Fruit Anthocyanin Research Articles

Study of the Myb-factor polymorphism based on comparative genomics of vegetable Solanaceae crops (tomato, pepper, eggplant) to search for DNA markers that differentiate samples by the anthocyans accumulation

Anthocyanins are high-value plant antioxidants; they also determine biotic and abiotic stress resistance. The aim of our research was to study the allelic polymorphism of Antocyanin 1 orthologs in the vegetable Solanaceae crops of C. annuum and S. melongena. The search revealed the following closest genes in C. annuum: Myb113-like1 TF and Myb113like2 transcription factors and Myb1 in S. melongena. Exon amplicons of those genes were obtained and then sequenced in the pepper and eggplant samples with contrasting anthocyanin fruit coloration. Primers to the identified polymorphisms were developed and their correlation with the anthocyanin accumulation in fruits was studied. A close correlation was found between a minimum accumulation or the complete absence of anthocyanin synthesis in fruits with a single nucleotide deletion (Myb113-like1), and in the pepper samples, 2 SNP (Myb113-like2) was detected using the CAPS marker Myb 113-AccI. In the eggplant samples, the deletions of 6 and 26 bp were detected using the SCAR marker MybMel and the CAPS marker MybmelPst1. The disturbance of anthocyanin synthesis in pepper forms with 1Indel in Myb113-like1 TF was determined by a shift in the reading frame and SNPs in Myb113-like2 TF lead to amino acid substitutions: Lys → Arg and Thr → Lys. In the eggplant, a deletion of 6 bp leads to the loss of ala and arg in the protein; a deletion of 26 bp causes disorder during the mRNA maturation. The developed markers allow identifying the Myb-like TF alleles under study, resulting in anthocyanin synthesis disturbance in fruits. C. annuum and S. melongena samples with different alleles were selected for a further study and new varieties in agriculture.

Carbon starvation reduces carbohydrate and anthocyanin accumulation in red-fleshed fruit via trehalose 6-phosphate and MYB27.

Kiwifruit (Actinidia spp.) is a recently domesticated fruit crop with several novel-coloured cultivars being developed. Achieving uniform fruit flesh pigmentation in red genotypes is challenging. To investigate the cause of colour variation between fruits, we focused on a red-fleshed Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis genotype. It was hypothesized that carbohydrate supply could be responsible for this variation. Early in fruit development, we imposed high or low (carbon starvation) carbohydrate supplies treatments; carbohydrate import or redistribution was controlled by applying a girdle at the shoot base. Carbon starvation affected fruit development as well as anthocyanin and carbohydrate metabolite concentrations, including the signalling molecule trehalose 6-phosphate. RNA-Seq analysis showed down-regulation of both gene-encoding enzymes in the anthocyanin and carbohydrate biosynthetic pathways. The catalytic trehalose 6-phosphate synthase gene TPS1.1a was down-regulated, whereas putative regulatory TPS7 and TPS11 were strongly up-regulated. Unexpectedly, under carbon starvation MYB10, the anthocyanin pathway regulatory activator was slightly up-regulated, whereas MYB27 was also up-regulated and acts as a repressor. To link these two metabolic pathways, we propose a model where trehalose 6-phosphate and the active repressor MYB27 are involved in sensing the carbon starvation status. This signals the plant to save resources and reduce the production of anthocyanin in fruits.

A Transcriptional Network Makes Normal Tomato Fruit Not Purple

A Transcriptional Network Makes Normal Tomato Fruit Not Purple

Cyanidin-3-Galactoside Attenuates Glycated LDL-Induced Monocyte Adhesion and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Vascular Endothelial Cells

