Frequency Of Rejection Research Articles

Frequency and patterns of editorial rejections (rejections without peer review) across medical journals

To the Editor: When journal editorial staff reject manuscripts without external peer review, these so-called “editorial” or “desk” rejections reduce the burden on peer reviewers and facilitate prompt decisions for manuscripts unlikely to perform well in peer review.1 While a few journals have published the procedures informing their specific editorial rejection processes,1-5 there has been no systematic evaluation across multiple journals, much less across journals from different medical specialties.

Experience and opinions of healthcare professionals on COVID-19 and inactive COVID-19 Vaccine (Coronavac, developed by sinovac of china)

It is aimed to determine the opinions and experiences of healthcare professionals about COVID-19, inactive COVID-19 vaccine and the frequency of hesitation, vaccine rejection, and vaccination status, and to analyze the reasons for vaccine rejection and the contributing factors. The research is a cross-sectional study, and the universe of the study consists of all healthcare personnel (7200 people) working in hospitals. The independent variables of the questionnaire included socio-demographic characteristics, descriptive questions about the COVID-19 pandemic, and the COVID-19 Fear Scale. A value of p <0.05 was considered statistically significant. We found that 26.2% (184) of the healthcare workers participating in the study were diagnosed with COVID-19. 53.7% of the participants reported that they provided health care for COVID-19 patients. When the vaccine preferences of the participants were questioned, 42.2% stated that they would prefer the Chinese CoronaVac vaccine, 30.1% Turkish vaccine, 22.4% German BioNTechPfizer vaccine, 1.7% American Moderna vaccine, 3.1% English Oxford AstraZeneca vaccine, and 0.6% the Russian Gamaleya vaccine. When the reasons for anti-vaccine attitude were questioned, 44.2% of the participants stated that they did not think the vaccine was safe. When we compared the COVID-19 Fear Scale scores according to the characteristics of the participants, we found that individuals in the 35-44 age group got higher COVID-19 Fear Scale scores than the other groups (p<0.05). When the median scores of the profession groups were compared, the median scores of nurses/midwives/paramedics were found to be higher than the other groups (p<0.05). Awareness in the population can be raised and confusion can be eliminated by healthcare professionals by speaking clearly and decisively, based on experience in previous epidemics.

Photovoltaic Partial Shading Performance Evaluation With a DSTATCOM Controller

A solar photovoltaic distribution static compensator (SPV-DSTATCOM) under partial shading condition (PSC) is studied using a single-stage, 3-phase grid-connected mode. Under PSC, the performance of the grid-connected SPV-DSTATCOM is studied and addressed the issues such as active current sharing, reactive power control, and harmonic elimination. Rejection of DC offset with such PSC condition is an issue when using a conventional Proportional Resonant (PR) controller. As a result of this research, a new and improved PR (IPR) based second-order generalized integrator (SOGI) has been developed that has unity gain at the fundamental frequency and greater DC offset rejection capability to address the PR controller shortcomings. The proposed controller’s performance is evaluated in both steady-state and dynamic conditions with varying loads and different PSC conditions. An experimental evaluation of the proposed controller’s design assumptions is also presented in the form of a comparison with both the PR controller and the adaptive PR controller.

A Compact Dual-Band Notched UWB Antenna for Wireless Applications

This article presents the design and analysis of a V-shaped ultrawideband (UWB) antenna and dual-band UWB notch antenna. A rectangular slot is cut into a semicircular partial ground plane of the antenna to achieve ultrawide bandwidth. A U-shape slot is etched on a V-shaped patch that radiates, and an inverted U-shape parasitic resonator is placed beside the feedline to generate dual-band notch characteristics. The overall dimension of the proposed antenna is . The proposed UWB antenna has a gain of 9.8 dB, S11 < −10 dB, impedance bandwidth in the range of 3.4 to 12.3 GHz, response with a linear phase, group delay <1 ns, and stable radiation pattern. The UWB notch antenna shows strong rejection in the WLAN band from 5.15 to 5.8 GHz with a notch at 5.6 GHz and X band from 9.1 to 10.5 GHz with a sharp notch at 9.6 GHz, having a S11 < −10 dB impedance bandwidth ranging from 3.2 to 11.7 GHz. This antenna also exhibits a stable radiation pattern, group delay <1 ns, and linear phase response throughout the bandwidth except at the rejection frequencies.

