Freedom Of Press Research Articles

Fantine in the Belle Époque: Representation of the Fille-Mère in L'Assiette au beurre (1902) and Marcelle Tinayre's La Rebelle (1905)

Abstract: This article reads depictions of the fille-mère as a vehicle for the expression of anxieties surrounding representation of marginal female figures and freedom of the press in the Belle Époque. It looks to two texts, exploring how these fictional unmarried mothers differ from Hugo's Fantine, the archetype of the fille-mère , earlier in the nineteenth century. After an overview of welfare support for unmarried mothers in the long nineteenth century, the author provides close and intermedial readings of a 1902 issue of L'Assiette au Beurre and Marcelle Tinayre's La Rebelle (1905), focusing on the limits of representation of these non-conforming women.

The political foundation of mainstream media trust in East and Southeast Asia: A cross‐national analysis

AbstractDeclining levels of trust in the media in Western democracies have drawn the attention of political scientists, but much less attention has been paid to East Asia. This paper sets out to examine the logic behind media trust in three different types of regimes in East and Southeast Asia: countries with, partial, and no press freedom, respectively. Our findings show that while respondents' trust in government and support for socioideological control of the government have consistent and significant associations with their media trust across all 12 countries, Internet usage, online political participation, support for media censorship, and patriotic belief have different associations with the variable being studied as the degree of press freedom varies. The findings indicate that citizens are well aware of the role mass media plays in the political system and thus their trust in the media reflects the expectation‐perception gap of the government‐media relationship accordingly.

Revolution derailed: The struggle for media control and media freedom in China

AbstractDrawing on data from the 2018 China Internet Survey, this article analyzes the channels through which Chinese citizens acquire political information and how such information changes people's political attitude and behavior. It finds that while many people particularly among the younger generations are using social media, an equally large number of people continue to rely on the officially controlled TV news for political and social information. As hoped by those who want to bring down the authoritarian regime through social media, the Internet contributes to questioning the government and developing liberal ideas among its users but fails to promote bottom‐up political participation. Interestingly, government‐controlled TV programming meets its goals of improving regime support as well as mobilizing mass political participation. The authoritarian government also seems effective in pushing social media into its orbit of political control. These findings suggest that techno‐Utopianism exaggerated the role of technology in liberal democratization.

Balancing restrictive measures and media freedom: RT France v. Council

Balancing restrictive measures and media freedom: <i>RT France v. Council</i>

Legal Protection of Journalists' Rights Based on Law No 40 of 1999 on Freedom of the Press

This thesis is entitled legal protection for the journalist profession by raising several issues including the following: (a) abuse or physical violence against journalists who are carrying out their duties, (b) deletion, falsification of news reports produced by journalists, (c) intimidation or pressure on journalists to stop or limit the delivery of news or reports relating to the public interest, (d) prohibiting access or blocking journalists from gathering information or covering an event. Based on the main points calculated in the background, the researcher can analyze it to determine the formulation of the problem as follows what are the forms of criminalization of journalists' rights of profession and the legal protection of the rights of journalists who are criminalized by other parties. The research methods as researchers in a scientific or scientific way to get a discussion of theoretical studies. This research method consists of: (1) The type of research method used in this writing is the normative legal research method. (2) descriptive approach (3) and sources of legal materials consisting of secondary, primary and tertiary sources of legal materials, then also processing of legal materials and analysis of legal materials. Then the literature review section consists of (1) an overview of previous research, (2) an overview of journalists and the press, (3) an overview of legal protection, (4) an overview of victims. This literature review serves as a theoretical basis in outline so that it can complete the discussion and theory sections which consist of: (1) Forms of criminalization of the rights of the journalist profession, (2) Legal protection of the journalist profession which is criminalized by other parties.