Background: Anthocyanins are potent phyto-antioxidants with cardioprotective effects. Cyanidin-3-galactoside (C3Ga) is a common type of anthocyanin in dark skin fruits, but its effects on vascular inflammation remains unclear. Purpose: The present study aims to examine the effects of C3Ga on monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells (EC) and relevant cellular mechanism. Methods: Monocyte adhesion was assessed by incubation of THP-1 human monocytes with human umbilical vein EC exposed to glycated low density lipoprotein (gLDL). Inflammatory, fibrinolytic and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress related mediators in EC were analyzed using Western blotting or immunoassays. Results: C3Ga dose-dependently inhibited gLDL-induced monocyte adhesion to EC. C3Ga reduced gLDL-induced increases in the intensity of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), uPA receptor, LDL receptor-like protein , intracellular cell adhesion molecule-1, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, tumor necrosis factor-α, toll-like receptor-4, and myeloid differentiation primary response gene-88 and attenuated that of thioflavin T fluorescent intensity, a biomarker of ER stress, in EC. The inhibitory effects of C3Ga on monocyte adhesion, inflammatory mediators and ER stress were substantially weaker than cyanidin-3-glucoside, but comparable to that of delphinidin-3-glucoside. Conclusion: The results suggest that C3Ga or plant products enriched with C3Ga are potential nutraceutical or functional food for suppressing vascular inflammation and ER stress under diabetic condition. Key words: Cyanidin-3-galactoside; monocyte adhesion; endothelial cells; inflammatory and fibrinolytic mediators; endoplasmic reticulum stress.

Liquid-liquid equilibria in aqueous two-phase ethanol/salt systems at different temperatures and their application to anthocyanins extraction

Abstract Aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS) are formed by mixtures of chemical species that, under certain conditions, separate into two immiscible phases, with water as the major component in global terms and, at lower concentrations, polymers, salts, ionic liquids and alcohols, depending on the system type. Different parameters influence ATPS equilibrium such as temperature, alcohol carbon chain size, salt type, pH, etc. The present work aimed to obtain the binodal curves for ATPS made up of ethanol, sodium citrate/ammonium sulfate and water at different temperatures (15, 25 and 35 °C) as well as to evaluate the potential of the ethanol/ammonium sulfate system in anthocyanins partition. The results showed that the increase in temperature did not alter the biphasic region in the temperature range investigated, not influencing the formation of phases. Nonlinear equations were satisfactorily fitted to binodal curves data, except for sodium citrate-containing ATPS at 15 °C. Higher concentration of the overall mixture resulted in longer tie-line of ammonium sulphate-containing ATPS. Higher values ​​of partition coefficient and recovery yield of Syzygium cumini fruit anthocyanins were obtained at longer tie-lines.

Anthocyanin Fruit encodes an R2R3-MYB transcription factor, SlAN2-like, activating the transcription of SlMYBATV to fine-tune anthocyanin content in tomato fruit.

Anthocyanin fruit (Aft) and atroviolacea (atv) were characterized in wild tomato and can enhance anthocyanin content in tomato fruit. However, the gene underlying the Aft locus and the mechanism by which Aft and atv act remain largely unknown. In this study, the Aft locus was fine-mapped to an approximately 145-kb interval on chromosome 10, excluding SlAN2 (Solyc10g086250), SlANT1 (Solyc10g086260) and SlANT1-like (Solyc10g086270), which have previously been suggested as candidates. Thus, the R2R3-MYB transcription factor SlAN2-like (Solyc10g086290) was considered the best candidate gene for Aft. The CRISPR/Cas9-mediated SlAN2-like mutants show a much lower accumulation of anthocyanins associated with the downregulation of multiple anthocyanin-related genes compared to the wild-type tomato, indicating that SlAN2-like is responsible for the Aft phenotype. The repressive function of SlMYBATV also was confirmed through the CRISPR/Cas9 approach. A yeast-two-hybrid assay revealed that SlMYBATV interacts with the bHLH protein SlJAF13. Furthermore, yeast-one-hybrid and dual-luciferase transient expression assays showed that Aft directly binds to the SlMYBATV promoter and activates its expression. The results herein provide candidate genes to enhance anthocyanin content in tomato fruit. This research also provides insight into a mechanism involving the Aft-SlMYBATV pathway that fine-tunes anthocyanin accumulation in tomato fruit.

