Free Self-determination Research Articles

A pedagogy of freedom as a viable basis for implementing gender equality in Ukraine’s educational institutions

In the state policies of European Union (EU) member countries, gender issues have become one of the main priorities since the 1990s, and independent Ukraine and Ukrainian non-governmental organisations have also gradually joined this agenda. Over the past three decades, Ukraine has engaged in efforts to restructure its educational institutions and processes on the basis of democratic principles free from any form of discrimination, including gender-related discrimination. These efforts have been promoted through joint projects with UN Women and other international organisations. While gender equality improvement strategies are now reflected in Ukrainian legislation, they are not yet fully implemented on the ground. In the context of presenting their concept of a pedagogy of freedom as a viable basis for the implementation of gender equality in Ukraine’s educational institutions, the authors analyse research literature devoted to addressing freedom and gender equality in educational policies. They conclude that individual learners’ free self-determination, self-development and self-realisation can only be an effective factor in realising gender equality if pedagogical activity and learning spaces are designed to support the development of learners’ full potential.

Mandatory COVID-19 Vaccination and Free Self-Determination in the Health Field in Italy

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic and the issues related to health emergency management have raised concerns about fundamental rights protection. One of the most complex and contentious issues in doctrine and jurisprudence is the introduction of mandatory COVID-19 vaccination for specified categories of subjects, such as healthcare workers and individuals of a specific age range, as occurred in Italy. The debate in Italy over the mandatory COVID-19 vaccination requirement focuses on whether this obligation interferes with the individual’s fundamental right to free self-determination as guaranteed by Article 32 of the Italian Constitution. In jurisprudence and doctrine, conflicting opinions are noted concerning this topic. Part of the doctrine argue that mandatory COVID-19 vaccination compromises some fundamental rights guaranteed by the Italian Constitution, such as the right to free self-determination and respect for human dignity. Other opinions find the basis of the vaccination in the community’s best interests, citing Article 32 of the Italian Constitution, which allows for the imposition of compulsory health treatment to safeguard citizens’ health. In this regard, the issue of mandatory COVID-19 vaccination requires a reflection on the balance of two fundamental rights: the individual right to free self-determination and the community’s interest in terms of protecting public health.

Trans* people’s access to gender-affirming health care: A European comparison

Abstract Background Trans* people's life satisfaction is correlated with established legal frameworks for gender recognition and access to trans*-specific health care (Transgender Europe [TGEU], 2021). TGEU's guidelines to human rights-based principles of trans*-specific health care highlight bodily integrity/autonomy, free self-determination of gender, quality, specialized and decentralized care, and the right to determine reproductive paths as important pillars of gender affirming health care. We conducted a policy comparison across Europe regarding access to gender-affirming health care to assess how adherence to human rights-based principles could be strengthened. Methods We compared access to health care across four main domains: legal framework (e.g., legally recognised genders), insurance coverage (e.g., out of pocket costs), access barriers (e.g., legal requirements to access gender-affirming surgery), and health care offers (e.g., hormone replacement therapy). Criteria were developed in guided brainstorming sessions. Three researchers rated 28 countries across 28 items based on available policy documents. Results The majority of European countries prescribes a medicalised gender-affirming process rather than a self-decided process. Psychiatric diagnosis is also required in most countries to access gender-affirming health care. Gender-affirming health care is partly financed by statutory health insurance in most of the countries. Not all countries authorise full gender-affirming health care. Especially where statutory health insurance-covered gender-affirming health care relied centralised on single outpatient clinics or hospitals, waiting times between 6-24 months are found. Conclusions Many European countries fail to fully comply with TGEU's guidelines to human rights-based principles of trans* health care. Given the negative impact of access barriers on life satisfaction, European countries should target these shortfalls in ensuring gender-affirming health care. Key messages • Non- or only partly covered trans* health care contributes to health inequality. • Regarding trans* people, European countries need to strengthen human-rights based access to gender-affirming health care.

