ABO Frequencies Research Articles

Frequency of ABO and Rh-D blood groups in cervical cancer

There is much evidence that the ABO blood group system may play a role in the pathogenesis of the disease. The relationship between ABO and Rhesus blood groups and cancer risk has been demonstrated in many research works. However, concerning gynaecological malignancies, these findings are inconsistent. This study aimed to evaluate the frequency of ABO and Rh-D blood groups in patients with carcinoma cervix. This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Gynaecological Oncology and Department of Pathology of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka. A total of 110 clinically suspected cervical cancer patients were included in this study. Pap smear tests was done in all cases and the patients were divided into case (Pap test positive) and control group (Pap test negative). A total of 55 patients were included in each group. Blood groups (ABO & Rh-D) of all the patients were recorded. A higher number of the patients in the cervical cancer group were multiparous than in the control group. Almost in two-thirds of the population, the age of marriage was <18 years in the cervical cancer group compared to 34.5% in the control group. More than one-third population had “O” blood group in the case group, while it was 31% in the control group. The almost equal number had Rh D+ve in the case and control (92.7% vs. 94.5%). The differences between the blood group and Rh D were not statistically significant between the two groups. Nearly half (40.0%) of the participants had used a hormonal contraceptive in the case and 61.8% in control. The differences in hormonal contraceptives use were statistically significant within the two groups. The distribution of “O” blood group and Rh D +ve cases was found to be higher in patients with cervical cancer than in non-cancer patients although the difference was not statistically significant. BSMMU J 2022; 15(2): 70-74

ABO, Rh, and Kell Blood Group Antigen Frequencies in Blood Donors of Taif City, Saudi Arabia.

The ABO, Rh, and Kell blood group antigens are clinically significant. Knowledge of antigen frequencies is important to assess the risk of alloimmunization and to guide the probability of finding antigen-negative donor blood. Patients that lack such antigens may produce antibodies that may cause transfusion reaction. The frequencies of ABO, Rh, and Kell antigens in Taif city, Saudi Arabia have not yet been determined. This study aims to assess the frequencies of ABO, Rh, and Kell blood group antigens among Saudi donors in Taif city, Saudi Arabia. A retrospective study was conducted on 2,073 Saudi blood donors of both genders from May 2016 to May 2019. The data were collected, and calculations were done to determine the frequencies of ABO, Rh, and Kell blood group antigens. Of the 2,073 donors, the ABO blood groups of the donors were O (53.8%), A (24.9%), B (16.4%), and AB (4.6%). Rh-positive samples were (87.8%) and (12.1%) were Rh-negative. The most common Rh antigen was e (95.8%), followed by the c and C antigens (81.7% and 62.3%, respectively). The lowest Rh antigen frequency was E (31.3%). DCce was the most prevalent phenotype (29.5%). The KEL1 (K) antigen was determined in (22.1%) of the donors. This is the first study conducted in Taif city to assess the frequency of ABO, Rh, and Kell antigens among Saudi blood donors. This study provides the first step to create a regional donor database to obtain negative antigen blood units for patients with unexpected antibodies and to offer compatible bloods for multi-transfused cases by designing red cell panels.

Frequency of ABO and Rhesus blood groups among blood donors of the Twin cities

More than 20 distinct blood group systems have been characterized; but the ABO and Rh blood groups remain the most important. The frequencies exhibit considerable variation in different geographic locations, reflecting the underlying genetic and ethnic diversity of the human population. The primary objective to carry out this study was to explore the frequency of ABO and Rh blood groups among the donors in the region of Islamabad and Rawalpindi, Pakistan. This cross-sectional study was carried out in the twin cities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad including data from 6th April 2019 to 15th September 2019. Data were collected retrospectively from the records of donors of all the registered blood banks in the mentioned localities during the last 5 years. Informed consent was gained and a total of 46363 participants were included with 25030 males and 21333 females. All participants were selected without any bias via the online patient record of the blood banks. All blood groups were identified using the slide agglutination method with commercially prepared anti-sera. The frequency of each blood group in order of its prevalence was found to be: B +ive (31.8%) > O +ive (28.5%) > A +ive (22.1%) > AB +ive (9%) > B -ive (3%) > O -ive (2.5%) > A -ive (2.1%) > AB -ive (0.9%). Overall blood group B +ive was the most common blood group, and Rh +ive groups were generally more common than Rh -ive blood groups. The results of our study provide useful data regarding frequencies of ABO and Rhesus blood groups among blood donors of the twin cities. It will in the future help create an inventory of blood banks, study disease patterns, and heredity in this region.