On the shape of timings distributions in free-text keystroke dynamics profiles

Keystroke dynamics is a soft biometric trait. Although the shape of the timing distributions in keystroke dynamics profiles is a central element for the accurate modeling of the behavioral patterns of the user, a simplified approach has been to presuppose normality. Careful consideration of the individual shapes for the timing models could lead to improvements in the error rates of current methods or possibly inspire new ones. The main objective of this study is to compare several heavy-tailed and positively skewed candidate distributions in order to rank them according to their merit for fitting timing histograms in keystroke dynamics profiles. Results are summarized in three ways: counting how many times each candidate distribution provides the best fit and ranking them in order of success, measuring average information content, and ranking candidate distributions according to the frequency of hypothesis rejection with an Anderson-Darling goodness of fit test. Seven distributions with two parameters and seven with three were evaluated against three publicly available free-text keystroke dynamics datasets. The results confirm the established use in the research community of the log-normal distribution, in its two- and three-parameter variations, as excellent choices for modeling the shape of timings histograms in keystroke dynamics profiles. However, the log-logistic distribution emerges as a clear winner among all two- and three-parameter candidates, consistently surpassing the log-normal and all the rest under the three evaluation criteria for both hold and flight times.

Impact of Toxigenic Fungi: An Economic and Health Obstruction to Wellness in Mozambique

Food safety is a major concern worldwide. Food-crop contamination by fungi and mycotoxins is a common occurrence causing persistent exposure that raises critical health problems and economic losses. Food and feeds are frequently tainted by multiple contaminants, such as trace elements, heavy metals, dioxins, pesticides, and mycotoxins. Most African countries lack the ability to enforce international food safety regulations and face frequent rejection of exportable raw food materials leading to financial burden and increased intramural consumption of contaminated products. The literature on mycotoxins is extremely vast, investigating or reporting cellular mechanisms and toxicity, associated pathology and animal performance, effects of these compounds on general malnutrition and on human health. However, different sampling and analytical methods for research has hindered progress, data collection and interpretation. Innovative and promising commercial solutions of technological biocontrol have been approved in few African countries but may not be the sole and long-lasting solution for the management of mycotoxins. We describe an economic burden in Mozambique of naturally occurring toxigenic fungi moulds in banana plantations, and a public health impact from non-rotating crops of cassava, groundnutsб and maize. Finally, we mention our moderate role in surveillance and monitoring of mycotoxins in family smallholder farmers, informal markets, and cooperatives.

Metabolic therapy of predicted complications in immunocompromised recipients before repeated corneal transplantation