Процесс обращения в контексте православной религиозности

The purpose of this article is a meaningful correlation of different methodological approaches to the analysis of the process of religious conversion from the point of view of Orthodox confessional interpretative specifics. The semantic field of the analysis includes important elements of the structure of conversion to Orthodoxy: the participants (subjects, agents) of conversion, motives of conversion, conversion practices, effects (results) of conversion, sub-effects of conversion, criteria (signs) of conversion. The convert, the social environment of the convert and the Orthodox preacher are considered as participants (subjects) of the appeal. The motives of the appeal are described: overcoming a difficult life situation, salvation from social disasters, getting out of a crisis psychological state. The emotional component of the conversion process is considered. The problem of multidirection, diversity and intensity of social influence on the treatment process is discussed. The subjects of conversion to Orthodoxy are described: participation in the church sacrament of baptism, repentance, free self-determination of a person to religious faith, participation in the church sacrament of confession, acquisition of religious faith. Special attention is paid to the analysis of conceptual provisions on the social factors of conversion to Orthodoxy. Among the main social factors of conversion to Orthodoxy, the following are considered: the religious and moral nature of the social environment, the degree of emotional and volitional influence of the social environment on the convert, the degree of consolidation of the social environment in the process of moral and religious influence on the convert. The parameters of conversion to Orthodoxy as a process are analyzed: awareness of conversion, speed of conversion, multiplicity, reversibility, depth of conversion. It is emphasized that the identified and substantiated parameters of conversion to Orthodoxy are of scientific interest from the point of view of their verification in sociological empirical studies.

Correlation of the principles of territorial integrity of states and self-determination of peoples in international law

The article presents a comparative analysis of the principles of territorial integrity of states and self-determination of peoples in terms of international law. The principle of equality and self-determination of peoples, as well as the territorial integrity and inviolability of state borders, are among the basic principles of international law.
 At first glance, there is a certain contradiction between the exercise of the right of peoples to self-determination and the principle of territorial integrity of states, which provides that the territory of the state cannot be changed without its consent. The inability of the parties to find a peaceful solution to such a conflict leads to an increase in national conflicts, which often escalate into a military confrontation.
 From the content of the provisions of international law, it becomes clear that the principle of territorial integrity is aimed solely at protecting the state from external aggression. It does not apply only to those states that do not ensure the equality of the peoples living in them and do not allow free self-determination of such peoples. Conversely, if the state adheres to this principle in its activities, it is impossible to dismember it and violate its territorial integrity, "hiding" under this principle, because this state has already given peoples the right to express themselves within its borders.
 The right of the people to self-determination means that each nation is free to determine, without outside interference, its political status and to pursue its economic, social, and cultural development.
 In turn, the UN Millennium Declaration in fact spoke in favor of an only anti-colonial and anti-occupation interpretation of the principle of self-determination of peoples.
 Thus, the principle of the right to equality and self-determination of peoples does not encourage separatism and secession as a mandatory form of self-determination; on the contrary, the right to secession is directly limited to special cases, such as decolonization, the struggle against occupation and the racist regime.
 The same is confirmed in the practice of constitutional courts of states.

Историко-педагогические основы патриотического воспитания сотрудников органов внутренних дел в России

Based on the analysis of scientific literature, the article defines the historical and pedagogical foundations of patriotic education of employees of the internal affairs bodies, characteristic of different periods of the formation of the Russian state. Various approaches to understanding the essence of patriotic education, its goals, objectives and content are presented. The author's interpretation of the genesis of patriotic education of employees of internal affairs bodies is proposed, characterizing qualitative changes in the patriotic-oriented educational process. Such pedagogical approaches, methods, pedagogical conditions have been identified, which, on the one hand, most correspond to modern ideas about the self-realization of the subject in the educational process, on the other hand, ensure the effectiveness of patriotic education of employees of internal affairs bodies. Analyzing various approaches to understanding the essence of patriotic education, two levels of its interpretation are identified: personal and social (the level of public consciousness). At the personal level, patriotism is considered as a stable and integrative human trait that combines three components: the result of free self-determination of the individual; the orientation of attitudes, behavior of the subject, his activities and worldview; a socio-moral imperative expressed through connections with other personal qualities formed by other types of education. In the course of the historical and pedagogical analysis, productive ideas have been identified that should be taken into account in the construction of modern concepts of patriotic education of employees of internal affairs bodies.