Pattern of ABO and Rhesus Blood Group Distribution among Second Year Medical Students of Arsi University, Southeast Ethiopia

Background: The genetics, inheritance patterns, and disease susceptibility of blood group antigens, which are hereditary in nature, are crucial for transfusion safety. The purpose of the present study was to determine the frequency and distribution of both ABO and Rhesus blood types among second year medical students of Arsi University. Methods: All second-year medical students at Arsi University participated in a cross-sectional study that was institutionally based. A structured questionnaire and a data collection sheet were used to obtain the socio-demographic data and blood group types of study participants. The blood samples were obtained by standard procedures and subjected to determination of ABO and Rhesus blood group using antisera by combined slide and test tube method. Each sample was tested for ABO and Rhesus status. The collected data were double entered into Epi-data version 3.1 and exported into SPSS version-22 for analysis. Descriptive statistics was used to calculate percentage frequencies of blood phenotype. The genotypic and allelic frequencies of the blood groups were calculated from the observed phenotypes under the assumption of Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. Result: In the present study, one questionnaire was rejected for incompleteness, resulting in a response rate of 98.89%. The respondents had a mean age of 21.38 years (SD ± 0.898) and were mainly female (58.4%). The distribution of ABO blood group was; blood group O (39.3%); blood group A (31.5%); blood group B (24.7%) and blood group AB (4.5%). The proportions of Rhesus (D) positive and Rhesus (D) negative were 84.3% and 15.7%, respectively. Conclusion: The current study revealed that blood group O is the most frequent blood group among the ABO blood group system with dominant Rh positivity. This study along with other similar studies in other regions of the country will be useful for health planners to face medical emergencies.

Prevalence of ABO and Rh Blood Group Among Volunteer Blood Donors at the Blood and Tissue Bank Service in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

The discovery of the ABO blood group system and testing of blood donors highly reduced the fatalities associated with blood transfusion reactions and improved the safety of blood transfusion. Blood group antigens are found on the surface of red blood cells that are inherited biological characteristics that do not change throughout life in healthy individuals. To determine the prevalence ABO and Rh blood groups Among Volunteer Blood Donors at Ethiopian blood and tissue bank service (EBTBS), Addis Ababa. A cross-sectional study was carried out from January 2022 to May 2022, on 1700 volunteer blood donors to assess prevalence of ABO and Rh blood groups among volunteer blood donors at the Ethiopian blood and tissue bank service. All tests were performed using fully automated immunohematology analyzer (Galileo Neo Immucor). Data processing and analysis were undertaken by using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26. An ethical clearance letter was obtained from Addis Ababa University and informed consent was also obtained from the participants of the study. A total of 1700 donors were included, of which 57% of donors were males. The majority of the donors belonged to the age group between 18 and 25 years old (53%). The antigen frequencies of ABO and Rh(D) blood group system showed that O was the most prevalent blood group 44.65% followed by A (28.41%), B (21.24%), and AB (5.71%). The Rh-positive donors were more prevalent (94.82%) as oppose to the Rh-negative (5.18%). The knowledge of the distribution of blood groups is very important for blood banks and transfusion services which play an important role in the patient's health care. The findings of the ABO blood group in this study were comparable to other studies conducted in Ethiopia.

Changes in the frequency of ABO and Rh blood group phenotypes in Polish donors from Lower Silesia

Abstract The aim of this study was to explore temporal and spatial variability of the frequency of the ABO and Rhesus blood group phenotypes in Polish donors from Lower Silesia between 1946 and 1990. Data on 158,134 individuals (113,714 men and 44,420 women) were obtained from two databases containing information about blood donors from Lower Silesia. The rate and direction of changes in the frequency of the blood groups were evaluated with regression analysis and Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Significant differences in the frequencies were found for the analysed period. The largest differences were observed for A and O blood groups. A significant increase in the frequency of the A group and a decrease in the O group were noted. The incidence of the AB group in both sexes did not change significantly. However, an insignificant decreasing trend in the frequency of the AB group in men was observed. An opposite and significant trend for this blood type was found in women. For the B group, the increase was significant in both sexes but it was greater in men. A significant increase in the frequency of the Rh(+) factor was noted. These results suggest that there were minor differences in the frequencies of ABO and Rh blood groups between the counties. This study demonstrated microevolutionary changes, thereby contributing new information to the field. These findings can be useful for the management of blood banks and the interpretation of microevolutionary changes.