Improving Fruit Coloration, Quality Attributes, and Phenolics Content in ‘Rainier’ and ‘Bing’ Cherries by Gibberellic Acid Combined with Homobrassinolide

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the potential of gibberellic acid (GA3) combined with homobrassinolide (HBR) treatment to improve fruit anthocyanin content, to maintain high-quality properties, to reduce susceptibility to physiological disorders, and to retard the development of bioactive compounds in yellow-fleshed ‘Rainier’ and red-fleshed ‘Bing’ sweet cherries. Application of 1, 5, and 10 mg L−1 HBR once at straw color did not affect anthocyanin accumulation in ‘Rainier’, but 5 or 10 mg L−1 HBR application elevated anthocyanin content in ‘Bing’. No significant differences were observed in fruit size, soluble solids content (SSC), titratable acidity, or surface pitting between the control and HBR treatments in either cultivar after 4 weeks of storage at 0 °C; however, low rates of stem browning and decay were noted in HBR treatments. A single application of GA3 resulted in firmer fruit. Spraying HBR and GA3 to cherries effectively recovered anthocyanin synthesis and increased the levels of phenolics and SSC. Moreover, in combination, these compounds reduced stem browning and pitting development. In conclusion, pre-harvest application of 10 mg L−1 GA3 combined with 5 mg L−1 HBR had a potential to retain the normal skin color development and phenolics synthesis, to increase SSC accumulation, and to reduce fruit susceptibility to disorders in mid-season sweet cherry.

A Transcriptional Network Promotes Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Tomato Flesh

Dietary anthocyanins are important health-promoting antioxidants that make a major contribution to the quality of fruits. It is intriguing that most tomato cultivars do not produce anthocyanins in fruit. However, the purple tomato variety Indigo Rose, which has the dominant Aft locus combined with the recessive atv locus from wild tomato species, exhibits light-dependent anthocyanin accumulation in the fruit skin. Here, we report that Aft encodes a functional anthocyanin activator named SlAN2-like, while atv encodes a nonfunctional version of the anthocyanin repressor SlMYBATV. The expression of SlAN2-like is responsive to light, and the functional SlAN2-like can activate the expression of both anthocyanin biosynthetic genes and their regulatory genes, suggesting that SlAN2-like acts as a master regulator in the activation of anthocyanin biosynthesis. We further showed that cultivated tomatoes contain nonfunctional alleles of SlAN2-like and therefore fail to produce anthocyanins. Consistently, expression of a functional SlAN2-like gene driven by the fruit-specific promoter in a tomato cultivar led to the activation of the entire anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway and high-level accumulation of anthocyanins in both the peel and flesh. Taken together, our study exemplifies that efficient engineering of complex metabolic pathways could be achieved through tissue-specific expression of master transcriptional regulators.

Alternative Splicing in the Anthocyanin Fruit Gene Encoding an R2R3 MYB Transcription Factor Affects Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Tomato Fruits

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruits are typically red at ripening, with high levels of carotenoids and a low content in flavonoids. Considerable work has been done to enrich the spectrum of their health-beneficial phytochemicals, and interspecific crosses with wild species have successfully led to purple anthocyanin-colored fruits. The Aft (Anthocyanin fruit) tomato accession inherited from Solanum chilense the ability to accumulate anthocyanins in fruit peel through the introgression of loci controlling anthocyanin pigmentation, including four R2R3 MYB transcription factor-encoding genes. Here, we carried out a comparative functional analysis of these transcription factors in wild-type and Aft plants, and tested their ability to take part in the transcriptional complexes that regulate the biosynthetic pathway and their efficiency in inducing anthocyanin pigmentation. Significant differences emerged for SlAN2like, both in the expression level and protein functionality, with splicing mutations determining a complete loss of function of the wild-type protein. This transcription factor thus appears to play a key role in the anthocyanin fruit pigmentation. Our data provide new clues to the long-awaited genetic basis of the Aft phenotype and contribute to understand why domesticated tomato fruits display a homogeneous red coloration without the typical purple streaks observed in wild tomato species.

