Free Range Research Articles

Age-Related Changes in Vancomycin Protein Binding: Is It Time to Take It Seriously?

Vancomycin (VAN) protein binding in plasma is influenced by illness and age; hence, doses titrated according to total concentrations are fraught. In this study, model-estimated free VAN concentrations (EFVC) were compared with assumed free VAN concentrations (AFVC) in neonates, children, and adults in the intensive care unit and those on dialysis. Patient cohorts were identified from the hospital database. Demographics, clinical characteristics, total VAN concentrations, and laboratory variables were obtained from electronic health records. EFVC was derived from 6 models identified in the literature. For all models, total VAN concentration was the most important predictor; other predictors included albumin, total protein, and dialysis status. The AFVC was calculated as 50% of the total concentration (ie, assumption of 50% bound). Differences between EFVC and AFVC in adults were insignificant; however, differences in pediatric intensive care unit patients, according to 2 different models, were significant: mean ± SD = 4.1 ± 1.58 mg/L and 4.7 ± 2.46 mg/L ( P < 0.001); the percentages within the free VAN trough range = 30.4% versus 55.1% and 30% versus 55.1%; and the supratherapeutic percentages = 65.2% versus 31.9% and 66.7% versus 31.9%, respectively. In neonates, the difference between EFVC and AFVC was mean ± SD = 6.9 ± 1.95 mg/L ( P < 0.001); the percentages within the free VAN trough range for continuous and intermediate dosing were 0% versus 81.3% and 14.3% versus 71.4%, and the supratherapeutic percentages were 100% versus 6.25% and 71.4% versus 0%, respectively. The fraction of free unbound VAN is higher in sick children and neonates than in adults. Therefore, total VAN concentrations do not correlate with the pharmacologically active free VAN concentrations in the same manner as in adults. Adjusting VAN doses in neonates and children to target the same total VAN concentration as the recommended therapeutic range for adults may result in toxicfree concentrations.

Generic methodology to prevent food contamination by soil born legacy POPs in free range livestock

Government monitoring commonly includes regulating POPs in animal feed and products of animal origin, with many countries setting Maximum Residue Levels (MRLs) to ensure safe tolerable concentrations. However, these MRLs do not address the presence of most POP families in soil, where concentrations can be much higher due to the contaminants' strong affinity and persistence in comparison to other environmental matrices. Extensive damage to food and production systems during a pollution incident causing soil contamination by POPs lead to severe economic and social consequences for the affected area. To mitigate these effects, it is crucial to implement necessary measures for consumer protection while also focusing on rehabilitating conditions for food production, tailored to both commercial farms and private holders. In this context, the present work aims to develop and test a methodology for assessing the tolerable concentration of the most cancerogenic legacy POPs in soil for various livestock animals in diverse rearing systems ensuring the safety of food of animal origin. Therefore, we summarize existing knowledge about the risk of POP transfer in different livestock breeding systems via soil exposure, and modeling via a backward calculation from the MRLs the corresponding tolerable quantity of POPs that may be ingested by animals in the considered rearing system. Results of these simulations showed that soil ingestion is a predominant contamination pathway, which is a central factor in the risk assessment of POP exposure on livestock farms, especially in free-range systems. In field conditions of POP exposure, low productive animals may be more susceptible to uptake through soil than high-yielding animals, even if the feed respected MRLs. Results show that PCDD/Fs revealed the lowest security ratio for low productive dairy cows (1.5) compared to high productive ones (52). Laying hens with a productivity of 45% show also as a high sensitivity to POPs exposure via soil ingestion. Indeed, their security ratio for PCDD/Fs, lindane and DDT were 3, 2 and 1, respectively. In perspective, proposed methodology can be adapted for assessing the risk of industrial POPs newly listed in the Stockholm Convention. In practice, it could be useful for food producers to apprehend their own risk of chemical contamination.

Rhizarthrosis: Resection Arthroplasty versus Resection Suspension Arthroplasty - Still the Gold Standard?