Occurrence of ABO and Rh D blood groups in Sudanese population attending blood bank, Gezira state, Wad Madani, Sudan, 2021

Objective: To detect the frequency of ABO and Rh D blood groups among Sudanese blood donors attending the Gezira center for Trauma and Orthopedic Blood Bank in Wad Madani. Material and Methods: One thousand male blood donors were enrolled in the study, ABO typing and Rh D were performed using the classical slide method. Results: The study revealed that frequency percentage of ABO blood phenotypes in the total samples were as follows: O (51%), A (30%), B (14%) and AB (5%), The Majority (97.4%) of the subjects were Rh (D) positive and only 2.6% were Rh negative. Conclusion: The frequency of ABO blood groups among the Sudanese was similar some extend with world ABO distribution with predominance of Rh D positive.

FREQUENCY AND DISRTIBUTION OF ABO AND RHESUS BLOOD GROUP IN NORTHERN AREAS OF KASHMIR VALLEY ADJAECENT TO LINE OF CONTROL.

Background: Distribution of blood groups varies demographically. ABO and Rh blood group systems are major clinically signicant blood group systems despite that more than 400 red cell antigens have been identied. Blood groups are genetically determined. ABO and Rh blood groups systems besides being most important in blood transfusion, are also important in forensic pathology, disease susceptibility and population genetics. This study aims to determine frequency and distribution of ABO and Rh blood groups among the permanent residents of northern areas of Kashmir valley adjacent to line of control. Aim and Objective: The present study was designed to determine frequency and distribution of ABO and Rh blood groups among blood donors in northern areas of Kashmir valley adjacent to line of control and compare the results with data available from studies conducted with in India and other countries. Material and Methods: This study was a two and half years prospective study conducted in the department of Pathology Government Medical College Baramulla from January 2020 to June 2022 . Only permanent residents of northern areas of Kashmir valley were included in the study. Blood donors who were not permanent residents of northern areas were excluded from the study. Blood donors were selected after proper history and complete examination. Blood donors fullling all eligibility criteria's for blood donation were selected. Determination of ABO and Rh status was done by tile method of agglutination using commercially available anti-Seras. Results: Out of total 4609 voluntary blood donors 4104 (89.04%) were Rh positive and 505 (10.96%) were Rh Negative. 1338 (29.03%) were O positive,1333 (28.92%) were B positive, 1025 (22.23%) were Apositive, 408 (8.8%) were AB positive, 187 (4.05%) were O negative, 156 (3.38%) were B negative, 102 (2.21%) were Anegative and 60 (1.30%) were AB negative. Conclusion: In the Northern areas of Kashmir valley adjacent to line of control O Positive is the most prevalent blood group followed by B positive and AB negative is least prevalent followed by Anegative.

Phenotypic and Allelic Distribution of the ABO and Rhesus Blood Groups among students at Hawassa University, Ethiopia

A prior information on the distribution of ABO and Rh groups is important for management of blood bank and transfusion, genetic counseling, anthropological studies, to study the association of blood groups and diet; to investigate the association between blood and diseases. This study aimed to determine the frequency of ABO and Rh bloods and investigate gene diversity at both loci among students in Ethiopia. A descriptive cross-sectional survey was employed involving randomly selected two thousand thirty nine (2039) university students (1054 males and 985 females) with an age range of 18–29 years. Blood groups were determined based on agglutination reaction. The most common blood group was found to be O (42.47%), followed by A (27.86%), B (21.87%), and AB (7.80 %). The frequency of Rh+ and Rh- were 90.88% and 9.12 %, respectively. The combined blood types showed O+, A+, B+ and AB+ were: 38.60 %, 25.20%, 20.10% and 7.00%, respectively. A slightly different distribution pattern of ABO blood group was observed among females from Amhara region (O> B> A>AB). The distribution of ABO phenotypes from Addis Ababa and Amhara did not differ significantly from those expected under the Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium. A high level of gene diversity was observed for both loci. In general, the O blood type is most frequent and followed by A, B and AB. A similar pattern of distribution of the ABO and Rh blood groups was found in male and female study subjects. The present study will generate baseline data that could be used in blood bank management and transfusion, genetic counseling, population genetic and anthropological studies, and for disease management.