PARADIGMATIC MEASUREMENT OF HIGHER EDUCATION DEVELOPMENT IN UKRAINE (XIX – BEGINNING OF XXI CENTURIES)

Introduction. The process of higher education development in Ukraine of the XIX – beginning of XXI century in the unity of academic, professionally oriented, vocationally-technological and humanitarian paradigmatic directions is founded. Major trends and characteristics of each of them are identified. Purpose. Identify the leading trends and features of academic, professionally oriented, professionaltechnological and humanitarian paradigmatic directions of higher school development in Ukraine in the XIX – early XXI centuries. Prove that the modern humanitarian pedagogical paradigm does not cross the previous ones, but ensures their implementation at a qualitatively new level with the dominance of each subsequent one at a new stage of development of society. Methods. To achieve the goal of the scientific article, the integration of methods was used: paradigmatic – to justify the subject field of research; structural-comparative – in order to systematize the scientific literature, archival documents and compare their content; chronological and systemic – aimed at revealing trends in the development of higher education in Ukraine in the XIX – early XXI century. Results. It is proved that modern humanitarian pe dagogical paradigm does not cancel the previous paradigms, but ensures their implementation on a qualitatively new level. Originality. The development of higher education doesn`t occur in terms of leveling and replacement of existing pa radigmatic direction by another one, but in the context of their coexistence, and in the condition of each next paradigm dominance on a new stage of society development. Conclusion. At a new level of its own development, pedagogy in its purpose and content focuses on the "man of culture", the culturogenesis of the nation, the universal axiosphere. One of the main tasks of pedagogy is to "scientifically substantiate the cultural and pedagogical educational space, its content, organization, means that will provide a broad subject-subject interaction, self-development of the individual, his free selfdetermination and full self-realization. The emphasis in pedagogical interaction is transferred from the external influence on the internal self-creation of man, the self-worth of the individual. At the same time, the humanitarian pedagogical paradigm does not cross out the previous paradigmatic directions, but ensures their implementation at a qualitatively new level.

CIVIL NATION AND ETHNIC IDENTITY: ON THE QUESTION OF THE “ESSENCE OF THE RUSSIAN NATION”

The purpose of the article is to reveal the importance of embedding «Russian national identity» in the normative distinction between civil nations and ethnic nations, which has been carried out in Western social studies for more than seventy years. This presupposes the study of the way of representing the nation in the horizon defined by “liberal metaphysics” (K. Schmitt) - in the liberal version of the economic paradigm of the political (J. Agamben’s term). The research method is a philosophical interpretation, which makes it possible to demonstrate the “foundations” (axioms, dogmas, principles, imperatives) that determine the way of presentation, perspectives and conclusions as necessary - for an objective scientific study of nations and national identities, the object of research of which in the presentation is as a given. It is established that a civil nation is a project for which «historiographic recalculation» (M. Heidegger) is a way of combining the reality of a concept and reality; a civil nation as an association based on civic loyalty is reduced to the free self-determination of an autonomous individual-citizen, which necessarily considers any “remnants of naturalness” as invalid, illegal and morally disqualified as “evil” - such a “remnant” is recognized as ethnicity: the methodologically inadmissible confusion of “attribution to value” and “evaluation” is based on the idea. The conclusion is drawn: “civil nation”, being a theoretical concept, is at the same time a political project and is used as an instrument of ideological influence: qualification as an “ethnic nation” singles out the object as a “political enemy” that needs to be removed - “Russian national identity” as European and ethnic is, in consequence of what has been said, a “paradigm case”.