One of the topical problems of modern ophthalmotransplantology is the graft engraftment after repeated keratoplasty. During repeated corneal transplantation, the frequency of graft rejection increases significantly. The study included 121 patients aged 19 to 89 years with corneal graft failure, who were scheduled for repeated corneal transplantation. Immunophenotyping of major and small populations of peripheral blood lymphocytes was performed by flow cytometry (CytoFlex BC, USA). The intensity of energy metabolism in lymphocyte populations was determined by the activity of succinate dehydrogenase and NADH dehydrogenase by immunocytochemical method using flow cytometry. An increase in the content of B lymphocytes (p = 0.004) and a decrease in Th17 lymphocytes (p = 0.013) were revealed after the use of a course of metabolic therapy. Against the background of therapy, the activity of SDH in the T lymphocyte population significantly increases (p = 0.034). In addition, in the studied populations of lymphocytes in the recipient group, against the background of metabolic therapy, the normalization of SDH activity is observed: the number of recipients with low and high enzyme activity decreases. After a course of metabolic therapy, a significant decrease in NADHDH activity was revealed (p = 0.034). Indicators of lymphocyte populations and mitochondrial enzyme activity in recipients after a course of metabolic therapy indicated a more favorable prognosis for repeated corneal transplantation. Evaluation of the results of repeated keratoplasty a year after surgery showed that 59 recipients received transparent graft engraftment, and in 62 patients the graft became cloudy in the period from 1 to 8 months after surgery. In the group of patients with transparent graft engraftment, the percentage of recipients receiving metabolic therapy was significantly higher than in the group of recipients with graft opacity (41%±2.05% vs 21%±2.91%, p 0.001). Conducting metabolic therapy before surgery reduces the number of realized unfavorable prognoses of the result of rekeratoplasty, and monitoring the activity of dehydrogenases and the content of lymphocyte populations allows us to evaluate the effectiveness of therapeutic and preventive measures in immunocompromised recipients.

Testing Mean and Covariance Structures with Reweighted Least Squares

ABSTRACT Chi-square tests based on maximum likelihood (ML) estimation of covariance structures often incorrectly over-reject the null hypothesis: when the sample size is small. Reweighted least squares (RLS) avoids this problem. In some models, the vector of parameter must contain means, variances, and covariances, yet whether RLS also works in mean and covariance structures remains unexamined. This research extends RLS to mean and covariance structures, evaluating a generalized least squares function with ML parameter estimates. A Monte Carlo simulation study was carried out to examine the statistical performance of ML vs RLS with multivariate normal data. Based on empirical rejection frequencies and empirical averages of test statistics, this study shows that RLS performs much better than ML in mean and covariance structure models when sample sizes are small, whereas it does not perform better than ML to reject misspecified models.

Encouraging outcomes of using a small-donor single graft in pediatric kidney transplantation.

The use of small pediatric kidneys as single graftsfor transplantation is controversial, due to the potential risk for graft thrombosis and insufficient nephron mass. Aiming to test the benefits of transplanting these kidneys, 375 children who underwent kidney transplantation in a single center were evaluated: 49 (13.1%) received a single graft from a small pediatric donor (≤ 15kg, SPD group), 244 (65.1%) from a bigger pediatric donor (> 15kg, BPD group), and 82 (21.9%) from adult living donors (group ALD). Groups had similar baseline main characteristics. After 5years of follow-up, children from the SPD group were comparable to children from BPD and ALD in patient survival (94%, 96%, and 98%, respectively, p = 0.423); graft survival (89%, 88%, and 93%, respectively, p = 0.426); the frequency of acute rejection (p = 0.998); the incidence of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (p = 0.671); the odds ratio for severely increased proteinuria (p = 0.357); the rates of vascular thrombosis (p = 0.846); and the necessity for post-transplant surgical intervention prior to discharge (p = 0.905). The longitudinal evolution of eGFR was not uniform among groups. The three groups presented a decrease in eGFR, but the slope of the curve was steeper in ALD children. At 5years, the eGFR of the ALD group was 10ml/min/1.73m2 inferior to the others. At that time, the eGFR from the SPD group was statistically similar to the BPD group (p = 0.952). In a specialized transplant center, the use of a single small pediatric donor kidney for transplantation is as successful as bigger pediatric or adult living donors, after 5years of follow-up. A higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information.

Creatinine reduction ratio on postoperative day 2 predicts long-term outcomes after living donor kidney transplantation.

