Free Style Research Articles

The oral cavity state in professional athletes on the background of intense physical exercises

Aim. To estimate the parameters of dental and immune status of professional athletes’ oral cavity on the background of intense physical exercises. 
 Methods. Clinical and laboratory studies of oral cavity of 122 athletes were conducted. The inclusion criteria for the study group were the athletes involved in freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestling with identical living conditions, nutrition, training, aged 19 to 27 years. Athletic experience of professional sports was 8 to 13 years. The presence of chronic catarrhal gingivitis and chronic generalized periodontitis of mild and moderate severity were identified. Biochemical studies were conducted in 92 male athletes (wrestlers of the free and classical style) aged 19 to 27 years. Samples of saliva were collected in the morning on an empty stomach 15-30 min prior to training and within 1 h after the intensive training sessions. 
 Results. Before the start of the training of wrestlers with intact periodontium no signs of bleeding gums were detected, but at the end of the training process due to rising intensity of physical exercise, deterioration of the hygienic condition of the oral cavity and increasing blood flow, bleeding developed. After completion of the cycle of intense physical training with heavy loads aimed at the development of strength endurance in the prelaunch period, the immune status of the examined athletes changes a little. In accordance with the received data of laboratory investigations highly qualified athletes have decreased secretory immunoglobulin A on the background of significantly increased proinflammatory cytokine in the same biotope of the oral cavity. 
 Conclusion. Long-term and excessive exercise often lead to changes of local immunity in the oral cavity and development of pathological processes in periodontal tissues that indicates the feasibility of their timely diagnosis and correction.

The Swimming Ability of Children with Asthma

Summary This paper reports on findings of a pilot research to determine the level of swimming ability of children with weak respiratory system aged between 10 - 11 years, who attended special classes for asthmatics. Swimming ability was assessed by 25 m free style swimming test. The results of asthmatics were compared with healthy peers (Benčuriková 2006; Kováčová 2010; Labudová 2011). The results confirmed that the level of swimming capability of asthmatic children, despite their handicap, is significantly higher than their healthy peers.

Risk Assessment in Venous ThromboEmbolism

Clinical pre-test probability scores are used to guide the subsequent steps in the diagnosis and therapy of venous thromboembolism. However, often there is resistance in accepting formal and standardized procedures as a substitute of expert judgements. A review of the available tools as well as of the laboratory and imaging techniques is presented, together with the detailed report of a comprehensive debate held on the Vasculab Mailing List. Several unusual topics came to attention during the discussion: as the validation of scores, limited to a few contexts and populations; the over-utilization of venous duplex ultrasound and the rational use of resources; how to choose the steps, managing the amount of time waiting for the results of a test; the scarce attention given today to the long term complications, like the chronic pulmonary embolism, the pulmonary hypertension and the post-thrombotic syndrome. A lot of open problems of course remains, the report being witness of the value of a free style atypical discussion, as generally occurs on Vasculab.

Structured imaging report of hilar cholangiocarcinoma: how to highlight the critical findings

Objective: It is believed that the most commonly used type of conventional or free style imaging report tends to either fail to mention the critical aspects or hide them in lengthy reports that include unimportant incidental findings. For this reason, structured reports may provide better description of imaging findings, facilitating for surgeons to extract the most needed information. The aim of this study is to demonstrate how to build a structured report of multiphasic computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for staging hilar cholangiocarcinoma in practice. Methods: Several cases of hilar cholangiocarcinoma at different stages will be illustrated and reported by using a standardized template, emphasizing the most relevant findings for assessing ressecability and surgical planning. Results: Not applicable to this type of study. Conclusion: Since surgical resection is the only potentially curative technique, proper determination of the extent of disease on imaging studies is one of the most important steps of patient management. The adoption of a standardized template for radiology reporting using universally accepted terminology improves the decision-making process for the management of patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma.

An Employer of Last Resort Scheme which Resembles a Free Labour Market

Abstract. The idea that government should act as employer of last resort (ELR) is an old one. That idea is often referred to nowadays as “job guarantee”. Many ELR schemes to date have been confined to the public sector. There is no good reason for that limitation: i.e. the private sector should use ELR labour as well. A second common characteristic of ELR schemes has been that (like the WPA in the US in the 1930s) they involve specially set up projects or schemes as distinct from subsidising temporary employees into work with EXISTING employers. The “existing employer” option is preferable. Once those two common defects in ELR are removed, the result is a system where the unemployed are subsidised into temporary and relatively unproductive jobs with existing employers till better jobs appear. And that in turn is what the unemployed tend to do in a totally free market: a scenario where there are no minimum wage laws and unemployment benefit, and where the unemployed tend to get temporary low paid jobs in both public and private sectors pending the appearance of better jobs. In contrast to a free market, under ELR, take home pay is maintained at socially acceptable levels. Assuming that free markets maximise GDP, it follows that the sort of ELR system advocated here will also maximize GDP. That free market style ELR system actually resembles the ELR system that the UK has at the time of writing, namely the Work Programme. The latter “free market” / Work Programme system is not free of faults, but as long as ELR employees do not displace regular employees to too great an extent, that “free market” ELR system is better than traditional ELR. Keywords. Employer of last resort, Job guarantee, Work project admistration. JEL. J60, J63, J64, J68.