Del género a los bio/cis/trans/tecno/post-géneros: el paradójico destino de una extrapolación sociologista

La categoría de género ingresó a la academia feminista estadounidense en el marco de los estudios socio-históricos con el objetivo de analizar las relaciones de poder jerárquicas y opresivas entre los sexos a los efectos de, en última instancia, eliminar la desigualdad estructural afecta a las mujeres. Sin embargo, lejos de lograr la abolición del género como sistema de opresión, los bio/cis/trans/tecno/post-géneros retornan hoy la academia posfeminista como categorías del deseo y la autopercepción individual a fin de ser reconocidos en su libre autodeterminación. En lugar de eliminar el género para liberar a las mujeres, el postfeminismo ha abolido la realidad ontológica de las mujeres y reificado los géneros por una suerte de esencialismo socio-discursivo asumido como profunda identidad individual. Intentar explicar en términos ontológico-filosóficos tal paradójico desenlace constituye la propuesta de las siguientes páginas.

ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ ИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКИХ ПРОЕКТОВ ПОДРОСТКОВ В ТУРИСТСКО-КРАЕВЕДЧЕСКОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ

The relevance of the appeal to the organization of research projects of adolescents in tourism and local history in institutions of additional education is justified by the need to educate an growing citizen who is able to critically understand and appreciate the most important historical events, prominent individuals, small Motherland, adequately and perceive information of a social nature and actively learn new areas of knowledge, assign universal values (Man, Family, Labor, Knowledge, Culture, Earth, World, Fatherland) within the framework of accessible improvement of the surrounding world. Tourism and local history is a peculiar basis for the implementation of research projects of adolescents in the real format of life, forming the development of an active life position of a holistic-oriented person — an growing patriot and citizen during acquaintance with the history and nature of his native land, communication coherence in choosing goals, coordinating positions, virtuosity in the application of methods of solving personal and group problems when developing a socially needed project, its presentation and protection. In tourist and local history projects of additional education institutions , adolescents are given the opportunity to freely choose their fields of activity. Their personal interests, needs, abilities are taken into account, as well as the possibility of their free self-determination and self-realization. Organization of research projects in tourism and local history activities with the following possibilities: semantic (organization of multilevel communications of subjects of axiological communication, exchange of moral ideas, feelings, ideas, values), transforming (activation of positive self-attitude of adolescents, translation of samples of accumulated experience of constructive interaction into various spheres of society), integration (freedom of teenagers to choose forms, methods of tourist and local history activities), the author presents in the form of a structure: motive — problem — goal — tasks — methods and methods — plan — actions — results — reflection. This structure is described on the example of the tourist and local history association “Seekers” MBUDO “Center for Additional Education” in Tulgan and is a real technological chain, which in turn consists of five “P”: problem, search, design, product, presentation.

Soviet Man as a Cognizable Reality. Part I

The first part of the article analyzes the views of three researchers of the Soviet reality: G.L. Smirnova, A.A. Zinoviev and V.I. Tolstoy. There are several reasons to analyze these differently thinking scientists in one text. The first one: their common main theme of the Soviet man is one of the central ones for the approaching date of the 100th anniversary of the USSR formation. The second reason: the common background of their consideration of the subject is the phenomenon of the Soviet communism. And finally the third reason: life-affirming moral message important for values formation can be found their books. Nevertheless, their results are different. For G.L. Smirnov the Soviet man is a propaganda ideological construct, a model designed to cultivate ideological consolidation and homogeneity of the society. The Soviet man of A.A. Zinoviev is the result of the researcher's personal reflection on the free self-determination of a person as a heavy burden in the realities of the USSR. This personal reflection is dressed in scientific clothes and coupled with the fatalistic sureness in the invariability of the social choice once made by the country. For V.I. Tolstoy the Soviet man is a personal experience of living with a dominant attitude to criticize the bad, but not to forget about the good in the real Soviet system past. The result of the research of all the authors is the same: none of them has made a philosophical and sociological analysis of the phenomenon of the Soviet man. The second part of the article is devoted to the fact that such analysis is possible and presented in the Soviet man researching experience and in works of N.N. Kozlova, T.I. Zaslavskaya, Yu.A. Levada and his team.

