Frontal Collision Research Articles

Analysis of the Causes of Vehicle Accidents in Poland in 2009-2019

Abstract The article presents the general characteristics of road transport safety in Poland over the years 2009-2019. The key objective of this study was to investigate the main factors of road accidents in Poland. Up till now, the number of road accidents has been analysed in detail on the basis of data on collisions from rear, side and frontal perspective. Moreover, in the article, statistics regarding the number of perpetrators of accidents by gender and age are summarized, as well as dynamics aspects of changes related to new passenger vehicles and trucks in Poland in 2009-2019 are indicated. As a result, the intensity of rear collisions rather than frontal collisions is apparent. Hence, an inconspicuous rear collision by not braking a speeding vehicle carries a risk of the upper cervical spine.

Analysis of road accidents in 2002–2019 on the example of Poland

The article presents a general description of the safety problem in Polish road transport in the years 2002-2019. The number of road accidents was analyzed in detail, taking into account the division into side, front and rear collisions and the dynamics of their changes. The article contains information on the dynamics of changes registered in passenger vehicles and trucks in Poland in the years 2000-2018. Moreover, the number of fatalities in road accidents in the years 2002-2019 was presented, taking into account the type of collision. The forecasts of changes in the number of road accidents and rear collisions presented in the article show the downward trend for the years 2020-2030. frontal collisions. An inconspicuous rear collision by not braking a speeding vehicle carries a high risk of damage to the upper cervical spine. As a result of such a collision, even at a low speed of 20 km/h, they can cause irreversible health effects, which lead to permanent disability.

Study on application of MSOT method for lightweight design of automobile body structure

In this study, the integrated MSOT (M-Multi-dimensional factor autobody model, S-Screening autobody component, O-Optimization of plate thickness, T-Testing, and validation) integration method is adopted to optimize the automobile body structure design for weight reduction. First, a multi-dimensional factor body model is established, then components of the vehicle are screened for the most important targets related to weight reduction and performance, and a multi-objective optimization is performed. Virtual experiments were carried out to validate the analysis and the MSOT method were proposed for lightweight design of the automobile body structure. A multi-dimensional performance model that considers stiffness, modality, strength, frontal offset collision, and side collision of a domestic passenger car body structure. Components affecting the weight of the vehicle were identified. Sheet metal thickness was selected as the main optimization target and a multi-objective optimization was carried out. Finally, simulations were performed on the body structure. The comprehensive performance, in terms of fatigue strength, frontal offset collision safety, and side collision safety, was verified using the optimized Pareto solution set. The results show that the established MSOT method can be used to comprehensively explore the weight reduction of the body structure, shorten the development process, and reduce development costs.

Proposal of a driver profile classification in relation to risk level in overtaking maneuvers

Traffic crashes are a worldwide problem, and records have indicated frontal collisions have resulted in the most significant number of fatalities. Such a type of crash is frequently caused by improper overtaking of vehicles, which highlights the interference of human factors. Therefore, investigations on driver's risk perception are necessary. This study proposes a classification of driver's risk level through a decision tree using the Classification and Regression Tree (CART) algorithm from data collected from the overtaking maneuvers in a driving simulator. The model obtained by CART algorithm indicated young male drivers are more likely to take risks in overtaking maneuvers. The results were correlated with governmental records and similar studies. In addition, the results showed the potential of the tool for used as a risk level classifier, as well as the validation of the driving simulator in studies associated with human factor behaviours, accident analysis and investigation.