Without a Plan.

Artist Frank Bonilla uses a photo editing program called ACDSee Pro in all of his digital artwork. His hundreds of colorful digital images were created in an ad lib, free style, random, and unplanned process that is adventurous and exploratory.

Instrumental Develovement of 50 Meters Free Style Swimming Speed Measurement Based on Microcontroller Arduino Uno

This study is purposed to make a software and hardware instrument in controlling the velocity of 50 meters free style swimming speed measurement based on microcontroller Arduino Uno. The writer uses 6 participants of advanced 2015 college students of sport education. The materials he uses are electronical series of microcontroller Arduino Uno base, laser sensors shone on light dependent resistor, laser receiver functions as a detector of laser cutting block, cables as connector transfering the data. This device consist of 4 installable censors in every 10 meters with the result of swimming speed showed on the monitors using visual basic 6.0 software. This instrument automatically works when the buzzer is pushed and also runs the timer on the application. For the procedure, the writer asks the participants to swim in free style along 50 meters. When the athlete swims, they will cut the laser of every censors so that it gives a signal to stop the running timer on the monitoring application. The output result the writer gets from this used instrument is to know how fast a swimmer swim in maximum speed, to know the time and distance of acceleration and decelaration that happens. The result of validity instrument shows 0,605 (high), while the reliability is 0,833 (very high).

Abstract 025: Factors Influencing Blood Pressure Control and Adherence in a Middle income Country That Provides Universal Free Access to a Comprehensive Hypertension Program

Background: Limited information exists on the association of clinical, socio-economic, psychosocial factors and free access to national health programs with blood pressure control (BPC) and adherence to therapy (Rx) in developing middle income countries. Methods: Cross-sectional study in randomly selected 992 hypertensive patients (30 to 64 years of age) served in the Chilean national Cardiovascular Health Program (CVHP) that provides free medical care and life style modification counseling to approximately 75% of the population. Association of education, income, diabetes, obesity, physical activity, psychosocial characteristics, smoking, abnormal alcohol use with BPC and adherence to Rx was evaluated in patients with at least 1 year in the CVHP. Adherence to Rx and psychosocial characteristics were assessed using validated questionnaires. Odds ratios (OR) with 95% of confidence intervals for uncontrolled BP (≥140/90 mm/Hg) and no adherence to Rx were obtained through multivariable logistic regression analysis adjusted for all variables included in the study (see Table). Results: A larger number of women (65.2%) were part of the study. BPC was achieved in 53.5% of patients and 38.7% were adherent to Rx. Uncontrolled BP was significantly associated with non adherence (OR: 1.34 [95% CI 1.09 - 1.65]); other associations are shown in table. Discussion and Conclusions: In hypertensive patients followed in the CVHP, BPC was achieved in 53.5%. It is of note that a 2010 Chilean National Health Survey reported BPC in 16.7% of the population and in 45.3% of subjects that stated to be under Rx. Uncontrolled BP and low Rx adherence were significantly associated to male gender, also underrepresented in the study population (34.8%) and low Rx adherence to high score of emotional stress and depression, underlining need of measures addressing those issues. Low adherence was associated to low income notwithstanding free access to care and therapy.

On Zhang Peiji’s Prose Translation from the Perspective of the Translator’s Subjectivity

Chinese prose characterizes being formally-loose and essence-focused with features such as many a free style and myriads of assorted contents, among which the poetic images and artistic conceptions are so distinct that they are usually regarded as criteria for measuring its excellence. Whereas, it is the same features that impose obstacles for the prose translation, for it is difficult for the translator to grasp the whole essence of the original text in the first place and then recreate it in the translation works in another language. Therefore, during the translating process, it is inevitable not to adopt the translators’ subjectivity. And the three basic characteristics of it, namely, activeness, passiveness and purposiveness, will combine to affect the whole translating activity in one way or another. Nowadays, translation theorists both at home and abroad have conducted many studies on translators’ subjectivity. Grounded on those authoritative theories, this paper will make a tentative study on Zhang Peiji’s translation of Chinese modern prose writings. Professor Zhang’s classics Selected Modern Chinese Prose Writings will be focused. In the main body of the paper, the demonstrations of those three features of subjectivity will be elaborated with abundant examples from the two volumes of his translation works. In particular, great attention will be paid to the function of the translator’s activeness in the translation, which will be analyzed via three levels: lexical, semantic and textual. Thus, readers and translators-to-be would be better able to appreciate and draw upon those excellent translated prose.