Hot air and UV-C treatments promote anthocyanin accumulation in peach fruit through their regulations of sugars and organic acids

In our present study, we aimed to explore the effects of hot air and UV-C on anthocyanins and the interaction among anthocyanin, sucrose and organic acids in peaches during postharvest storage. Peaches were treated with hot air or UV-C and stored at 1 °C for 35 days. The results showed that both treatments significantly enhanced the accumulation of anthocyanins and suppressed the degradation of sucrose, citric and malic acids. An in vitro test verified that sucrose, citric and malic acid penetrated the tissue and then induced the biosynthesis of anthocyanins by up regulating anthocyanin-related enzymes. In addition, hot air and UV-C directly enhanced the activities and gene expression of related enzymes to promote the accumulation of anthocyanins. PAL, ANS and UFGT played crucial roles in the biosynthesis of anthocyanins in peach fruit after harvest, and these three enzymes can be stimulated by HA, UV-C, sucrose, citric and malic acid.

Effect of the Root Zone Temperature and Salt Stress on Plant Growth, Main Branches and some other Chemical Characteristics of Tomato Fruit

In order to study the impact of salt stress (0, 1.5, 3 and 6) ds.m-1 in nutrient’s solution on tomato plant (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. memory) at different root zone temperature [low (20°C), medium (25°C) and high (30°C)], an experiment was carried at Department of Horticultural, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Islamic Republic of Iran. The result showed that low and high root zone heating decreased leaf area, total sugar and phenol content compared to root zone temperature 25°C (optimum), while main branches number, pH, E.C. and anthocyanin of fruit increased at high root zone temperature compared to low root zone temperature. Flavonoid increased under the root zone temperature of 20°C in comparison with temperatures 25 and 30°C, and stem diameter was not affected by root zone heating. Furthermore, salt stress at the level of 3 ds.m-1 increased stem diameter, total sugar, pH and EC of fruit, leaf area and phenol content, whereas salt stress at a high level (6 ds.m-1) increased flavonoid content. Besides, anthocyanin content decreased in control and salt stress at 6 ds.m-1 when compared to salt stress at 3 ds.m-1.

Nutraceutical Characterization of Anthocyanin-Rich Fruits Produced by "Sun Black" Tomato Line.

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the most cultivated vegetable in the world and it represents a large source of bioactive compounds, including carotenoids and polyphenols (phenolic acids and flavonoids). However, the concentration of flavonoids in tomato is considered sub-optimal, particularly because anthocyanins are not generally present. Therefore, this crop has been the object of an intense metabolic engineering in order to obtain anthocyanin-enriched tomatoes by using either breeding or transgenic strategies. Some wild tomato species, such as S. chilense and S. cheesmaniae, biosynthesize anthocyanins in the fruit sub-epidermal tissue, and some alleles from those genotypes have been introgressed into a new developed purple tomato line, called “Sun Black” (SB). It is a tomato line with a purple skin color, both in green and in red fruit stages, due to the biosynthesis of anthocyanins in the peel, and a normal red color pulp, with a taste just like a traditional tomato. SB is the result of a breeding programme and it is not a genetically modified (GM) product. We report the chemical characterization and structure elucidation of the attractive anthocyanins found in the peel of SB tomato, as well as other bioactive compounds (carotenoids, polyphenols, vitamin C) of the whole fruit. Using one- and two-dimensional NMR experiments, the two main anthocyanins were identified to be petunidin 3-O-[6″-O-(4‴-O-E-p-coumaroyl-α-rhamnopyranosyl) -β-glucopyranoside]-5-O-β-glucopyranoside (petanin) and malvidin 3-O-[6″-O-(4‴-O-E-p-coumaroyl-α-rhamnopyranosyl)-β-glucopyranoside]-5-O-β-glucopyranoside (negretein). The total anthocyanins in the whole ripe fruit was 1.2 mg/g dry weight (DW); 7.1 mg/100 g fresh weight (FW). Chlorogenic acid (the most abundant phenolic acid) was 0.6 mg/g DW; 3.7 mg/100 g FW. The main flavonol, rutin was 0.8 mg/g DW; 5 mg/100 g FW. The total carotenoid content was 211.3 μg/g DW; 1,268 μg/100 g FW. The total phenolic content was 8.6 mg/g DW; 52.2 mg/100 g FW. The vitamin C content was 37.3 mg/100 g FW. The antioxidant activities as measured by the TEAC and ORAC assays were 31.6 and 140.3 μmol TE/g DW, respectively (193 and 855.8 μmol TE/100 g FW, respectively). The results show the unique features of this new tomato genotype with nutraceutical properties.