To evaluate the relationship between the creatinine reduction ratio between postoperative days 1 and 2 and post-transplantation clinical outcomes after living donor kidney transplantation. Clinical data of patients who underwent living donor kidney transplantation at Jichi Medical University Hospital, Tochigi, Japan, between 2006 and 2019 were retrieved. The creatinine reduction ratio between postoperative days 1 and 2 was calculated based on the formula: (Cre1 - Cre2) × 100/Cre1; patients were then classified into either the slow graft function (creatinine reduction ratio between postoperative days 1 and 2 ≤30%) or immediate graft function (creatinine reduction ratio between postoperative days 1 and 2 >30%) group. We carried out the log-rank test and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analyses to assess graft survival and rejection-free survival, and the unpaired t-test and multivariate linear regression to assess post-transplantation estimated glomerular filtration rates. Multivariate analyses used age, sex, dialysis duration, ABO compatibility, donor-specific antibody positivity and medically complex living donors as explanatory variables. Of the 272 patients, 30 and 242 were in the slow graft function and immediate graft function groups, respectively. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analyses showed a significantly higher incidence of overall and death-censored graft loss in the slow graft function group than the immediate graft function group. The frequency of rejection after 1 week post-transplantation did not differ within the groups. Post-transplantation estimated glomerular filtration rates tended to decline earlier in the slow graft function group than in the immediate graft function group; however, the difference was not statistically significant. The creatinine reduction ratio between postoperative days 1 and 2 could potentially predict long-term outcomes after living donor kidney transplantation. Using the creatinine reduction ratio between postoperative days 1 and 2 and other conventional indicators might allow accurate risk classification and appropriate therapeutic interventions.

Persistent fine-tuning of egg rejection based on parasitic timing in a cuckoo host even after relaxation of parasitism pressure

Egg rejection is one of the most effective defenses to avoid avian brood parasites by hosts, and reflects avian cognition during parasite-host coevolution. However, egg rejection varies with different populations and species, or under different contexts. Here we studied the egg recognition behavior in a non-parasitized population of the red-whiskered bulbul (Pycnonotus jocosus), which has been recorded as a host of the banded bay cuckoo (Cacomantis sonneratii). By comparing its egg rejection frequency and latency between egg-laying and egg-incubation stages with a variety of nest ages, which represent different costs of cuckoo parasitism, the results show that the hosts rejected parasite eggs more frequently in the egg-laying stage than in the egg-incubation stage without a difference in latency, and accepted parasite eggs with an increase of nest age. These findings indicated that the hosts are able to adjust the intensity of their anti-parasitic responses according to the parasitic timing. A relaxation of parasitism risk and the tradeoff between parasitism risk and egg rejection cost may contribute to explaining our results.

The impact of chronic Epstein-Barr virus infection on the liver graft of pediatric liver transplant recipients: A retrospective observational study.

Chronic high Epstein-Barr virus loads (CHEBV) are commonly observed in pediatric liver transplant patients. However, it is unclear how CHEBV impacts the liver graft. The aim of this study was to clarify the clinical and pathological impacts of CHEBV on the liver graft. From 2012 to 2020, we retrospectively investigated 46 pediatric liver transplant patients (under 16 years) who survived ≥6 months. The patients were divided into two groups: CHEBV group (EBV DNA >10000 IU/ml of whole blood for ≥6 months) and nonchronic high EBV (NCHEBV) group (patients who did not meet CHEBV criteria). Tacrolimus was reduced to <3.0 ng/ml in patients with EBV DNA >5000IU/ml. Blood biochemistry data and pathological findings, obtained at the time of protocol and episodic biopsies, were compared between the two groups. Out of 46 patients, 28 CHEBV and 18 NCHEBV patients were enrolled. The blood biochemical examination did not show a significant difference between the two groups. In addition, no significant differences between the two groups were found in the pathological findings, including frequency of late acute rejection and the progression of fibrosis at the time of both protocol and episodic biopsies. Appropriate adjustment of immunosuppression for CHEBV management may have contributed to the prevention of the progression of fibrosis. CHEBV had little adverse effect on the liver graft. Graft fibrosis might have been avoided through optimal dose modification of tacrolimus. Further long-term monitoring is necessary because CHEBV may affect the pediatric liver graft in the long term.