Rare Blood Groups in ABO, Rh, Kell Systems - Biological and Clinical Significance.

Background: The frequency of ABO, Rh and Kell blood group antigens differs among populations of different ethnic ancestry. There are low-frequency antigens (<1%) and high-frequency antigens (>90%). A rare blood group is defined as the absence of a high-frequency antigen in the general population, as well as absence of multiple frequent antigens within a single or multiple blood group systems. Aim: To perform red blood cell typing and to calculate the antigen and phenotype frequencies, in order to identify rare blood group donors within the clinically most important АВО, Rh and Kell systems. Material and Methods: АВО, Rh (D, C, E, c, e) and Kell (K) antigen typing was performed using specific monoclonal sera and microplate technique, while Cellano (k) typing was performed with a monoclonal anti-k, antihuman globulin and column agglutination technique. Weak ABO subgroups were determined using the absorption elution method or molecular genotyping (PCR-SSP). Results: ABO antigen frequency is: A (40.89%), O (34.22%), B (16.97%), AB (7.92%) and weak ABO subgroups (0, 009 %). The established genotypes were AxO1 (0, 0026%) and AxB (0, 001%). Rh antigen frequency is: D (85.79%), C (71.7%), c (76.0%), E (26.0%) and е (97.95%). The most common Rh pheno-type is the DCcee (32.7%) while the rarest phenotype is the DCCEE phenotype (0. 003%). The prevalence of K and k antigen is 7.5% and 99.94%, respectively. The frequency of the rare phenotype K+k- is 0.06%. Conclusion: Large scale phenotyping of blood group antigens enables the identification of blood donors with rare blood groups for patients with rare phenotypes or with antibodies to high-frequency antigens and to frequent antigens within one or more blood group systems.

Distribution of ABO And Rh Blood Groups in Blood Donors at the Tertiary Care Centre, Dahod

Introduction When it comes to blood transfusion and transplant medicine, the ABO as well as Rh blood group system are significant. There have been 700 RBC antigens found so far, and they've been divided into 30 blood groups as a result. For example, blood transfusion reaction, paternity testing, legal medicine, as well as associations with different illnesses are all medicolegally relevant when looking at ABO and Rh. Aim: The objective was to find out how much demand there is for a specific blood type compared to how much supply there is in society, to lower death rates caused by a shortage of that kind of blood. Compare the results with those from another comparable research performed in India and across the globe. Material and Methods: Between August 2018 to July 2021, researchers conducted a study on 7820 blood donors who visited the Zydus blood Centre. Tube agglutination testing and the Gel card method were used to find the patient's ABO as well as Rh blood groups. Both reverse as well as forward blood grouping methods are performed and confirmed only if both are identical. The age and sex groups as well as frequency of ABO and Rh blood groups were reported in percentages. Result The male-to-female ratio in our research was 30:1. The greatest number of male and female donors were between the ages of 18 to 30 years. For blood donation, it has been found that "O" blood donors are the most predominant, then those with B&gt;A&gt;AB blood groups. According to voluntary and replacement blood donors, AB &amp; A blood groups are more (%) in replacement blood donors as compare to O and B blood groups. Voluntary donors are 33.67% and replacement donors were 66.64%. Distribution of Rh+ve and Rh-ve blood groups in our study was 98.78% and 1.22% respectively. Conclusion It is essential to have a thorough understanding of the distinct blood groups distribution for ensuring that blood as well as its components are always available to recipients in a particular area. The present work will provide insight on a deficiency of particular blood groups, in a particular area, like A and AB blood group are more in replacement donor showing deficiency of that blood groups in this area in our study.