FREEDOM OF CONSCIENCE AND FREEDOM OF RELIGION AS AN OBJECT OF CRIMINAL LAW PROTECTION

The article examines the features of the concepts of “freedom of conscience” and “freedom of religion” as objects of criminal law protection in criminal offenses related to the realization of the religious needs of the individual. It is stated that there are two terms in legal use that can act as public relations that constitute the object of criminal law protection in criminal offenses related to the implementation of a person's religious needs (religiously motivated) – these are “freedom of conscience (worldview)” and “freedom religion”. Freedom of conscience is a natural right to free self-determination of an individual in the philosophical, political, moral-ethical, aesthetic and other spheres of life, as well as the possibility of an unhindered choice of worldview both for one's own self-determination and self-affirmation. Freedom of conscience (worldview) is based on the recognition of human dignity, respect for his spiritual sovereignty, free worldview and spiritual choice. After all, freedom of conscience includes all the variety of forms of systems of worldview orientation, worldview freedoms, and freedom of religion should be considered as an integral part of freedom of conscience (worldview). However, at the same time, freedom of conscience (worldview) is a rather generalized, philosophical, ethical concept, poorly adapted for use in law enforcement practice. From the point of view of the possibility of using this concept in criminal law theory and practice, freedom of religion is a legislative guaranteed right of an individual freely, without external coercion to choose, profess any religion, freely change his religious preferences, satisfy his religious needs, and carry out other cult actions in accordance with their religious orientation. Freedom of religion gives the right not only to choose any religion, but also not to choose any. That is, the right to choose also presupposes the right to refuse a choice. Obstruction of the implementation of the above needs, including those religiously motivated, constitutes the essence of the public danger of such a criminal offense as that provided for by Article 161 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine.

Decision-making and strategic planning in a public research organisation: The case of Fiocruz

Abstract The study was drawn to investigate an unusual form of 'industrial democracy', in Fiocruz, the Brazilian public research organisation in the health field, linked to the Ministry of Health. It is a single case study research making use of two contrasting cases: Embrapa and Pasteur Institute. The former is the Brazilian public research organisation in the agriculture field, similar to Fiocruz in space; and the latter is the French public research organisation for health, similar to Fiocruz in the field. The investigation works with the triangulation of methods approach, combining the analysis of quantitative and qualitative methods aiming at an in-depth analysis of the decision-making and the strategic planning processes of these research-led organisations. For this purpose, two exclusive tools were created and applied to their management boards and key actors. The first tool, an online questionnaire, was applied to the management boards; the second tool, a face-to-face interview, was made with the key actors. The findings were examined considering the literature, whose results supported the analysis of the context of each organisation and their strategic plans. The research revealed an original approach to industrial democracy by Fiocruz, based on a concept postulated by Arouca, which underpinned the creation of SUS, the Brazilian National Unified Health System: 'Democracy is health'. It represents a paradigm shift in the way the health concept is addressed, by adding a political dimension to it, which includes the citizenship, the free self-determination, the capacity of mastering the future. This unique approach to industrial democracy underpins the decision-making and the strategic planning of Fiocruz, revealing that it is, in fact, a new type of public research organisation; thus, questioning the validity of the existing framework concerning such entities. Key messages Democracy is Health is an original conceptual approach postulated by Arouca, which underpinned the creation of the Brazilian National Unified Health System. Fiocruz is the Brazilian Public Research Organisation in the Health field, whose unique administration approach questions the literature in the field.

