon, orange, tangerine, apple, melon, watermelon, pomegranate, and pear were used as study materials. On the collected materials, crude ash (CA), dry matter (DM), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), ether extract (EE), and crude protein (CP) analysis were performed; gas production (GP) values were found; and metabolic energy (ME) contents and organic matter digestibility (OMD) degrees of residues were calculated depending on these values. The species significantly (P

Monitoring of pesticide residues in fresh fruits and vegetables available in Nigerian markets and assessment of their associated health risks.

The presence of pesticide residues in agricultural products is posing serious health concerns for consumers. This study monitored the concentrations of pesticide residues in some selected fruit and vegetables, and their potential health risks were also assessed. Organochlorine (OCPs) and organophosphate (OPPs) residues were extracted and quantified with a gas chromatography-pulsed flame photometric detector. A total of 38 pesticide residues were identified and the results showed mean concentration (mg/kg fresh weight) of (OCPs) residues ranging from 0.02 to 0.37 and (OPPs) residues ranging from 0.01 to 0.33. The concentrations (mg/kg) of isodrin, heptachlor, dicofol, prothiophos, profenofos and dichlorvos were above the maximum residue limit. The non-carcinogenic health risk estimates revealed a possible potential health risk from consumption of the fruits and vegetables in adults and children for most of the pesticide residues. The cancer risk assessment estimates gave values below 10-6 which suggests no probable cancer risk. As a result of the increasing trend in pesticide use in Nigeria, routine monitoring of pesticide residues in agricultural produce is a necessity to ensure the safety of consumers.

Technology for Rapid Detection of Cyromazine Residues in Fruits and Vegetables: Molecularly Imprinted Electrochemical Sensors.

Cyromazine is an insect growth regulator insecticide with high selectivity and is widely used in the production and cultivation of fruits and vegetables. In recent years, incidents of excessive cyromazine residues in food have occurred frequently, and it is urgent to establish an accurate, fast, and convenient method for the detection of cyromazine residues to ensure the safety of edible agricultural products. To achieve rapid detection of cyromazine residues, we prepared a molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor for the detection of cyromazine residues in agricultural products. Samples of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Miller), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), and water were tested for the recovery rate of cyromazine. The results showed that the concentration of cyromazine showed a good linear relationship with the peak response current of the sensor developed in this study. The lower limit of detection for cyromazine was 0.5 µmol/L, and the sensor also had good reproducibility and interference resistance. This paper can be used as a basis for the study of methods for the detection of cyromazine residues in edible agricultural products.

Oxidative and storage stability in beef burgers from the use of bioactive compounds from the agro-industrial residues of passion fruit (Passiflora edulis)

This work aims to evaluate the effect of extracts obtained from passion fruit residues on the oxidative, microbiological, and physicochemical quality of beef burgers during storage. Four types of treatments were considered, including control (without addition of antioxidants), BHT (100 mg kg−1 of butylated hydroxytoluene), AE (1000 mg kg−1 of aqueous extract), and EE (500 mg kg−1 of ethanolic extract). The ethanolic and aqueous extracts showed a concentration of total phenolics of 39.94 ± 1.52 mg GAE.g−1 and 11.91 ± 0.39 mg GAE.g−1, respectively. Extracts have also shown antioxidant and antimicrobial in vitro activity. Under the conditions tested, AE and EE have prevented lipid oxidation in beef burgers similar to BHT. As well as inhibiting the growth of mesophilic and psychrophilic microorganisms. The discoloration process was minimized up to the 9th day of storage with just AE. Therefore, agro-industrial passion fruit residues are sources of natural additives, with antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, which can be used by the meat industry to improve the oxidative and microbiological stability of beef burgers during storage.

Application of saponins extract from food byproducts for the removal of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables

Vegetables and fruits may contain pesticides, leading to several health complications after long-term exposure. The food byproducts of soybean and camellia seed cake contain abundant saponins but are poorly utilized. This study aimed to investigate the capacity of soybean byproduct-extracted saponins (SBE) and camellia seed cake-extracted saponins (CSE) to remove pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables. Total saponin contents of soybean byproducts and camellia seed cake were 40.32 ± 1.50 mg/g and 216.49 ± 0.79 mg/g, respectively. Pesticide residues in field-sprayed fruits and vegetables were significantly dislodged by 0.1 mg/mL SBE- or CSE-assisted aeration washing processes compared to tap water and commercial detergent cleaning products. The results indicate that aeration combined with SBE or CSE is an effective technique for removing pesticide residues. In conclusion, these results provide compelling evidence that SBE and CSE are eco-friendly for washing pesticide residues off, and may be suitable for applying the fresh-cut vegetables and fruits industry.