Robust control of pantograph‐catenary system: Comparison of 1‐DOF‐based and 2‐DOF‐based control systems

Compared to control bandwidth, low-frequency uncertainties or disturbances like step signals can be well rejected by many methods having two-degree-of-freedom (2-DOF). Due to robustness constraint, technically more challenging is the rejection of medium frequencies, especially for bandwidth-limited systems. Here, the equivalent-input-disturbance (EID) approach is extended to deal with the main medium-frequency oscillation of a pantograph-catenary system. First, a general EID estimator is developed with a low-frequency estimator as a special case. Then, a fair comparison is conducted to clarify the essential differences between the conventional 1-DOF-based and the developed 2-DOF-based control systems. Furthermore, a robust stability condition is derived for the 2-DOF-based closed-loop control system. A design algorithm together with design guidelines is provided, where the frequency characteristics of the uncertainties are utilized in the parameter design. Finally, simulations are carried out to validate the developed 2-DOF-based method for the pantograph-catenary system in realistic environment.

P-85 USE OF LOW DOSES OF GENERIC TACROLIMUS AND THERAPEUTIC LEVELS IN LIVER TRANSPLANT PATIENTS: RESULTS FROM A SINGLE CENTER IN PERU

Tacrolimus is the basis of immunosuppressive treatment in liver transplantation, with dosages of blood levels to ensure adequate graft function. In Peru, since 2005 generic tacrolimus has been used exclusively in all transplant centers due to lower costs. There are no presentations (0.5 mg), necessary for its use in a group of transplanted patients who require low doses of the drug. To show the results of the use of low doses (<2 mg/day) of generic tacrolimus, using 0.5 mg capsules and measure tacrolimus blood levels in correlation to the time of transplantation and the frequency of liver graft rejection, toxicity, or infections in this group of patients. Observational, descriptive, cross-sectional, and retrospective study. Demographic data, transplant time, dose and blood levels of tacrolimus, rejection, and adverse effects were obtained from electronic medical records from October to December 2020. Inclusion criteria: adults, doses: <2 mg/day, > 3 months use of generic tacrolimus (NORGRAF: The Madras Pharmaceuticals, India) using 0.5 mg capsules, prepared by the Pharmacy Service at the Guillermo Almenara Hospital. Exclusion criteria: Pediatrics, retransplant, combined transplant. Statistical analysis and processing was using SPSS 23. Eleven of 246 patients (4.52%) were identified. All patients had blood levels within the therapeutic range in relation to transplantation time and graft function. Average daily dose: 1.3 mg (0.5-1.5 mg /d). Average blood levels: 5.82 ng/L (3.57-10.3 ng / ml). Average transplant time: 73 months (3-120 months). There were no rejection episodes or adverse effects of nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, or infections. The use of low doses of generic tacrolimus (<2 mg/d), using 0.5 mg capsules prepared by the Pharmacy service, allows for the proper adjustment of the daily dose of immunosuppression, obtaining therapeutic success in the prevention of cellular graft rejection, especially in long-standing liver transplant patients without presenting toxicity.

Calibration of optimized minimum inductor bandpass filter with controllable bandwidth and stopband rejection

A calibration methodology for the optimized minimum inductor (OMI) bandpass filter (BPF) to compensate passive components' inherent loss, such as resistances and reactances, is presented. OMI BPF prevails conventional elliptic and Chebyshev BPFs by introducing fewer inductors for the same stopband rejection requirement. Given design specifications (bandwidth, stopband rejection) at a specific center frequency, the calibration flow optimizes the approach to offset the inaccuracy of center frequency, bandwidth, and stopband rejection due to the discrepancy between the actual and ideal prototype passive components. Two OMI BPF designs before and after calibration are presented for demonstration and comparison. They are 1) a 3rd order centered at 2.388 GHz, 35.54% fractional bandwidth (FBW), 29.97 dB stopband rejection, and 2) a 7th order centered at 2.333 GHz, 17.40% FBW, 62.29 dB stopband rejection.