TRADITIONS OF SWIMMING IN THE PHYSICAL CULTURE OF GALICIA UNTIL BEFORE 1939

The purpose of this study was to identify the features of the development of swimming in Galicia in the interwar period (20–30 years of the twentieth century). To this end, a historical study and analysis of scientific literature on the development of navigation in the central and eastern regions of the Ukrainian lands, as well as in Galicia, was conducted. It was established that during the period of Galicia being found in the II Rzecz Pospolita (20–30th years of the 20th century) among Ukrainians there was a spread only on volleyball and football. Track and field athletics, skiing, but also swimming.The first swimming competitions in Galicia took place in June1923 inLviv on a natural reservoir. Both during the first and subsequent swimmings (R. Shukhevych, O. Priphan, O. Dutkevich, Valko, O. Dzjaba) competed in all kinds of swimming (free style, bracelet, butterfly, relay swimming) and showed sports The results of which were at the level with athletes of the Ukrainian people's republic. The formation and development of swimming in Galicia is closely linked with the sports clubs «Carpathian Leshtiaryan Club», «Sokol», «Chernik», «Sokol-Father» in the cities of Lviv, Stanislaviv, Ternopil. Przemysl.

Training the Picturesque Eye: The Point of Views in Jane Austen’s Persuasion

This essay explores the relationship between landscape representation and narrative point of view in Jane Austen’s Persuasion, arguing that her innovations with focalization and free indirect style are informed by her knowledge of Reverend William Gilpin’s work on the picturesque and her own travels and sketches. By examining the various spectatorial stances Austen’s characters assume in light of Peter de Bolla’s insights upon eighteenth-century visual practices, the essay demonstrates how Austen uses these narrative techniques to shift the locus of authority to those who were historically marginalized.

Accuracy of a Novel “Factory-Calibrated” Continuous Glucose Monitoring Device in Normal Glucose Levels: A Pilot Study

Free Style Libre Pro, a novel continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) device for retrospective assessment of glycemic excursion, does not require calibration during the measurement period. In this study, the accuracy of FreeStyle Libre Pro in normal glucose levels was investigated. Two meal tests, on the 7th day and 9th day of CGM usage, were performed in five non-diabetic adults. Venous blood samples were obtained at baseline, and at 2 hours, 4 hours and 6 hours after the meal. The plasma glucose levels and the glucose levels measured by FreeStyle Libre Pro were compared. Subjects were aged 41.4±7.6 years, 40% male, with body mass index 21.7±2.6, HbA1c 5.6±0.3% and a fasting plasma glucose level of 95.4±2.1 mg/dl. The plasma glucose levels and the glucose levels measured by FreeStyle Libre Pro were significantly different; 94.4±1.8 vs. 111.2±8.5 mg/dl (P <0.01) at baseline, 95.6±7.0 vs. 122.6±8.8 mg/dl (P <0.01) at 2 hours, 90.1±4.3 vs. 111.2±13.0 mg/dl (P <0.01) at 4 hours, and 88.7±3.2 vs. 105.5±7.1 mg/dl (P <0.01) at 6 hours. The absolute difference between the two methods was 17.7±7.5 (minimum 5 - maximum 27) mg/dl at baseline, 27.0±9.4 (minimum 8 - maximum 40) mg/dl at 2 hours, 21.1±11.3 (minimum 7 - maximum 42) mg/dl at 4 hours, 16.8±5.4 (minimum 7 - maximum 23) mg/dl at 6 hours, and 20.7±9.3 (minimum 5 - maximum 42) mg/dl for all time points, respectively. The absolute relative difference between them was 18.7±7.8 (minimum 5.3 - maximum 28.7)% at baseline, 28.7±10.7 (minimum 7.7 - maximum 45.5)% at 2 hours, 23.3±12.2 (minimum 7.9 - maximum 45.2)% at 4 hours, 18.9±6.0 (minimum 8.0 - maximum 26.2)% at 6 hours, and 22.4±10.0 (minimum 5.3 - maximum 43.5)% for all time points, respectively. The ratio of values measured by FreeStyle Libre Pro within the interval of ±15 mg/dl in less than 100 mg/dl or within the interval of ±15% in not less than 100 mg/dl plasma glucose levels was 30.0% at baseline, 10.0% at 2 hours, 40.0% at 4 hours, 50.0% at 6 hours and 32.5% for all time points, respectively. These study results suggest FreeStyle Libre Pro may not be sufficiently accurate in normal glucose levels.