Effects of deficit irrigation and kaolin application on vegetative growth and fruit traits of two early ripening apple cultivars

BackgroundDrought is one of the main serious problems for agriculture production which its intensity is increasing in many parts of the world, hence, improving water use efficiency is a main goal for sustainable agriculture.ResultsGrowth indices including relative shoot length growth (SL), relative stem diameter increase (SD) and relative trunk cross sectional area growth (TCSA) measured at the start and end of the season decreased by reducing the irrigation level. Chlorophyll index (CI) was decreased at 70% crop evapotranspiration, however water use efficiency (WUE), leaf and fruit total phenolic content (TPC), and fruit anthocyanin content (AC) were among the traits that showed increment by water deficit stress in both cultivars. Shafi-Abadi cultivar showed to be more sensitive to the water stress than ‘Golab’. Kaolin treatment improved SL, SD and CI traits, but this increase was statistically significant only for SD at 5% level. Kaolin had no significant effect on yield and water use efficiency (WUE), however, it had negative effect on yield efficiency (YE). Kaolin treatments also significantly increased fruit and leaf TPC (P < 0.01) but had no effect on leaf and fruit total antioxidant activity (AA), as well as fruit anthocyanin content (AC) and soluble proteins (SP).ConclusionsIrrigation at 85% ETc showed better results than 100% and 70% ETc levels for yield attributes. It seems that the more pronounced effect of kaolin on vegetative traits but not on the fruits, might be attributed to the early ripening and harvest time of the examined cultivars.

ABA mediates development-dependent anthocyanin biosynthesis and fruit coloration in Lycium plants

BackgroundAnthocyanins, which are colored pigments, have long been used as food and pharmaceutical ingredients due to their potential health benefits, but the intermediate signals through which environmental or developmental cues regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis remains poorly understood. Fleshy fruits have become a good system for studying the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis, and exploring the mechanism underlying pigment metabolism is valuable for controlling fruit ripening.ResultsThe present study revealed that ABA accumulated during Lycium fruit ripening, and this accumulation was positively correlated with the anthocyanin contents and the LbNCED1 transcript levels. The application of exogenous ABA and of the ABA biosynthesis inhibitor fluridon increased and decreased the content of anthocyanins in Lycium fruit, respectively. This is the first report to show that ABA promotes the accumulation of anthocyanins in Lycium fruits. The variations in the anthocyanin content were consistent with the variations in the expression of the genes encoding the MYB-bHLH-WD40 transcription factor complex or anthocyanin biosynthesis-related enzymes. Virus-induced LbNCED1 gene silencing significantly slowed fruit coloration and decreased both anthocyanin and ABA accumulation during Lycium fruit ripening. An qRT-PCR analysis showed that LbNCED1 gene silencing clearly reduced the transcript levels of both structural and regulatory genes in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway.ConclusionsBased on the results, a model of ABA-mediated development-dependent anthocyanin biosynthesis and fruit coloration during Lycium fruit maturation was proposed. In this model, the developmental cues transcriptionally activates LbNCED1 and thus enhances accumulation of the phytohormone ABA, and the accumulated ABA stimulates transcription of the MYB-bHLH-WD40 transcription factor complex to upregulate the expression of structural genes in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway and thereby promoting anthocyanin production and fruit coloration. Our results provide a valuable strategy that could be used in practice to regulate the ripening and quality of fresh fruit in medicinal and edible plants by modifying the phytohormone ABA.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi communities improve the phytochemical quality of strawberry