Activation of a child’s subjectivity in the upbringing space of free self-determination on the basis of pedagogy of freedom

The article updates the problem of reconstruction of the modern upbringing process, the leading idea of which is the targeting of its goals, content, forms and methods at self-development of a child and the becoming of a child’s subjectivity as an active, purposeful, initiative, creative and constructive position in his or her own livelihoods on the basis of humanistic values of a democratic society. The conceptual provisions of the author’s concept of freedom pedagogy have become the starting point in solving the mentioned problem.
 There have been defined the psychological and pedagogical conditions for the development of a child’s subjectivity, the realization of which requires the establishing within the educational environment of an educational institution the upbringing space of free determination of a personality as a specially organized pedagogical environment, containing three basic components (spatial, socio-psychological and organizational-pedagogical) and provides opportunities for manifestation of initiative, volitional, creative, self-managerial forms of subjective activities of a personality. The basic approaches to the organization of the upbringing process on the basis of freedom pedagogy have been defined: pedagogy of indirect upbringing influence (directed freedom) and pedagogy of assistance (support).

Clinical trials e verifica dell’appropriatezza dell’informazione

Nella valutazione dei protocolli sperimentali accurata attenzione viene posta dai Comitati Etici Territoriali alla “Scheda informativa” (SI) da sottoporre ai pazienti, per verificarne efficacia e correttezza di formulazione, ai fini della loro preventiva dichiarazione di consapevole, inequivoca, libera autodeterminazione alla sperimentazione proposta. Va, però, osservato che frequentemente la SI, redatta con terminologia tecnica, oltre a risultare inappropriata, assume la fisionomia di una sorta di “liberatoria” di responsabilità nei confronti di possibili danni per lo sperimentatore stesso e per lo sponsor più che di strumento di effettiva tutela dei pazienti. In tale ambito si è condotta un’indagine statistico-conoscitiva sui dati del Comitato Etico Università Federico II, relativa a 1076 protocolli di ricerca esaminati nel periodo 2012-2016. Dall’indagine è emerso che la SI contenuta nei protocolli di tipo profit, anche per l’influenza esercitata dal dilagante fenomeno della medicina difensiva, è costituita da un numero medio di pagine notevolmente superiore rispetto a quello dei clinical trials no-profit. Questa constatazione è di notevole rilievo giacché la prolissità delle SI (che talvolta superano anche le 40 pagine) e l’oscurità lessicale che non infrequentemente vi si ritrovano contrastano con quel messaggio di chiarezza essenziale su cui deve strutturarsi un’adesione libera e consapevole al percorso sperimentale. Vivamente apprezzabile è, pertanto, l’attività svolta dai Comitati Etici Territoriali, ai quali è attribuito, fra gli altri, l’insostituibile compito di vigilare sulla comprensibilità della SI proprio al fine di garantire nel grado più elevato possibile la tutela del diritto all’autodeterminazione dei pazienti anche in tema di sperimentazioni cliniche.