The effects of verbal and visual feedback on performance and learning freestyle swimming in novice swimmers

&lt;div&gt;The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of feedback on freestyle learning and performance of novice swimmers. Sixty male (Mage=18.7, SD=1.82) first year students were randomly assigned into four groups: self-modeling, expert-modeling, verbal, and control group. The intervention program lasted for seven weeks. Participants were evaluated in 25m freestyle swimming, with a pool buoy between the legs and breathing every three hands through a pre-test, a post-test and a retention test. The result revealed that self-modeling group was the most effective, in comparison with the other types of feedback, in terms of improvement of the technique in novice swimmers. There were no differences between groups in the speed performance of 25m free style swimming. Overall, the present study provides valuable evidence for the effects of self-modeling on performance in freestyle swimming, and encourages research to further&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;explore such effects between different types of feedback in real training conditions.&lt;/div&gt;

Effects of in-water and dryland warm-ups on 50-meter freestyle performance in child swimmer

In this study, effectiveness of 3 warm-up (WU) modes on 50m free style on child swimmers has been evaluated. In repeated-measures counterbalanced design, 10 male swimmers of a local sports club (10-12 ages) have tried out 50m freestyle after each WU on different days. Each WU took 15 minutes and the intensity of WU has been checked over by Borg’s rating of perceived exertion (RPE) 15-point scale. a) no warm-up (NWU): the swimmers sat or laid down for 15 minutes, b) dryland warmup (DWU): continuous rope-jumping at RPE 12 for 5 minutes, 2 sets 10x15s calisthenics with 15s breathing spaces and continuous ropejumping at RPE 14 for 5 minutes, c) in-water warm up (SWU): continuous freestyle swimming at RPE 12 for 5 minutes, freestyle swimming with 8x15m maximum performance with 30s breathing spaces and continuous freestyle swimming at RPE 14 for 5 minutes. RPE, stroke count and heart rate (HR) have been evaluated together with the best time in swimming performance. Compared with NWU swimming time post DWU was faster, however the fastest swimming time was achieved post SWU. After NWU swimming RPE was significantly higher. Significant difference could not be found in terms of HR and stroke count. Consequently, SWU is better for swimming performance and DWU can be used when swimming pool is not available.

The relationship between psychological compatibility and academic achievement in swimming

This study aims to determine the relationship between psychological compatibility and academic achievement in swimming class, the subjects were (72) under graduate male students of physical education college at the University of Jordan. (M age = 19.4 SD =1.35). All subjects were students in swimming class and they were learning free style swimming skills. The learning scores for students were measured two times during the second semester in 2016; the subjects went through practical exams only, the med-term exam (30) grades, and the final-term exam (30) grades, the total grades score was out of (60). The researchers designed a questionnaire as a tool for this study to measures the degree of psychological compatibility for the subjects. The total scores for learning free style swimming skills and the scores for the questionnaire were compared to determine the relationship between psychological compatibility and academic achievement in free style swimming, Statistical treatment by using the (SPSS) program was done. The results showed that there was a relation between psychological compatibility and academic achievement during learning free style swimming skills.

The impact of an educational course for swimming on free style swimming performance and life skills for deaf students

This study investigates the impact of an educational course for swimming on free style swimming performance and life skills for deaf students. Subjects were (10) male deaf students who were attended to swimming courses level (1) in the Faculty of Physical Education at the University of Jordan, with mean age of (M age = 20.4 SD =1.35). After completing the Life skills through swimming context scale (Bayyat et al., 2016) and practical pre-test of free style swimming skills performance, subjects executed both physical practice of the free style swimming skills performance during a program conceited of eighteen sessions, 3 sessions a week, for 6-weeks, 60 mints per session, and life skills development dialogues program which focused on certain life skills (Communications, teamwork, self confidence / self –Esteem, problem solving and decision-making/responsibility).After 6-weeks all subjects completed a post life skills questionnaire which measured the changes in their life skills level after learning the free style swimming skills performance, they also went through a post practical subjective performance evaluation post-test which measured their level of the free style swimming skills performance. Statistical analysis was processed by SPSS. The results showed significant differences between pre and post-test in life skills dimensions and significant differences between pre and post-test in free style swimming performance level for the subject of this study. In conclusions the educational course for swimming had a positive impact on free style swimming performance and on life skills for deaf students in the faculty of physical education at the University of Jordan.