ABSTRACTThe application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in strawberry cultivation can improve its growth and development. The objective of this study was to evaluate if strawberry plants in the absence and presence of inoculation with AMF communities, obtained from soils collected in reference-sites in the cultivation of this species, differ in their morpho-horticultural performance. Two experiments were carried out: in experiment I (frequency of AMF communities species) the treatments were eight soils containing AMF communities, collected from natural and agricultural ecosystems in reference-sites of strawberry cultivation in southern Brazil, with nine samples per treatment; in experiment II (use of AMF communities in strawberry) the treatments were eight AMF communities and one control (non-mycorrhizal plants), arranged in a completely randomised design, with three replicates. The species Claroideoglomus aff. luteum, C. claroideum, C. etunicatum, Funneliformis mosseae and Glomus sp2 were the most frequent in the studied sites and the morpho-horticultural performance of strawberry plants was improved when plants inoculated with AMF communities. Strawberry plants inoculated with mycorrhizae develop a more profuse root system and fruit anthocyanin content is increased.

MdGSTF6, activated by MdMYB1, plays an essential role in anthocyanin accumulation in apple

Anthocyanins are biosynthesized on the cytosolic surface of the endoplasmic reticulum and then transported into the vacuole for storage. Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are considered to be responsible for the transport of anthocyanins into the vacuole. However, the regulatory mechanisms of GSTs in plants are still unclear. Here, we performed a genome-wide analysis and identified 69 GST genes in apple. The expression of MdGSTF6 was positively correlated with the anthocyanin content (r = 0.949) during ‘Yanfu 8’ fruit development. The overexpression of MdGSTF6 in the Arabidopsis thaliana tt19 mutant resulted in seedlings of 35S::MdGSTF6-GFP/tt19 that could accumulate anthocyanin and rescue its phenotype, suggesting that MdGSTF6 was an anthocyanin transporter. The silencing of MdGSTF6 affected anthocyanin accumulation in apple fruit. Moreover, the knockdown of MdGSTF6 by RNA interference in cultured ‘Gala’ seedlings inhibited anthocyanin accumulation. The interaction experiments showed that MdMYB1 could bind directly to the MdGSTF6 promoter to transcriptionally activate its expression. Collectively, our results demonstrate that MdGSTF6 encodes an important GST transporter of anthocyanins in apple fruit and provide evidence for the associated regulatory mechanisms. Therefore, MdMYB1 can not only regulate anthocyanin synthesis, but also control the transport of anthocyanin in apples. This information may be useful for further clarifying the regulation of anthocyanin transport in apple.

Improving fruit anthocyanins in 'Cabernet Sauvignon' by shifting fruit ripening and irrigation reduction post veraison in warmer region

In warmer regions, forcing vines to regrow and shifting fruit ripening to the cooler portion of the growing season can increase the concentration of total fruit anthocyanins (TFA) in red winegrapes, but the effect on anthocyanin composition remains unclear. Additionally, irrigation reduction post veraison was reported to improve fruit anthocyanins in cool and temperate regions with low precipitation, whereas this response has not been previously examined in forced vines grown in dry and warm regions. Experiments were conducted with 'Cabernet Sauvignon' (Vitis vinifera L.) over two consecutive years in Fresno, California, to investigate the effect of shifting fruit ripening on the concentration and composition of fruit anthocyanins as well as the influence of post-veraison irrigation reduction on fruit anthocyanins of forced vines. Vines under conventional practices (non-forced) were used as the control. Forcing treatment included removing primary leaves, clusters, and laterals, as well as hedging primary shoots, in mid-June. Control vines were irrigated at 80 % crop evapotranspiration (ETC) post veraison, whereas forced vines were irrigated at 40, 60, 80, or 100 % ETC post veraison. Results suggest that forcing vines to regrow and shifting fruit ripening led to a significant increase of TFA, primarily non-acylated anthocyanins, during fruit ripening and at harvest over two years. Forcing treatment also altered composition of fruit anthocyanins at harvest, with increased proportions of TFA comprised by the glucosides of delphinidin and petunidin but the decreased proportion of the glucosides of malvidin. This study demonstrates that forcing vines to regrow and shifting fruit ripening in the warmer region can lead to a more balanced profile of fruit anthocyanins, with improved non-acylated derivatives and altered relative abundance of the glucosides of five anthocyanidins. Reducing irrigation post veraison, however, had only a minor effect on fruit anthocyanins in forced vines.