АКСІОЛОГІЧНЕ ОСМИСЛЕННЯ ОСВІТНЬОГО ПРОЦЕСУ

The article deals with the research of axiological nature of the theory and practice of modern education. The problem is relevant in that education can be the key to solving the global problems of the modern world. The more popular the knowledge of people, their experience, abilities, skills, their professional and personal qualities in social development, the more important education is. Improvement and modernization of national education systems is becoming the leading direction of the sustainable development strategy of many states of the modern world. Consequently, the philosophical understanding of the educational process, in particular the definition of the values of education is relevant.The authors substantiate that, given the diversity of educational values, they can be divided into two main groups: the values of maintaining the existing order of things and the values of its transformation.In various worldview systems, the problem of the values of education is resolved in different ways. The article gives the basic ideas of representatives of such systems: classical realism, essentialism, perinalism, analytical philosophy, experimentalism, existentialism, neo-Freudianism.Analyzing the views of researchers, the authors of the article attribute free ideological self-determination to the cardinal values of education as the main mission, which provides the conditions for the free self-determination of each person in the worldview world to accept their own values in the form of life goals, main motives and interests, aspirations, needs, principles, etc.It is substantiated that the axiological guidelines of education should be associated primarily with the orientation of education towards the interests of the individual – a free, creative person, capable of self-realization. The mission of education is to find an individual approach to a person, to contribute to the realization of his personal potential, internal, unconscious, even irrational needs (otherwise this culturally unrealized potential can become destructive for both the individual and society). Thus, education should be aimed at the formation of fundamental foundations that will allow a person to solve worldview problems, make a moral, legal or ideological choice, navigate in the modern sociocultural situation.The authors emphasize that in a modern dynamic society, value-semantic variability and the influence of the accelerated development of education on the formation of social innovations are necessary. The dynamically changing conceptual field of modern educational practices, the desire and attempts to humanize education are favorable factors for the creation and implementation of the concept of modern education. The humanization of education is aimed at creating a sustainable and flexible value attitude to the world. The universal value horizon, the idea of universal values are not reflected in modern cultural practices. On the one hand, culture becomes value-oriented, its phenomena become subject to assessment, its values are structured and organized, on the other hand, obvious value pluralism, poly-paradigmalism, relativism and simplification of values as such.Thus, the analysis of theoretical studies on the value aspects of education, and the study of the possibilities that arise as a result of the humanization of education, allow us to state: only as a result of changes in the content of education in the context of its humanization it is possible to talk about the transition to understanding a specialist as a harmoniously developed personality, which is the ultimate purpose of education. The primary task is to eliminate the discrepancy between the generally accepted and declared values, on the one hand, and their implementation, primarily in the minds of participants in the educational process, on the other.

ЛЮДСЬКА ГІДНІСТЬ: ХРИСТИЯНСЬКИЙ ТА СВІТСЬКИЙ АСПЕКТ

The article identifies the features of ideas about human dignity in secular and Christian aspects. Having studied various groups of scientific sources (from Christian books, opinions of classics on human dignity, secular documents to the works of modern Ukrainian philosophers), the concept of «dignity» according to biblical anthropology is analyzed, the realization of human dignity in the Old Testament and New Testament. It is proved that the concept of a dignified human life is embodied in two types: secular and Christian as ideals of social and spiritual activity. Religion does not insist on the idea of the highest social value of the individual, because man is declared dependent on the will of Almighty God, but his principle of equality of all people before God is a kind of assertion of human dignity. The secular understanding of human dignity is based on the fact that man did not come out of nature as a creation of God, but created himself as a subject of labor, as a thinking and moral being.Despite the differences, and sometimes contradictions in the understanding of the essential manifestations of human dignity between secular and Christian contexts, it is obvious for both aspects to understand that the leading place should be occupied by the side of the individual, which manifests itself in her own consciousness and her desire for free self-determination and creativity as a prerequisite for asserting her own dignity.

Bilingual Education and the Problems of Ethnic and Linguistic Identity in the USSR and Modern Russia

The article discusses the relationship of bilingual education with the problems of ethnic and language identification in the USSR and modern Russia. The concept of protecting the rights of national minorities includes an extensive range of linguistic rights and the right to education in minority languages. This right is protected by many international agreements and documents of international organizations and is considered to be an unconditional conquest of fighters for human rights. However, this ignores cases of inconsistencies in ethnic and linguistic identity, which are increasingly frequent in the modern world, and the right of citizens to free ethnic and linguistic self-determination. Planning in the field of bilingual education and teacher training requires objective information on the real number of people willing to study in minority languages, which can be obtained as a result of language monitoring and censuses.