Frontal collision of two nonlinear internal solitary waves in a stratified fluid

Head-on collision of two internal solitary waves (ISWs) in a two-layer inviscid fluid with fully nonlinear free-surface (FS) condition is investigated numerically in this paper. The collision process of and nonlinear interaction of internal solitary waves is studied based on nonlinear potential flow theory and a series of numerical simulations are conducted using a multi-domain boundary element method (MDBEM). The numerical model is validated by experiment for the simulation of ISWs propagating. The computation results show that the collision of ISWs is the asymmetric and nonlinear process in which the rundown motion causes the interface displacement penetrates the interface. The collision leaves imprints on small dispersive trailing waves which accounts for the attenuation with each departing ISW tilting slightly backward with respect to the direction of its propagation. In addition, the characteristic of collision process including run up, residence time, surface wave feature is discussed. During the collision, the wave spends more time falling than rising for all cases and the residence time is very long for waves of small amplitude, large depth ratios and density ratios. Considering the free surface of the top layer whether or not makes contributions to the run up and the residence time is larger if the top boundary is free surface.

Analysis of chest injury characteristics in frontal vehicle collision under three typical overlaps

In view of the relatively serious situation of chest injuries in current vehicle accidents, this study aims to determine the chest injuries characteristics in frontal vehicle collisions under different overlaps. The frontal impact simulation was first established and conducted based on the latest THOR dummy model with different overlaps. By comparing chest dynamic output indicators under three different overlap rates in frontal impact conditions, the relationship between chest injuries and collision overlap rates was analyzed in terms of the chest deflection and stress/strain distribution. Results show that changes of the thoracic stress/strain distribution and the amplitude of chest deflection are more sensitive to frontal impact load under a great impact overlap. In the kinematics analysis, there is a significant twist along the seatbelt route to the occupant’s chest. The changes of the chest deflection and stress/strain based on the design parameter changes at different overlap rates are consistent, and the highest injury risk is captured in the ribcage structure of mid-chest in full frontal impact. The research results can provide a reference for the optimal design of the constraint system for the future.

Analysis of collision performance of anticollision box made of steel–polyurethane sandwich plates

A finite element collision system model was established by using ANSYS/LS-DYNA for a new type of bridge anticollision device with stiffeners made of steel–polyurethane sandwich plates. The model is composed of the anticollision box, the bridge pier, and the ship. In this paper, a numerical dynamic calculation method was used to calculate the impact force of the box and the pier column, the collision depth of the ship, and the energy absorbed by various parts of the system in the most unfavorable frontal collision condition. Then, the influence of the different types and numbers of stiffening ribs on the anticollision performance of the system was analyzed, so as to properly arrange the stiffeners inside the box. The result shows that this kind of anticollision box can effectively protect the pier. When a frontal collision occurs, it can absorb >70% of the impact energy, while the pier only bears <10% of the impact energy. Among the various components of the anticollision box, the outer steel plate of the sandwich plate absorbs the most energy, and the inner steel plate absorbs the second most. The effect of setting the horizontal stiffeners on the impact force, impact depth, and absorption energy of each part of the system is larger than that of the vertical stiffeners, and the effect of improving the rigidity of the anticollision box is also better.

Collision of protons with carbon atoms of a graphene surface in the presence of adsorbed potassium

In this work we study the frontal collision of protons with the carbon atoms of a graphene surface with a low coverage of adsorbed potassium. It is aimed at the analysis of the effect of the adsorbates in both charge exchange and electron emission processes, when the binary collision occurs between the proton and a carbon atom of the surface. The frontal collision with the K adsorbate, already analyzed and discussed in a previous work, is compared with the frontal collision with different carbon neighbors. In the present work we studied the signals, due to the localized structures in the density matrix of the composed graphene plus potassium surface, that can be distinguished when the collision occurs either with the adsorbate, a nearby carbon atom, or a carbon atom that does not feel the presence of the adsorbate. The interacting system is described by the Anderson Hamiltonian which takes into account the electronic repulsion on the projectile site; the charge fractions, the energy distribution of electrons in the solid, and the electron emission after the collision are calculated by using the nonequilibrium Green-Keldysh functions formalism solved by the equation of motion method. In the binary collision with a carbon atom, the extended features of the band structure of graphene smooth the dependence of the projectile charge fractions on the incoming energy and notably decrease the negative ions formation. The localized structures of the density of matrix caused by the presence of the adsorbate are perceptible for scattered carbon atoms close to K. The intense emission of low energy electrons obtained in the case of the scattering by potassium is fundamentally associated with the very localized K-$4s$ empty band. This characteristic, although less marked, remain in the scattering by nearby carbon atoms, due to both the interaction with K along the projectile trajectory and the perturbed local density of states on the carbon atoms due to the adsorbate presence. In addition, the extended nature of the electronic structure of graphene allows for the emission of more energetic electrons.