Right to be Forgotten and Freedom of the Press in the Decisions of the Constitutional Court and the Court of Cassation

Bilgiye erişmek ve bilgiyi depolamak, teknolojik gelişmeler ile beraber hiç olmadığı kadar kolaylaşmıştır. Yıllar önce yaşanan bir olayı öğrenmek için gazeteye ulaşmak yerine internet aracılığıyla dakikalar içerisinde bilgiye erişmek olanaklı hale gelmiştir. İnternet aracılığıyla arşivlenen bilgilerin bireylere “unutulmama” gibi bir dönüşü olmuştur. Bireyin işlediği suçun, ismi Google’da aratıldığında görüntülenmesi, geleceğini serbestçe ve özgürce şekillendirmesini olumsuz yönde etkiler. Birey hakkındaki rahatsız edici bilgilerin dijital hafızadan silinmesini sağlamak amacıyla Anayasa Mahkemesi ve Yargıtay kararlarında “unutulma hakkı” kavramına yer verilmiştir. Unutulma hakkı, uygulamada erişimin engellenmesi yoluyla gündeme gelmektedir. Erişimin engellenmesi yolu her ne kadar yalnızca internet ortamında yer alan içerikler için söz konusu olsa da bu hakkın insan haklarıyla olan ilişkisi ve Yargıtay tarafından verilen kararlar göz önüne alındığında, kamunun kolayca ulaşabileceği yerde tutulan tüm kişisel veriler için unutulma hakkına başvurulabileceği hakkın amacıyla daha fazla bağdaşacaktır. Şüphesiz ki bireyin unutulma hakkı korunurken toplumun bilgi edinme hakkı ve basının ifade özgürlüğü kısıtlanmamalıdır. Bir yayının unutulma hakkı kapsamında değerlendirilebilmesi için yayının içeriği, yayında kaldığı süre, güncelliğini yitirme, tarihsel veri olarak kabul edilmeme, kamu yararına katkısı, habere konu kişinin kamuoyunda tanınırlığı, halkın ilgili yayına olan ilgisi unsurları bakımından irdelenmelidir. Bu çalışmada mevzuatta doğrudan yer edinmeyen unutulma hakkının Türk hukukundaki yeri ve unutulma hakkı ile basın özgürlüğü arasındaki sınır, Yargıtay ve Anayasa Mahkemesi kararları çerçevesinde anlatılmıştır.

Analyzing Conflict Reporting and Press Freedom in Pakistan: Examining Threats to Journalists' Safety in FATA Region

According to Reporters without Borders, Pakistan occupies 157th position in the World Press Freedom Index 2022 out of 180 countries. FATA is considered as the most dangerous area for the journalists in Pakistan. They face harassment, threats, threating calls, kidnaping, beating and even death. Journalists cannot report on sensitive issues in FATA region. The study strives to find out the challenges the journalists face in FATA, to know the reasons why these challenges exist and finally to find out the best possible solutions for these issues. On the pinning of the Hierarchy of Influential Model has been utilized. To address the posed research questions to examine the freedom of press, a survey was designed and reached out to the working journalists of FATA region. The results show that journalists are facing censorship and pressures from owners and different extremist groups. Majority of the journalists also receive instructions and pressures from law enforcing agencies for the favorable coverage. The study further states that journalists are not free to report the events from the war zones if it is against the law enforcing agencies.

Discovering Future Research Trends of Journalism Studies in Southeast Asia: Comparison between Indonesia and Malaysia using Bibliometric Approach

Contemporary communication technology developments influence trends in global journalism studies. Global journalism trends studies have also affected journalism studies across Southeast Asian countries, such as Indonesia and Malaysia. Journalism studies in both countries are inseparable from the culture of journalism and related research. The culture of journalism and research is associated with social, political, and academic dynamics, which have prompted significant changes in recent times. Indonesia and Malaysia are geographically and culturally close countries, exhibiting strategic positions in Southeast Asia. The current research aims to discover the trends in journalism studies in Indonesia and Malaysia and their comparisons. The present study employed the bibliometric method, and the data were retrieved from Web of Science Core Collection (WoS) using VOSviewer. The results suggested several similarities and differences between the two countries' documents, hinting at future trends in journalism studies in both countries. The topic trends and research collaborations are also discussed in this paper. The present study provides an overview of future trends in journalism studies in Indonesia and Malaysia based on data from their journalism studies over the last twelve years. Concerning keyword mapping, research publications on Indonesian and Malaysian journalism studies feature a tendency to link the existence of the Internet, social, political, and religious conditions with journalism culture and press freedom. Keywords: Journalism studies, journalism culture, research trend, research culture, bibliometric.