ABO and Rh Antigen Distribution Among Pregnant Women in South Western Uganda.

IntroductionABO and Rh are the major blood group systems in Transfusion Medicine, the ABO system based on two red cell antigens (A, B) while the Rh has about 50 antigens of which five are highly clinically significant (D, C, c, E, e). These vary among races and ethnic groups. Blood type phenotype incompatibility between mother and fetus may result in antigen mismatch, triggering alloimmunization, and thus causing hemolytic transfusion reaction (HTR), which results in hemolytic disease of fetus and newborn (HDFN). This study aimed to determine the frequencies of ABO and rhesus blood group antigen in the pregnant women in South Western Uganda.MethodsA cross-sectional study was carried out on 1369 pregnant women who were recruited and provided consent to participate during their regular antenatal visits between August 2020 and July 2021. Four milliliters (4mL) of EDTA-anti-coagulated blood samples were collected and ABO and Rh-blood grouping including Rh antigen screening was done using the agglutination technology comprised of glass beads and reagent contained in a column of the Ortho Biovue ID Micro Typing System (Ortho Clinical Diagnostics, New Jersey, USA). The Rh antigen phenotypes and frequencies were then determined.ResultsThere was percentage distribution of 99.8%, c 99.3%, D 94.3%, C 19.2% and E 15.9%, with Rh cDe/cDe (65.1%) being the most common phenotype followed by cDe/CDe (15%), cDe/cDE (10.8%) and cDE/cDE 0.1% least common. The ABO grouping frequency was obtained as O 49.4%, A 29.5%, B 17.0% and AB 4.1%, with D positivity at 94.3%.DiscussionPopulation genetic variations result in varied expressions of red cell antigens that may have clinical complications. Knowledge of the presence of these Rh antigen distributions and phenotype frequencies during pregnancy help in rational management of the pregnancy, alloimmunization and better approach to safe blood transfusion.

An Insight Into the Distribution of Allele Frequency of ABO and Rh (D) Blood Grouping System Among Blood Donors in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Chengalpattu District of South India.

IntroductionThe distribution of ABO and Rh (D) blood groups and their allele frequencies vary from one population to another worldwide. The objective of the study is to estimate the distribution of ABO & Rh (D) blood groups among all the blood donors in a tertiary care hospital in Chengalpattu district of Tamilnadu in South India and to determine their allele frequencies.MethodsThis was a retrospective observational study carried out in the blood bank of Karpaga Vinayaga Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre from January 2015 to December 2021. ABO and Rh (D) blood grouping of all the blood donors were carried out by tube agglutination method. Allele frequency of the blood group genes was calculated based on Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.ResultsOut of total a of 7598 blood donors, 7576 (99.71%) were males and 22 (0.29%) were females. The most common blood group was O positive (37.67%) while AB negative (0.18%) was the least common blood group. The phenotypic frequency of blood group O (39.17%) was the highest and that of blood group AB (7.88%) was the least. A majority (95.96%) of the blood donors were Rh (D) positive. The allele frequencies of ABO and Rh (D) blood groups were 0.1628 for IA, 0.2177 for IB, 0.6259 for IO, 0.7991 for ID, and 0.2009 for Id.ConclusionsThe distribution of the two major blood group systems namely ABO and Rh (D) systems show considerable heterogeneity in different populations of the world. Information about allele frequencies of blood groups among different populations worldwide will help in framing policy decisions to face future challenges in healthcare services.

STUDY OF CORRELATION OF ABO AND RH INCOMPATIBILITY WITH RISK OF NEONATAL HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL

Background: Hyperbilirubinemia in a neonate is one of the most common problems that may occur in 60-70 % of term and 80% of preterm babies. It is known to be associated with signicant morbidity like neonatal bilirubin encephalopathy and even death. Clinically, and almost exclusively ABO incompatibility occurs in 'A' and 'B' blood group babies of O '+ve' mothers. These babies are reported to be at high risk of severe hyperbilirubinemia. So early intervention, at proper time, is mandatory to prevent these sequelae Methods: The aim is to determine the frequency of ABO and Rh blood group incompatibilities and associated incidence of hyperbilirubinemia for the purpose of instituting intervention for better neonatal outcomes. It was a descriptive cross-sectional study that includes 102 neonates born to mother with O or Rh-negative blood group admitted in the post-natal ward for routine newborn care. Serum bilirubin was documented in icteric neonates. Results: The incidence of ABO incompatibility in our study was 33.33% and of Rh incompatibility was 4.9%. In ABO and Rh incompatibility group, 41.17% and 20% new born respectively developed clinical jaundice. In ABO incompatibility group, majority, 64.28% did not require treatment, whereas in Rh incompatibility group 100% required treatment. In both ABO and Rh incompatibility exchange transfusion was not required. In ABO and Rh incompatibility, all new-born treated well and no kernicterus was seen. Conclusions: In ABO incompatibility, if jaundice develops, it remains in physiological limits. In presence of some aggravating conditions may present as pathological jaundice. It results in signicant morbidity but no mortality, so prevention of aggravating factors is very important, in case of ABO and Rh incompatibility.

Distribution and Frequency of ABO and Rhesus (D) Blood Groups in Somalia: A Retrospective Study on Students of Jazeera University, Mogadishu-Somalia.

Background There are differences in the distribution and frequency of ABO and D blood groups in different populations of the world. Relatively very little information is available about blood group distributions in the Somali population. Objectives: To identify the distribution and frequency of ABO and D blood groups among the Somali people. Methods A retrospective cross-sectional study of 1811 enrolled students of Jazeera University was conducted in Jazeera University diagnosis and research center, Mogadishu-Somalia from December 2017 to December 2020. The result was presented as the frequency of each blood group with percentage. A Fisher's exact test was carried out to test the significant association of the ABO blood group with sex and D antigen with sex. Results Blood group O was the most prevalent (61%), followed by A (27%), B (10%), and AB (2%). The D-antigen was present in 97% of participants and 3% were D-negative. The distribution of O+, A+, B+, AB+ among D-positive subjects were 62%, 27%, 9% and 2.0% while that of O-, A-, B- and AB- among D-negative subjects were 57%, 27%, 12% and 3%, respectively. The frequencies of ABO and D-antigens in both male and female subjects were O > A > B > AB. However, this study found no significant difference of ABO with Sex and D-antigens with sex (P-value>0.05). Conclusions The frequency of ABO and D blood groups among the Somalia population was found to be O > A > B > AB which was similar to those reported from most East African populations.

The Frequencies of ABO and Rh Phenotypes among Male Blood Donors in Northwestern Saudi Arabia.

Transfusion-dependent patients in Saudi Arabia are numerous because of the existence of life-threatening inherited diseases such as sickle cell anemia and thalassemia. Thus, analysis of the frequencies of the ABO and rhesus (Rh) phenotypes is vital. This study sought to evaluate the frequencies of the ABO and Rh phenotypes among male blood donors in Hail region. One hundred and twenty-six (126) blood samples were collected from male donors living in Hail region and were screened for ABO and Rh phenotypes. The collected data were statistically analyzed using GraphPad Prism (version 9.3.1). Among 126 blood donors, 43.6% were classified into the O blood group. Additionally, Rh antigen e was predominantly detected in this study (99.2%). A total of 103 blood donors exhibited D antigen, whereas 23 were negative for D antigen. The DCe/dce (R1r) phenotype was observed in 29.1% of RhD positive donors, while 73.9% of RhD negative blood donors expressed the dce/dce (rr) phenotype. The O phenotype and e antigen were most frequently observed in male blood donors from Hail province. RhD positive samples took advantage of total blood donor samples over RhD negative samples. CcDee (R1r) phenotype was commonly identified in the RhD positive population, whereas ccddee (rr) phenotype was consis¬tently detected in the RhD negative male donors.

Phenotype, Allele and Genotype Frequency of ABO and Rhesus D Blood Groups of Blood Donors at the North Gondar District Blood Bank, Northwest Ethiopia.