ВІДТВОРЕННЯ ЖІНОЧОГО ДОСВІДУ У ЛІТЕРАТУРІ 1920-Х РОКІВ (НА МАТЕРІАЛІ ЛІРИКИ Н. ЗАБІЛИ)

The article deals with the analysis of the art world of Natalia Zabila’s poetry in the context of social changes of the 1920th. The aim of the research is a reconstruction of interests and system of values in the time of women destruction by Bolsheviks in patriarchal society, abolition of discrimination of women, whose right for free self-determination was declared, and also protection of motherhood. These were social factors that affected the outlook of a person of the 1920th. The distorted understanding of these events formed an imperfect world outlook incarnated in literature of that time. In early texts of the Soviet authors a woman is considered as the enemy of socialism, and one, accepted new orders, is represented as pragmatic and masculine person. The value of family is saved in N. Zabila’s lyrics, and maternity that paints the art world with the gamut of feelings: from joy to grief of loss, becomes the main value. Being not married the character ignores patriarchal norms and can initiate either an intimacy with a man, or a break. But her materiality is described by images of the nature: a panther, a flower that shows desire to place materiality in a habitual to patriarchal society context. Only men’s wear is accented in appearance of the character as the character refuses to be merely the beauty that a woman had to be in a man’s world. Appearance in the art world of woman images of different professions: from the railroader to the engineer can be explained by search of other roles. N. Zabila’s civil lyric poetry is characterized by the mood of participation of the lyrical character in creation of the future. Motifs of class struggle in the works of poetess are inherent only in ballads, but the choice of genre displaces the represented to the sphere of invented. Thus, the lyric poetry by N. Zabila demonstrates the other marginalized and concealed experience of perception of the changes that had happened in society.

PHILOSOPHY OF PRESENCE: SKOVORODA AND HUMBRECHT (ENLIGHTENMENT AND POSTMODERNITY). DESCRIPTION OF THE CONDITIONS AND POSSIBILITIES OF THE EVENT OF THOUGHT TO INFLUENCE THE CONTEXTS

The current research presents a phenomenological description of the experience of thought as an experience of free self-determination of a philosopher through a combination of his professional activity, life circumstances and texts as projects of self-actualization of a philosopher in his attempts to find himself and to declare his presence in the world. Through sophisticated overlaps and intersections of Work, Speech, and Life as appropriated by a philosophizing person, this stands as an act of perceiving himself, the past and present without mediation; to reveal his presence in this world against depriving himself of a chance to carry out his own philosophical act. Philosophical description is reckoned a description of the cognitive situation, where a philosophizing person finds himself. Here description coincides with self-description, the existential tension of the thinking process in the experience of self-realization. A philosophical text conveys a state experienced by its creator, things that happened to him (Merab Mamardashvili); it testifies to his presence in the world and for the world. Phenomenology, as its founder Edmund Husserl claims, must be “descriptive psychology” in the first place, thus bringing us to “things themselves”, and only subsequently to transcendental phenomenology. The personalities picked to illustrate this claim are not accidental, as they prove a possibility to bridge receptions of Western philosophy and national icons, even across time and space, becoming symbols of this connection. Skovoroda and Humbrecht are representatives of the culture of presence. Their thoughts and statements, suggest describing things as they are. In such a situation, an important factor is the way of communicating information about oneself, about culture and time by a philosopher present in the world, proving his ability to invent the structures of narration about himself and his presence, to manifest the image of «narrative identity» (Paul Ricoeur), necessary for the self-formation of a person. The philosophy of presence refers to yet another story: how philosophy defines its attitude to the world via its presence in the world, determining its role in the relations with the world, which it is forced to enter. At the moment of text creation, the non-empirical Self of a philosopher becomes a matter (text), in this sense, a philosophical work is performative, aimed at the implementation of thought, which revealed itself for that purpose, namely to influence the contexts (society, history, and culture). The emphasis is placed on the formation of the philosophical logic of modern culture and the principles on which it is formed, which enables a broader understanding of logic and of contemporary rationality.