The role of institutions in shaping state competitiveness: the evidence from the European countries

The article aims to define the role of institutions in shaping competitiveness in certain European states. The research problem to be addressed through this study is to what extent does the level of competitiveness in world economy depends on Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI) in particular countries. The study was conducted using a combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods of data analysis. A cross-country comparative analysis, based on data from 32 European states in 2021, revealed that the level of competitiveness is determined by institutional environment. The higher the WGI percentile ranks, the better place in the World Competitiveness Ranking. The results of the study enabled to fully confirm the 1st hypothesis, i.e. the institutional governance quality and control of corruption have a noticeably positive impact on competitiveness. It was revealed that the 2nd hypothesis could not be confirmed because of statistical insignificance, i.e. countries with political stability, absence of violence/terrorism and quality of law are typically more competitive among world economies. Meanwhile, the 3rd one was partially confirmed, i.e. the quality of regulations leads to higher competitiveness of economies, while freedom of expression, free media and ability to participate in national elections have not a significant impact on competitiveness.

بلوچستان میں صحافت کا سفر:انسانی حقوق اور اخلاقی اقدار سے متعلق مسائل کے تناظر میں ایک جائزہ

This research article presents an overview of the state of journalism in Baluchistan, a region of significant geographical and political importance where the role of media is crucial in shaping public discourse. However, journalism in Baluchistan has been greatly affected due to the challenges it faces. Despite these obstacles, journalism plays a vital role in bringing critical issues to light, such as human rights violations, economic disparities, and regional conflicts. Furthermore, the excerpt highlights the emerging landscape of media in Baluchistan, where the rise of digital platforms and social media has transformed the dissemination of information and created new avenues for citizen journalism. The digital transformation has brought both opportunities and challenges, and the excerpt discusses these changes in the context of Baluchistan. In conclusion, this excerpt sheds light on the complex and dynamic nature of journalism in Baluchistan, acknowledging that despite formidable obstacles, journalists in the region continue to play a crucial role in reporting on local and global issues. Baluchistan’s journalists require continuous attention, support, and advocacy to safeguard press freedom and professional integrity in this unique region.

Political Economy of Mainstream Television Channels in Ethiopia

The main objective of this article was to explore the political economy of mainstream TV channels in Ethiopia from the perspective of ownership and regulations. The study used a qualitative approach to document analysis. It also conducted an in-depth interviews with randomly selected media monitoring experts and journalists working in the newsrooms of TV channels to augment the data. The results showed that media ownership and political power are closely intertwined in Ethiopia. It also indicated the private TV channels need reasonable subsidies to survive in an increasing market competition. The boundary between private and government ownership is hazy despite difference in the business models with parallel censorship conditions in both private and government-owned channels. There is diversity in TV ownership, with lower competition and sluggish development of TV infrastructure. Constricted control of TV channels by manifold and overlapping regulatory provisions obstructing TV content and restraining freedom of the press characterizes the political economy of TV channels. This study suggests a need for the establishment of a system in which constitutional rights and regulatory frameworks would become compatible to protect press freedom and diversity of voices in mainstream TV channels.&#x0D; Key Words: Political Economy, Television Channels, Ownership, Regulations, Press Freedom&#x0D; &#x0D;

The Decline of Democracy and Parliaments in Eastern Central Europe: A Case Study on Poland

The parliamentary system in Eastern Central Europe has been known for its authoritarianism, with parliaments being subordinated to communist leadership and parties, as seen in Poland. The decline of democracy in Poland reached its peak when the conservative party was in power, controlling the legislative and judiciary in this former communist country. Corruption and social inequality threatened modern democracy, leading to protests and criticism from the people. The ruling party mainly focused on economic and political power in the name of citizens, leading to criticism even from the media. The study aims to examine the decline of democracy and parliaments in eastern central Europe in Poland. The study uses a case study and qualitative approach to identify the factors behind the decline of democracy in Poland. The main issues were the credibility of state institutions and the lack of media freedom, in addition to corruption. The political change in Poland and increasing populism led to the decline of democracy, which continued to receive criticism even from the media.

‘The Worst Invention Ever’: The Number Lottery and its Critics during the Press Freedom Period in Denmark-Norway, 1770-1773

ABSTRACT During the so-called Press Freedom Period, 1770–1773, in Denmark-Norway, fierce and mostly anonymous criticism of the recently introduced number lottery emerged. This opposition went beyond mainstream patriotic discourse and produced narratives of players and lottery agents as socially irresponsible individuals. The article traces the initial development of a patriotic narrative concerning matters of morality, the deterioration of the labour force, and the perceived threats against the resilience of the state. We demonstrate how the focus of criticism – during the subsequent phase leading up to the closing of Press Freedom in October-November 1773 – shifted towards the practice of playing the lottery and the actors embodying this practice as victims or abettors of the operations of an ominous state-sanctioned enterprise. This rapid transformation of discourse was a unique feature of the Press Freedom Period.