BackgroundKnowledge of the ABO and RhD group distribution is essential for blood banks inventory and assuring quality blood transfusion services. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of ABO and RhD phenotype, allele, and genotype among blood donors at North Gondar District Blood Bank from 2010 to 2012, Northwest Ethiopia.MethodsThe data of the current study were obtained from registration logbooks of blood donors registered. The ABO and RhD grouping was done by using commercially available monoclonal antibodies (anti-A, anti-B and anti-D) by slide methods. Results with no agglutination by anti-D antibody were confirmed using anti-human globulin test. Descriptive statistics were analyzed using SPSS version 20. The allele and genotype frequency of the donors was determined by Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium assumption. The difference between the observed and expected frequency was tested by online Chi-square calculator. P-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsAmong 6471 blood donors, 82.1%, 94.1% and 55.4% were males, replacement donors and in the age group of 21–30 years, respectively. Blood group O (47.04%) and blood group AB (4.81%) were the dominant and least common, respectively. The distribution of the RhD negative blood group was 5.76%. The distribution of A, B and O alleles was 0.1714, 0.1433 and 0.6859, respectively. Moreover, the genotype frequency of AA, AO, BB, BO, AB and OO was 0.0294, 0.2350, 0.0205, 0.1966, 0.0491 and 0.4704, respectively. The genotype frequency of DD, Dd and dd was 0.5774, 0.3649 and 0.0576, respectively. The result showed that there was no statistically significant difference between observed and expected allele and genotype frequency (P-value >0.05).ConclusionBlood group O and AB were the most and least prevalent, respectively. The allele and genotype frequency of the population was fulfilled the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium assumption. This finding might be useful for blood transfusion services.

Coronavirus Disease 2019 Infection and ABO Blood Groups in a Hemodialysis Cohort in the United Arab Emirates.

Some epidemiological data have implicated blood groups in susceptibility to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. We were interested to see if there was any apparent effect of different ABO blood groups on susceptibility to COVID-19 infection in unvaccinated hemodialysis (HD) patients, as they had a high rate of mortality from this infection. Blood group O has been suggested to be protective against COVID-19 infection; however, since the ABO frequency is affected by ethnicity, we looked at infection frequency and blood group and corrected the expected frequency for the ethnicity of our cohort. We examined 249 HD patients presenting with a positive COVID-19 polymerase chain reaction regarding their ABO blood group and compared the ABO frequencies with published data for the United Arab Emirates (UAE), as well as international and historical ABO data on dialysis frequency. Although there was an apparent protective effect of blood group O when we compared blood group frequencies with the UAE data, this disappeared when corrected for ethnicity. We concluded that any association of the ABO blood group with COVID-19 infection is unlikely to be of major importance and should not be used to reassure patients that they are mildly protected against COVID-19 without vaccination.

Frequency and distribution of ABO and Rhesus (D) blood groups: A tertiary care hospital experience

Frequency and distribution of ABO and Rhesus (D) blood groups: A tertiary care hospital experience

The Prevalence of ABO, Rh and Bombay Blood Group among Donors at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Mangalore, India

Introduction: Blood types were first discovered by an Austrian physician, Karl Landsteiner. He found that blood sera from different persons would clump together (agglutinate) when mixed in test tubes, and some human blood also agglutinated with animal blood. The study of different blood groups is important as it has major role in blood transfusion, certain medico-legal cases especially disputed paternity etc. Aim: This study was carried out to find the prevalence of ABO, Rhesus (Rh) and Bombay blood group among donors at a tertiary care hospital. Materials and Methods: The present retrospective study was done at a tertiary care hospital of Mangalore, Dakshina Kannada district, Karnataka, India from June 2018 to May 2019 with data analysis done in November 2019. Data of 8,254 blood donors were collected and analysed regarding ABO, Rhesus and Bombay group from June 2018 to May 2019. Blood grouping was done by automated method using agglutination technique. The data collected was analysed by frequency and percentage. Results: The total donors studied were 8,254 with mean age of 48 years. The most common blood group was O (n=3178,38.5%) followed by B (n=2343, 28.38), A (n=2102, 25.47%), AB (n=629, 7.62%) and Bombay (n=2, 0.02%), respectively. Rh positivity among donors were 94% (n=7762). Rest were Rh negative and were found to be approx. 6% (n=490). Conclusion: The most common blood group among donors was O Rh positive and the least common was Bombay blood group. Every blood bank should have a record of frequency of ABO and Rh grouping as it is important for its effective management. Safe transfusion reduces the risk of transfusion transmitted illnesses and thus promotes patient safety