Impact of nest sanitation behavior on hosts' egg rejection: an empirical study and meta-analyses.

Egg rejection in birds is a specific adaptation toward avian brood parasitism, whereas nest sanitation is a general behavior for cleaning the nest and avoiding predation. However, both behaviors refer to the action of ejecting objects out of the nest, and nest sanitation has been proposed as a pre-adaptation for egg rejection. Here, we tested the eliciting effect of nest sanitation on egg rejection in the red-whiskered bulbul Pycnonotus jocosus, a potential host species that are sympatric with parasitic cuckoos. We conducted meta-analyses of previous studies on both nest sanitation and egg rejection, in order to evaluate the consistency of our conclusions. Our results showed that nest sanitation did not elicit egg rejection in P. jocosus. The conclusions concerning such an eliciting effect from previous studies were mixed, whereas the methodologies were inconsistent, making the studies unsuitable for comparisons. However, the ejection frequency of nest sanitation was consistently higher than the frequency of egg rejection across different host species or populations. These results suggest that nest sanitation, which is an ancient behavior, is more fundamental than egg rejection, but the effect of the former on the latter is complex and needs further study. Standardized methodologies and the integration of behavior, physiology, and modeling may provide better opportunities to explore the relationship between nest sanitation and egg rejection.

On the Shape of Timing Distributions in Free-Text Keystroke Dynamics Profiles

Keystroke dynamics is a soft biometric trait. Although the shape of the timing distributions in keystroke dynamics profiles is a central element for the accurate modeling of the behavioral patterns of the user, a simplified approach has been to presuppose normality. Careful consideration of the individual shapes for the timing models could lead to improvements in the error rates of current methods or possibly inspire new ones. The main objective of this study is to compare several heavy-tailed and positively skewed candidate distributions in order to rank them according to their merit for fitting timing histograms in keystroke dynamics profiles. Results are summarized in three ways: counting how many times each candidate distribution provides the best fit and ranking them in order of success, measuring average information content, and ranking candidate distributions according to the frequency of hypothesis rejection with an Anderson-Darling goodness of fit test. Seven distributions with two parameters and seven with three were evaluated against three publicly available free-text keystroke dynamics datasets. The results confirm the established use in the research community of the log-normal distribution, in its two- and three-parameter variations, as excellent choices for modeling the shape of timings histograms in keystroke dynamics profiles. However, the log-logistic distribution emerges as a clear winner among all two- and three-parameter candidates, consistently surpassing the log-normal and all the rest under the three evaluation criteria for both hold and flight times.

Abstract 1595: Small molecule inhibition of the ubiquitin ligase CBL-B results in potent T and NK cell mediated anti-tumor response

Abstract The E3 ubiquitin ligase Casitas B-lineage lymphoma b (CBL-B) is expressed in T cells where it functions as an important negative regulator of immune activation. CBL-B d attenuates T-cell activation initiated by TCR engagement in part by mediating the requirement for CD28 co-stimulation, thus setting the threshold for T cell activation. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from mice deficient in cbl-b have 5 to 10-fold enhanced secretion of IL-2 and IFN-γ when stimulated ex vivo with anti-CD3. Cbl-b deficient mice also demonstrate enhanced NK cell function. Here we describe NX-1607, an investigational, orally bioavailable, small molecule inhibitor of CBL-B. NX-1607 demonstrates potent biochemical inhibition of CBL-B leading to stimulatory effects on human immune cells at low nanomolar concentrations. NX-1607 induction of IL-2 and IFN-γ secretion occurs in primary human T cells stimulated with anti-CD3 antibodies, in both the presence and absence of CD28 co-stimulation, although to a lesser degree in the absence of co-stimulation. In vivo, oral administration of NX-1607 in mice demonstrated significant tumor growth inhibition in two colon carcinoma tumor models, CT26 and MC38, as well as a triple negative breast tumor model, 4T1. The change in tumor microenvironment caused by NX-1607 treatment leads to rapid NK cell infiltration followed by infiltration of activated CD8+ T cells. Depletion of CD8+ T cells or NK cells completely abrogated NX-1607 antitumor activity. Importantly, the combination of NX-1607 and anti-PD-1 can substantially increase the median overall survival and the frequency of complete tumor rejections in all three tumor models. These studies provide significant insights into the antitumor activity of this novel, small molecule E3 ligase inhibitor and deliver experimental support for clinical development of NX-1607 given as monotherapy or in combination with PD-1 blockade. Citation Format: Ryan Rountree, Frederick Cohen, Austin Tenn-McClellan, Alexandra Borodovsky, Marilena Gallotta, Jennifer Stokes, Jose Gomez Romo, Chris Karim, Gwenn M. Hansen, Cristiana Guiducci, Arthur Sands, Jennifa Gosling. Small molecule inhibition of the ubiquitin ligase CBL-B results in potent T and NK cell mediated anti-tumor response [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 1595.