Rhizarthrosis is one of the most common arthritic changes in the hand, which has led to the development of a large number of surgical methods in recent years. In addition to the traditional resection arthroplasty with tendon suspension or interposition, if needed, thumb saddle joint prostheses are being used more and more frequently. However, these are not an option for all patients such as those with severe osteoporosis, severe nickel allergy, insufficient height of the trapezium or STT osteoarthritis. This study examined whether the traditional surgical methods continue to have their "right to exist" or whether they will be replaced by prostheses. In a retrospective study with prospective data collection, 48 hands of 45 patients diagnosed with rhizarthrosis in stages II and III according to Eaton and Littler were clinically examined 2.5 years after resection arthroplasty/resection-suspension-interposition arthroplasty using flexor carpi radialis (FCR) or abductor pollicis longus (APL) tendon strips in the years 2015-2018. The postoperative outcome was assessed using mobility, grip strength, two-point discrimination, postoperative satisfaction with regard to pain and resilience, as well as the DASH and MHQ questionnaires. There were no significant differences in surgery duration, inability to work, time to full weight-bearing, pain, satisfaction, grip strength and mobility. Regardless of the surgical method used, patients achieved an almost free range of motion in the thumb and wrist as well as age-appropriate hand strength. Pain at rest was rare; 48% were pain-free during exercise. The DASH questionnaire scored 20.2, 13.9 and 22.1 points and the MHQ scored 76.3, 79.3 and 79.4 points. Hence, the traditional surgical techniques showed good postoperative results with high patient satisfaction. "Newer procedures" such as endoprosthesis offer promising results in terms of faster regeneration times. However, this is offset by a longer surgery time and higher material costs, which means that resection arthroplasty represents a long-established procedure with a low potential for complications and a lower revision rate and should continue to be used, especially if there are relative contraindications to an endoprosthesis.

Implications of the storage conditions and production system on the physical properties of eggs: a multivariate data analysis study

SummaryThe objective of this study was to apply multivariate data analytical methods to evaluate the effect of both storage conditions (cold and room temperature) and production systems (cage and free range) on the physical properties of chicken eggs produced under tropical conditions. The results of this study indicated that most of the physical quality parameters (Haugh units, egg weight, albumin height, yolk colour, shell breaking and shell thickness) measured in the egg samples stored at room temperature (RT) were lower compared with egg samples stored in cold room (CT) conditions. The weight loss rate (WLR) was higher in the egg samples from RT compared with CT conditions. Both egg samples from either CT storage conditions or FR production system had the best quality parameters (high Haugh units, heavy egg weights and low WLR). The highest classification rate using linear discriminant analysis was obtained for the prediction of systems of production where egg samples from cage (C) and FR were 83% and 80% correctly classified. However, the classification of weeks of storage provides with intermediate classification results based on the physical parameters measured where 75% and 72% of the samples were correctly classified as stored in CT or RT storage conditions, respectively. The utilisation of multivariate data analysis allowed for the analysis of all the variables at the time without the need to isolate effects such as birds age, housing systems or by the solely interpretation of a single parameter.

On Minimizing Charge Injection Error Using Multi-Dummy Switches With Enhanced Linearity

The paper proposes an ameliorated methodology to minimize the effect of charge injection over a wide input common-mode range. Instead of a conventional single dummy switch compensation [1], the multi-dummy switches are proposed and employed to eradicate the injected charge on to the sampling capacitor. A detailed methodology is presented to compensate the charge injection in a MOS switch. The closed-form equations are derived mathematically to substantiate the proposed technique. For the proof-of-concept, a track-and-hold (T/H) stage has been simulated in 0.18μm CMOS technology with the proposed technique for a 10-bit resolution. The proposed technique based T/H stage exhibits the spurious free dynamic range (SFDR) of 62.6 dB, effective number of bits (ENOB) of 9.36, peak input-referred third-order intercept point (IIP3) of 13.02 dBm and an input-referred 1 dB compression point (P1dB) of 3.8 dBm at 1.074 MHz input frequency, sampled at 100 MSa/s. The performance of the proposed method is compared with the existing single dummy switch compensation method where our technique shows 88.8% compensation in minimizing the charge injection error and 272% improvement in dynamic linearity. Moreover, the presented technique quantifies 9× improvement in mean percentage error (MPE) when simulated across the various process corners and rail-to-rail input common-mode voltage.