The influence of coach interior partitions and seat leaf-tables on occupant injury in a frontal collision

For a typical coach, interior seats and partitions are considered as secondary collision objects in the event of a frontal collision. When a seat back has a deployable leaf-table, the additional effect of the leaf-table should be considered too. To investigate the effect of occupant collision with these objects, a full-scale frontal crash test of a coach was conducted with an impact velocity of 30 km/h. For virtual tests, a coupling model of partition-seat-occupants on a sled was established using the combination of LS-DYNA and MADYMO. It was validated using the full-scale test. The injury severity of the first row occupants was evaluated under different restraint conditions. Results show that occupants who are not belted and those with a lap belt only have the highest injury severity. A comparison of kinematics and injury characteristics between the first row occupants and the non-first row occupants was conducted to provide a comparative analysis.

Caracterização epidemiológica e sociodemográfica de acidentes de trânsito: uma revisão integrativa da literatura

Objetivou-se caracterizar o perfil sociodemográfico e epidemiológico das ví­timas de acidentes de trânsito no Brasil. Método: Revisão Integrativa, realizada nas estratégias de busca SciELO Brasil – (Scientific Electronic Library Online), LILACS (Centro Latino-Americano de Informação em Saúde) e nas universidades brasileiras. Critérios de inclusão: artigos que apresentavam especificidade com o tema, que contivessem os descritores selecionados, publicados entre 2011 e 2019. E os de exclusão: artigos que não contemplavam os objetivos e anteriores a 2011. Resultados: De 52 artigos, restaram 20 como amostra final. Identificou-se que a maioria das ví­timas são homens adultos jovens pertencentes a classe baixa, das regiões Nordeste e Norte e usuários de motocicleta. Os acidentes ocorrem mais comumente nos finais de semana e no perí­odo noturno, sendo a colisão frontal mais recorrente. Entre as principais causas está o fator humano. Conclusão: mediante esses resultados, pode-se afirmar a necessidade de melhorias na legislação e fiscalização do trânsito brasileiro.

Lightweight Design of Honda Energy-Saving Racing Single-Shell Body based on Carbon Fiber Material

In order to obtain a lightweight Honda energy-saving race car body, the carbon fiber materials and monocoque technology were introduced into the design of the car body. Firstly, a lightweight structural monocoque body geometric model was constructed. Then the design geometric model was subjected to static strength, and the performance simulation analysis of the front collision condition and the rollover condition showed that the designed monocoque body can meet the requirements. Finally, the monocoque body model was processed and manufactured, which was assembled and integrated on the car for physics. The experiment results showed that the designed lightweight body meet the requirements of work performance.

A Study on Structural Analysis at Front Collision According to the Shape of Electric Kick Board

A Study on Structural Analysis at Front Collision According to the Shape of Electric Kick Board

Timing and kinematics of flow in a transpressive dextral shear zone, Maures Massif (Southern France)