States living in glasshouses …: Why fighting domestic insurgency changes how countries vote in the UN human rights council

How do conflicts within a country's borders affect its behavior beyond them? We argue that fighting insurgencies at home shapes a country's human rights posture at the UN Human Rights Council (UNHRC). States often suppress insurgencies using methods that violate their international human rights commitments. They are therefore hesitant to condemn other countries’ alleged violations for fear of reciprocal condemnation of their own actions. This is especially true in countries with greater media freedom where the media is more likely to hold the state accountable for human rights violations, and to highlight its apparent hypocrisy internationally. Such states, we argue, are more likely to vote against or abstain from resolutions that target individual states for human rights transgressions. We test this claim with a global statistical analysis of country voting patterns at the UNHRC from 1973 to 2017. Our results yield new insights into the determinants of countries’ voting behavior in multilateral human rights fora.

Free Press Under Pressure? Experiences and Consequences of Hateful Harassment on Journalists in Germany

The rise of populist movements all over the world and various global crises in recent years have led to a sharp increase in distrust in news and the media. Although this development is tangible globally, it seems pertinent to take a look at a Western liberal democracy with a comparatively good journalistic infrastructure such as Germany, where hateful harassment and attacks on journalists are on the rise. These issues have been widely discussed publicly in Germany. However, it would be useful to take into account the perspective of those affected by these phenomena. To contribute to the discourses on hate against journalists, the current contribution presents data from a survey of active journalists in Germany (&lt;em&gt;n&lt;/em&gt; = 322). The questionnaire comprised both standardized and open-ended questions, focusing specifically on hateful harassment and attacks experienced by journalists, including the ways through which they are transported and whether hate can be politically localized. The results reveal that hate and attacks are mainly attributed to right-wing individuals and groups. In addition to verbal hate, various responding journalists reported having been physically attacked or having received death threats. Given the frequency of experienced hateful harassment, most respondents fear that the freedom of press in Germany is in jeopardy (62%), and about half have considered self-censorship to avoid being the target of hate. The severity of experienced hate is illustrated by open-ended questions in the form of personal accounts that are analyzed using qualitative content analysis. The results are discussed in light of the role of a free press in modern democracies, as well as recent research on devaluing attitudes towards the free press in Germany.

Reforms and Media Depictions of the Death Penalty in Malaysia

Malaysia has retained the death penalty for violent crimes and some nonviolent drug offenses. Major news dailies, controlled by political parties in the ruling coalition, have helped justify this stance in the past. This situation changed over 22 months when a new coalition, which campaigned on abolishing capital punishment, took office and sparked renewed public discussion on this issue. Depictions of the death penalty debate were analyzed by conducting a content analysis of two major English-language newspapers, The Star and New Straits Times. Our findings suggest that The Star provided more international coverage and the New Straits Times prioritized domestic coverage. While both outlets provided comprehensive, and sometimes, critical coverage of executions elsewhere, they downplayed the fact that Malaysia engages in the same practice. There was no evidence to indicate that they were pushing an agenda as neither took a formal position on the issue. Content to transmit the differing views on the subject, neither functioned as forums to air nor shaped policy positions. This posture was possibly shaped by preconceived notions of what their readership wants and/or self-censorship—a legacy of past subjugation that will hopefully change when press freedom is perceived as a right, not a privilege.