Critical swim speed and metabolic activities in trained male and female swimmers after 400 m free style swimming with their full effort

Purpose: This study was done to ascertain gender dif ferences in trained swimmers between their Critical S wim Speed (CSS). Certain metabolic responses, imme diately after 400 meters free style swimming (FSS), w ith maximum effort, were also studied. Methods: The analysis was conducted in trained swi mmers between 12- 18 years age. Height, weight, bod y fat quantity were estimated using standard techniqu es. CSS was measured for each swimmer. Blood samp les were taken within two minutes of 400 meters FSS, with maximum efforts. The blood creatinine, lactic ac id, serum calcium, serum urea and serum urea nitroge n were estimated using standard laboratory methods. Results: With the maximal effort of 400 meters FSS, values of hematological variables for both sexes were found to increase many folds than reference values. Si gnificant (p&lt;0.05) gender differences were observed in CSS and blood creatinine. The positive significant (p&lt;0.05) correlation was found between CSS and heig ht in the swimmers. For trained male swimmers signif icant positive correlations among CSS, blood urea an d serum urea nitrogen were found. Conclusions: This study reflects metabolic status of b oth trained male and female swimmers, after their full efforts. Besides blood creatinine no significant differe nces were observed in them. So it may conclude that e ffective physical training minimizes the metabolic de mands during their full efforts and gender differences could be overcome.

Spirometry improvement after muscular exercise in elite swimmers.

An increased sympathetic activity during muscular effort is a well established physiological response, whose intensity is known to increase with the muscular load. Spirometry was described to improve as an effect of swimming training in healthy and asthmatic subjects, suggesting a decrease in airway resistance The aim was to investigate the possible effect of muscular exercise (swimming) on spirometry, in particular searching for possible differences because of different swimming times. The measurements were performed on 9 highly trained male competitive swimmers (age: 41±12.79 years, height: 1.69±0.06 meters, weight: 66.14±14.28 kg, BMI: 22.8±3.61 kg/m2) during an official competition. The data were collected at the border of the swimming-pool before (control, C) and few minutes after the swimming sessions (exercise, E), which consisted either of 800 meter (7 subjects) or 1500 meter (5 subjects) free style. A general trend indicating a postexercise increase in spirometry was observed. We found post-exercise significant increments in FEV1 and in MEF75 for both the 800 and 1500 meter swimming sessions, and in FEF25-75 and in MEF25 for the shorter distance. We conclude that, as it may be expected, muscular exercise induces an improvement of spirometry both because of a smooth muscle relaxation-induced modulation of airway diameter and resistance to airflow, and because of an enhanced expiratory muscle contraction strength. Both of these mechanisms are related to an increased sympathetic activity which is well known to accompany muscular exercise.

Advances and Innovations in Microsurgery.

After reading this article, the participant should be able to: 1. summarize the evolution of perforator, chimeric, and free style flaps; 2. define and give examples of supermicrosurgery as well as understand its application in treatment of lymphedema; and 3. appreciate the development and advancements of composite tissue allotransplantation. Although microsurgery may seem like a highly specialized niche within plastic surgery, it is more than just a discipline that focuses on small anastomoses. It is a tool and a way of thinking that allows us to embody the true tenets of plastic surgery, as quoted by Tagliocozzi. What began as a challenge of returning amputated tissue to the body and achieving wound closure has evolved into a refinement of technique and change in philosophy that empowers the plastic surgeon to work creatively to "restore, rebuild, and make whole."

Fu-Chan Wei-Surgeon, Innovator, and Leader of the Legendary Chang Gung Microsurgery Center.

Fu-Chan Wei is a world-renowned plastic and reconstructive surgeon. He is clearly one of the most influential and innovative surgeons in the history of plastic surgery. The Taiwanese legend is the innovator of the osteoseptocutaneous fibula flap, which revolutionized the reconstruction of composite bone and soft tissue defects in the jaw and extremities. He has pioneered several perforator flaps, including the free style variety. He has taken toe-to-hand microsurgical transplantation to a whole new level. He is not only recognized for his surgical skills and clinical innovations, but also for his vision, leadership, and teaching. The establishment and development of the famous Microsurgery Center at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital is unparalleled anywhere. The international fellowship program in microsurgery there remains the envy of all microsurgical trainees. Dr. Wei and his colleagues have trained and influenced more than 1,500 surgeons from all over the world. The aim of this video article is to share what we learned by interviewing Fu-Chan Wei at Chang Gung. The story of Fu Chan Wei, his colleagues, and the development of the Microsurgery Center in Taiwan is worth knowing.