Effects of Aloe vera gel and MAP on bioactive compounds and quality attributes of cherry laurel fruit during cold storage

This study was conducted to determine the effects of Aloe vera (AV) and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) on physiological and chemical quality attributes of cherry laurel (Prunus laurocerasus L.) fruit during the cold storage at 0 ± 0.5 °C and 90 ± 5% RH. Throughout the storage, fruit weight and firmness losses were delayed with AV and MAP treatments. At the end of storage, the respiration rate of fruit treated with MAP was lower than the control and AV-treated fruit. Similarly, ethylene production of MAP and AV-treated fruit was lower than the control. At the end of storage, the highest hue angle was obtained from the control, whereas the lowest hue angle was measured in AV + MAP. Decay rate of AV and MAP-treated fruit was lower than the control. Vitamin C, total flavonoids, total monomeric anthocyanin and antioxidant activity of fruit treated with AV and MAP was higher than the control. The astringency of AV and AV + MAP-treated fruit was higher than the control at the end of storage. This study revealed that AV gel and MAP treatments were effective in maintaining quality and bioactive compounds of cherry laurel fruit.

Yoghurt Fortified Formulation of Lakum Fruit (Cayratia trifolia (L.) Domin) Extract as an Antioxidant

Lakum (Cayratia trifolia (L.) Domin) contains a lot of anthocyanin. Anthocyanin in Lakum fruit has a high stability if stored at low temperatures, acidic conditions, and without light. The acidic product such as yogurt can provide an optimum condition for anthocyanin stability and antioxidant activity. The purpose of this study was to optimize yogurt formulation fortified by lakum fruit extract as an antioxidant according to the requirements of the Indonesian National Standard (SNI). Lakum fruit extract was formulated in yogurt with various concentrations at 0%, 5%, 7.5% and 10%. Evaluations were carried out including tests of physical, chemical and microbiological properties and anthocyanin test and antioxidant of yogurt. The results showed that the yogurt formula fortified lakum fruit extract at 7.5% concentration resulted highest anthocyanin stability and antioxidant activity that fulfilled SNI requirements and the preferred level of respondents' preference with anthocyanin levels of 53.35±1.04 mg/L, antioxidant activity 69.15±0.24%, t90 7.97 days, total of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) 48.2x107 colony/gram, fat 3.72±0.03%, pH 3.87±0.03, total acid 0.83±0.06%, viscosity 639.07±2.06 cP, protein of 4.90±0.11%, hedonic test, 6.88 (like), and organoleptic purple (5), the distinctive aroma of lakum fruit (4.95), sour taste (4.85), fine texture (4.9) and slightly liquid viscosity (4.85).

JENIS DAN KANDUNGAN ANTOSIANIN BUAH TOMI–TOMI

Batoko plum fruit (Flacourtia inermis, Roxb) is one of the plants that contains anthocyanins. The fruit has purplish red color and was thought to benefit health by reducing blood sugar levels, as anti-hyperten-sion agents or antioxidants. The aim of this research was to determine the total anthocyanin content and identify the type of anthocyanidin and anthocyanin of batoko plum fruit. The total anthocyanin content of batoko plum fruit which determined by differential pH method was 26.56±0.28 mg/100 g (w.b.) or 103.89±1.08 mg/100 g (d.b.). Based on the Rf value on TLC and the peak retention time in HPLC, it was confirmed that the anthocyanin was delfinidine. However, the wavelength maximum absorbance data of the TLC spot showed the presence of cyanidine. These results were possibly caused by the use of too diluted extracts or the degradation of the anthocyanin during acid hydrolysis. Based on the Rf value on TLC and glucosidation pattern in UV-VIS spectrophotometer, it is suspected that cyanidine 3-glucoside and delfinidine 3-glucoside were present.