The Genesis of Legal Consolidation and Provision of Access to the Information in Ukraine

The article examines the question of the formation and evolution of the development of the right to access to information in Ukraine. The study of transformations and modern trends in the field of access to information is important for understanding the essence and directions of development of this right, which is particularly significant in the realities of the modern information society.The author notes that the problem of access to information in Ukraine has ancient historical origins and is organically connected with the understanding of the phenomenon of information in general and its role in the civilizational development of Ukrainian society. That is why the purpose of the article is to study the genesis of legal consolidation and provision of access to information in Ukraine.The optimal methodological basis for research is a complex of philosophical and worldview approaches to the study of the genesis of legal consolidation and provision of access to information in Ukraine, general scientific and specifically legal methods. Methods of analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction, historical-legal, terminological, hermeneutic-legal and comparative-legal methods were used.The article traces the history of legal consolidation and provision of access to information in Ukraine. The main periods of the development of the right to information are clarified, in each of which the peculiarities of approaches to understanding the meaning of information and ensuring access to it are investigated. Emphasis is placed on the issue of access to information in the context of freedom of speech, thought and press, as well as censorship as a way of controlling and limiting freedom of information in Ukraine.The author concluded that the modern state is not perceived in meaningful isolation from human rights, one of the most important of which is the right to information and access to it. This right has a long history, inseparable from the history of the institution of human rights and freedoms. Under the influence of different historical stages of society, the understanding of the right to access to information had its own characteristics. The leading trend in the development of access to information was the constant attraction to expansion, legal protection and guarantee, which is conceptually embodied in the norms of modern domestic legislation.

Exploring how absence of judicial freedom undermines press freedom in Ethiopia

This qualitative phenomenological study explores how private press journalists perceive, narrate and interpret their personal challenges and hardships they faced with the judicial system of Ethiopia. In addition, this study explored lived experiences of the journalists and their effort to fight to get a proper court trial in the country. To explore those challenges, and hardships the study considered a time framework embedded the late Prime Minister of Ethiopia Meles Zenawi's tenure. The study used a theory of Alfred Schutz's “Life World” as a lens to provide a “pure” description of the participants' lived experiences. The theory entails a thorough assessment of the participants' encounters and a focus on their lived experiences concerning lack of freedom of judicial system. The data was obtained through a semi-structured interview, which is widely regarded as the most effective method for gathering information for an Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis study. Interviews with the journalists were conducted and transcribed with the goal of allowing participants to tell their own stories. The interview transcripts were studied one by one, and each transcript was read and reread to uncover themes that were then organized and further investigated. This study discovered that private press journalists undergo a variety of problems, hardships, and sufferings as a result of lack of free judicial system in Ethiopia during Meles Zenawi's nearly quarter-century rule. Thus, we propose that if we want to see true freedom in every dimension, including press freedom, the legal system must be totally free from the grip of political power and cease functioning like a puppet and doing what it is instructed.

Media freedom, information and communication technology infrastructure, and foreign direct investment inflows

AbstractIn an era of globalization, attracting foreign capital inflows remains a significant concern among nations. This paper aims to examine the individual and joint effects of media freedom and information and communication technologies (ICT) infrastructure on foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows. Utilizing a panel dataset of FDI inflows from 144 countries worldwide from 2003 to 2016 for our empirical analysis, we find that media freedom significantly increases FDI inflows. Interestingly, ICT infrastructure plays an essential moderating role in this relationship. When ICT infrastructure is underdeveloped, the expected impact of media freedom may not materialize; however, as the level of ICT infrastructure improves, the positive effect of media freedom becomes increasingly significant. Hence, we argue that a free media and robust ICT infrastructure are complementary in attracting FDI. Our study not only fills a crucial gap in the literature by examining their joint effect but also provides insightful implications for host countries looking to attract foreign investment. This work thus significantly contributes to understanding the complex relationships among media freedom, ICT infrastructure levels, and FDI inflows at the national level.

Legal Freedom of the Press in the Configuration of Democratic Politics in the Reform Era

The purpose and legal position of the press has two functions, namely: First, the press has become the oldest communication medium in the world. As a provider of communication sources, the press must be able to coexist with other state agencies or institutions. Both press are social institutions as well as political systems. The correlation between the parties cannot be separated from the philosophical and ideological foundations of society according to what they profess. Law is a system created by humans to control and limit human behavior so that it can always be monitored. Quoting Prof. Dissertation. Mahfud MD in the open senate session of Gadjah Mada University, 25 June 1993 he said that, the role and function of law is heavily influenced and often suppressed by the control of political influence. In Indonesia, political configurations are intertwined between democratic and authoritarian political configurations, while the characteristics of legal products follow the pattern of attraction between responsive and conservative products. The principle of democratic political configuration or the principle of authoritarian political configuration refers to three main indicators, namely the party concept and the role of parliamentary or people's representative bodies, domination by the executive branch, and freedom of the press.