The Maures–Tanneron Massif and the Corsica–Sardinia Block are two segments of the southern European Variscan belt that separated during the Late Oligocene–Miocene due to the opening of the Western Mediterranean basin. Correlation between the two regions, based mainly on petrologic similarities, is still debated. However, there are no detailed structural and petrochronological constraints on their potential relationships. In northern Sardinia there is well-documented evidence for a dextral transpressive shear zone that initiated after the first stage of frontal collision. In the Maures–Tanneron Massif, despite recognition of an important episode of transpressive deformation, it is still unclear which structures were active during this tectonic regime. We investigate in detail the kinematic of flow, finite strain and the timing of the deformation of the Cavalaire “Fault” (CF), a major ductile shear zone in the Maures–Tanneron Massif. In contrast to previous models, we argue that the CF is a transpressive shear zone characterized by a prevalent component of pure shear, while in-situ monazite geochronology reveals that the CF is initiated at ~ 323 Ma. The new data presented here, based on a multidisciplinary approach document, for the first time, the vorticity of the flow, finite strain and timing of this sector of the East Variscan Shear Zone, a regional-scale shear zone that characterized the Southern European Variscan belt during the late Carboniferous.

Method for Classification of Frontal Collision Events in Passenger Cars Based on Measurement of Local Component-Specific Decelerations

The detection of accident scenarios is essential for a timely deployment of restraint devices and therefore for optimum protection of the vehicle occupants. Based on an innovative concept for crash detection, which involves measuring component-related local decelerations, this paper presents an entirely new method for the simulation and evaluation and estimates this with of a comprehensive set of crash load cases. With this approach, decelerations are detected directly at numerous individual components in the vehicle front end and are integrated in a velocity reduction using small time intervals. An evaluation based on multivariate statistical methods shows that the information content which results from exceedance of one defined velocity reduction threshold per measuring point is sufficient to safely distinguish between and classify all relevant load cases with a high level of independence. The concept has therefore proven to be functional and will be transferred to initial test series.

A review on crashworthiness studies of crash box structure

Abstract Many studies have focused on the topic of vehicle safety, including the study on crashworthiness. In vehicle, a crash box structure is an integral component for ensuring the safety of a car. It serves as an energy-absorbing member, together with the front bumper in case of frontal collision during car accidents. Therefore, special attention has to be given towards this structure in order to have better understanding regarding its mechanism of deformation and absorbing kinetic energy from the collision, as well as on how to obtain good crashworthy properties from this structure. This study, primarily, is based on extensive literature survey pertaining to the topic of crash box. As the topic of energy-absorbing member in a car is extensive, this review solely focuses on crash box structure. The main motivation of this paper is to summarise the different approaches and aspects of researches performed on car crash box structure to gain comprehensive knowledge regarding the study on crash box.

Optimisation of crash dynamics for bus cabin structure based on attained intrusion and deceleration during a frontal collision

This work presents an evaluation of bus structure during a frontal collision. A finite element (FE) model of a bus frontal structure has been simulated under ANSYS/explicit dynamics. Simulation investigated both front-end deformation and generated deceleration was attained byusing two different impact velocities. Lagrangian function has been used to validate the obtained energy absorption. A lumped mass model in MATLAB/Simulink has been constructed to estimate the design parameters for the proposed zones. Multi-objective function optimization strategy used Genetic Algorithm based on both acceptable deformation and deceleration limits. The experimental tests have been carried out to investigate design parameters on four different samples. Simulation results concluded that both deceleration and deformation deviated from the acceptable limits of occupant safety exceeding the first zone. According to the optimization results, the investigated bus structure produces insufficient behaviour during the first crash zone. It is recommended to increase the front zone length.

Optimal Design, Simulation and implementation of Solar Photo-voltaic Panels in Hybrid electric vehicles using CATIA V5R19 software integrated with ANSYS 13.0 versions

The primary motive of this research investigation is to explore out by enforcing the sun powered energy in the present hybrid electric vehicles, which signifies precipitous plummet in pollutants and harmful contaminants of environment. Solar powered coercing vehicles are environmental friendly however can’t attain to most reliable speed in certain specific time-interval. The operational functioning of two dissimilar fuels collectively may be one of the most advantageous aspects of this novel concept. CATIA V5R19 is appropriate podium for the design outlining of vehicles which this particular research study is aiming. After analyzing the blueprint layout, for computation or estimating of forces, load, internal resisting force and lateral strain performing at the front and rear collisions of structural body-on-frames, ANSYS 13.0 version platform was utilized for software primarily based modeling and simulation. Output statistics or facts figures are premeditated to determine the technical factors of solar powered hybrid vehicles. Solar hybrid electric vehicles have high competencies of an overall recital as its enormous arrangement of traditional fuel engine, possesses high powered electric-vehicle-battery & solar photo-voltaic panel modules.