Development of De Novo Donor-specific HLA Antibodies and AMR in Renal Transplant Patients Depends on CYP3A5 Genotype.

Background.The single-nucleotide polymorphism CYP3A5 rs776746 is related to a reduction in the metabolizing activity of the CYP3A5 enzyme. People carrying at least one copy of the wild-type allele, defined as CYP3A5 expressers, exhibit higher clearance and lower trough concentrations of tacrolimus than homozygous nonexpressers, and this difference may affect alloimmunization and allograft function.Methods.We retrospectively studied 400 kidney transplant recipients treated with a tacrolimus-based immunosuppression regimen to detect CYP3A5 genotype, de novo formation of HLA antibodies and donor-specific antibodies (DSAs), and clinical outcome up to 5 y after transplant.Results.We found that 69 (17%) of the 400 patients were CYP3A5 expressers. During the first 3 y after transplant, CYP3A5 expressers tended to have lower tacrolimus trough levels than nonexpressers, although their tacrolimus dosage was as much as 80% higher. De novo DSAs were found more frequently in CYP3A5 expressers than in nonexpressers (13/69 [19%] versus 33/331 [10%], P = 0.02). De novo DSA-free survival rates (P = 0.02) were significantly lower for expressers than for nonexpressers. CYP3A5 genotype had no effect on allograft failure, but CYP3A5 expressers exhibited a significantly higher frequency of antibody-mediated rejection. CYP3A5 expresser status was an independent risk factor for the development of de novo DSAs (relative risk, 2.34, P = 0.01).Conclusions.Early detection of CYP3A5 expressers, enabling genotype-based dose adjustment of tacrolimus immediately after renal transplant, may be a useful strategy for reducing the risk of de novo DSA production and antibody-mediated rejection.

단시간 푸리에 변환과 전역 통과 필터 기반 노치 필터를 이용한 다중 주파수 제거 기법

This paper proposes a novel multiple frequency rejection technique based on the STFT (Short-Time Fourier Transform) and APNF (All-Pass filter-based Notch Filter). Because a non-adaptive multiple notch filter cannot track the target frequencies, an adaptive filter is often used. However, the existing adaptive notch filters cannot accurately identify the number of frequencies, which may deteriorate the filtering performance. Furthermore, a time-frequency analysis can be performed to simultaneously estimate the number of target frequencies and track them. Therefore, a novel adaptive multiple notch filtering method is developed, adopting the STFT at the front end of APNF. In particular, an interpolation scheme is adopted to compensate for the low frequency resolution of STFT. This framework exhibits a smaller amplitude response distortion for the pass-band compared to that in cascade-type multiple notch filters and can thus reject the time-varying frequencies. A MATLAB simulation is performed to verify the performance of the proposed method. The results confirm that the proposed scheme outperforms the conventional adaptive notch filter in removing chirp signals and temporary signals.