Casualty risk of e-bike rider struck by passenger vehicle using China in-depth accident data

Objective: Traffic deaths involving e-bike (electric bike) riders are increasing in China. This study aims to quantitatively investigate the association between e-bike rider casualty and impact speed in electric bike-passenger vehicle collisions based on China in-depth accident study data.Methods: According to the collision location and driving direction of the e-bike and the vehicle, electric bike-passenger vehicle collisions are divided into five collision types: frontal collision, e-bike side collision, vehicle side collision, scrape collision and rear-end collision. Since e-bike side collision (the side of e-bike impacted with the front of vehicle) is the leading type and has the highest likelihood of severe or fatal injury in all collision types, e-bike side collisions are further selected to build the casualty risk functions of e-bike rider in relation to the rider age and the impact speed (vehicle impact speed and e-bike impact speed).Results: The analysis results show that, as for e-bike side collisions and e-bike impact speed is 20 km/h, the fatality risk of riders is approximately 2.9% at vehicle impact speed of 30 km/h, 23% at 50 km/h, 50% at 60 km/h, and 90% at 80 km/h. Rider age is also significantly associated with a higher risk of severe and fatality injury. The e-bike impact speed is not significantly associated with the severe and fatality risk in e-bike side collisions.Conclusions: The findings of this study provide meaningful insights to formulate effective policies especially for speed limit management to improve the safety of e-bikes.

Lightweight Design of Automotive Front End Material-Structure Based on Frontal Collision

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The front end structure is an important role in protecting the vehicle and passengers from harm during the collision. Increasing its protective capacity can be achieved by increasing the thickness or replacing high-strength materials. Most of the current research is analyzed separately from these two aspects. This paper proposes a multi-objective optimization method based on weighting factor analysis, which combines material and thickness selection. Firstly, the optimized components are determined based on the 100% frontal collision simulation results. Secondly, six thicknesses and two materials of the front part of the vehicle body are selected as design variables to construct an orthogonal test design. In this paper, a weight-based multi-factor optimization method is used to numerically analyze the response results obtained by orthogonal experiments. Analyze the impact of each factor on the optimization goal to select the most reliable optimization. This optimization method can select the best material and component thickness combination scheme. The results show that the mass of the selected parts are reduced by 16.5%; the total energy absorption is increased by 5.2%; the intrusion in the dash is reduced by 8.9%; and the peak acceleration of the B-pillar is reduced by 39.2%.The material-structure integration optimization method is an effective method to solve the contradiction between lightweight and crashworthiness.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

Nonlinear method of precrash velocity determination for Mini car class-B-spline tensors products with probabilistic weights

Following research paper introduces a nonlinear method of determining the velocity of a vehicle before the impact-the Equivalent Energy Speed (EES) for mini car class. To estimate the magnitude of EES, this method utilizes the deformation work Wdef of the vehicle, defined by the quotient of deformation coefficient Cs and plastic deformation. Currently used methods assume linear relationship between velocity, deformation and mass of the vehicle. New approach estimates such relation by means of three dimensional surfaces. Such mathematical model is based on data provided by National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) that covers full frontal collisions with a rigid barrier. Vehicles take part in a standardized collision and are being crashed at a known velocity. Then the deformation is measured in six control points. Method introduces the B-spline tensor products and least square approximation with probabilistic weights that shows promising results. Linear approach generates relative error of 18.2% whereas the nonlinear approach reduces it down to 11.2%.