Is Postoperative Splinting Advantageous After Upper Extremity Fracture Surgery? Results From the Arm Splint Pain Improvement Research Experiment.

The authors report no conflict of interest.To determine if short-term immobilization with a rigid long arm plaster elbow splint after surgery of the arm, elbow, or forearm results in superior outcomes compared with a soft dressing with early motion. Prospective Randomized Control Trial. Academic Medical Center. Patients undergoing operative treatment for a mid-diaphysis or distal humerus, elbow, or forearm fracture were consented and randomized according to the study protocol for postoperative application of a rigid elbow splint (10-14 days in a plaster Sugar Tong Splint for forearm fracture or a Long Arm plaster Splint for 10-14 for all others) or soft dressing and allowing immediate free range of elbow and wrist motion (range of motion [ROM]). Self-reported pain (visual analog score or VAS), Healthscale (0-100, 100 denoting excellent health), and physical function (EuroQol 5 Dimension or EQ-5D) surveyed on postoperative days 1-5 and 14 were compared between groups. Patient-reported pain score (0-10, 10 denoting highest satisfaction) at week 6, time to fracture union, ultimate disabilities of the arm, shoulder, and hand score, and elbow ROM were also collected for analysis. Incidence of complications were assessed. Hundred patients (38 men to 62 women with a mean age of 55.7 years) were included. Over the first 5 days and again at postop day 14, the splint cohort reported a higher "Healthscale" from 0 to 100 than the nonsplint group on all study days ( P = 0.041). There was no difference in reported pain between the 2 study groups over the same interval ( P = 0.161 and 0.338 for least and worst pain, respectively), and both groups reported similar rates of treatment satisfaction ( P = 0.30). Physical function ( P = 0.67) and rates of wound problems ( P = 0.27) were similar. Additionally, the mean time to fracture healing was similar for the splint and control groups (4.6 ± 2.8 vs. 4.0 ± 2.2 months, P = 0.34). Ultimate elbow ROM was similar between the study groups ( P = 0.48, P = 0.49, P = 0.61, and P = 0.51 for elbow extension, flexion, pronation, and supination, respectively). Free range of elbow motion without splinting produced similar results compared with elbow immobilization after surgical intervention for a fracture to the humerus, elbow, and forearm. There was no difference in patient-reported pain outcomes, wound problems, or elbow ROM. Immobilized patients reported slightly higher "healthscale" ratings than nonsplinted patients and, however, reported similar rates of satisfaction. Both treatment strategies are acceptable after upper extremity fracture surgery. Therapeutic Level I. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

EFFECT OF ECOLOGICAL CONDITIONS ON DESI AND FAYOUMI CHICKEN TRAITS AT DISTRICT KASHMORE, SINDH-PAKISTAN

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the different body organs measurement and multiple phenotypic traits of desi and fayoumi selected chicken breeds under free range and intensive management conditions during, 2021. Host birds were collected from local peoples and hatcheries of district Kashmore and brought through intensive care management system in Animal Husbandry, Department of Zoology, Shah Abdul Latif University Khairpur Mirs. Both chicken male and female populations were reared separately in the same ecology and F1 generation chickens were obtained. The feeding and rearing procedures were followed by NRC and ISA recommended guidelines. The average values of phenotypic traits like neck length of desi and fayoumi males measured in cm (20.4±1.9), (16.5±1.4) body height (43.4±3.2), (33.7±3.2) shank length (12.5±0.82) (8.3±0.72) beak length (3.6±0.21) (2.7±0.16) and wings span (23.7±1.6) (18.3±1.5) in intensive conditions. While as, in the free range conditions the neck length of desi and fayoumi males was recorded in cm (18.7±1.6) (16.4±1.3) body height (38.7±3.2) (34.6±3.1), shank length (10.3±0.97) (9.4±0.94), length of beak (3.3±0.24) (2.7±0.18), and wing span (20.4±1.5) (18.5±1.4), in both chicken breeds. The different phenotype traits of desi and fayoumi chicken breeds viz., the color of eyes, comb, plumage, feather, barbell, mumps, and beak colors percentage were found with variation in intensive and free range conditions. Concludingly, desi chickens were found with larger body parts with dark color variants. The present study suggests, more work should be carried on other characteristics to enhance poultry quality and quantity in future endeavors.

Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasitism in pigs of Tripura, India.

Pigs breeds are an important livestock species mostly reared by economically lower incomesection of people in India. Within North-Eastern (NE) states, pig husbandry is very much popular hence maintain the livelihood of the rural native population. Gastrointentinal (GI) parasitic infectionisone of the major constraint in profitable pig production in this area. In the present study, the GI parasitism was investigated in 388 pigs in the three districts of Tripura, NE State of India. The examination of faecal samples revealed 61.65% overall prevalence of parasitic infestation, precisely6 GI parasitic species; including 4 nematodes and 2 protozoa, while 46.91% were the mixed infections.Metastrongylus spp. (17.53%), Strongyloids spp. (19.33%),Trichuris spp. (15.98%), Coccidia spp. (12.37%), and Balantidium coli (10.82%), were detected, however, Ascaris spp. was the most prevalentrecording 32.47%. The epidemiological factors including: age, sex, season, breed, area and farming system wise when considered as markers of study showed the highest prevalence of GI parasites in grower(6-12months) stage, female, monsoon season, non-descript breeds, Khowai district and free range farming system, recorded 71.52%, 67.27%, 65.78%, 65.71%, 64.57%, and 69.44%, respectively. Overall, our study provides a baseline data for further investigation and formulation of strategies for control of GI parasitism in pigs in Tripura.

Spectral Engineering for Optimal Signal Performance in the Microwave SQUID Multiplexer

AbstractWe describe a technique to optimize the dynamic performance of microwave SQUID multiplexer (µMUX)-based systems. These systems proved to be adequate for reading out multiple cryogenic detectors simultaneously. However, the requirement for denser detector arrays to increase the sensitivity of scientific experiments makes its design a challenge. When modifying the readout power, there is a trade-off between decreasing the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and boosting the nonlinearities of the active devices. The latter is characterized by the spurious free dynamic range (SFDR) parameter and manifests as an increment in the intermodulation products and harmonics power. We estimate the optimal spectral location of the SQUID signal containing the detector information for different channels. Through the technique, what we refer to as Spectral Engineering, it is possible to minimize the SNR degradation while maximizing the SFDR of the detector signal, thus, overcoming the trade-off.

Release the hens: a study on the complexities of guinea fowl as tick control.

Established tick control strategies often involve methods that can be damaging to existing environmental conditions or natural host ecology. To find more environmentally friendly methods, biological controls, like predators of ticks, have been suggested. There are natural predators of ticks, but most are generalists and not expected to control tick populations. Helmeted guinea fowl (Numida meleagris (L.) (Galliformes: Numididae)) have been suggested to be biological controls of ticks, and therefore, tick-borne pathogens, but their potential role as hosts for ticks complicates the relationship. A study was conducted to assess whether guinea fowl reduces the abundance of lone star ticks, Amblyomma americanum (L.) (Acari: Ixodidae), or whether they are hosts of ticks. Using mark-recapture techniques, painted lone star ticks were placed into 3 different treatments: penned, excluded, and free range. The recapture rates of painted ticks were compared. There was a significant difference between excluded and free-range treatments, but not between excluded and penned or between free range and penned. To investigate the role of guinea fowl as hosts of ticks, coop floors were examined for engorged ticks. Engorged lone star nymphs that had fed on guinea fowl were found. Lastly, ticks collected were tested to identify the potential reduction in risk of tick-borne pathogens. This study found no evidence that guinea fowl are an effective biological control of lone star ticks or tick-borne pathogens, but they are hosts of lone star nymphs. Future studies are needed to assess the complex ecology of a biological control of ticks that is also a host.

A 16-bit DPT-DAC over 120dBc SFDR with Signal-Phase regulation and Switching-Glitch neutralization

This paper introduces a fully-differential current steering, dynamically performance tunable digital-to-analog converter (DPT-DAC) for 5G and 6G telecommunication systems. In the DPT-DAC, a novel signal-phase regulation (SPR) technique and switching-glitch neutralization (SGN) technique are proposed to improve the dynamic performance of the DAC. In the standard 65 nm CMOS process, the simulation results show that by using the proposed SPR technique, the spurious free dynamic range (SFDR) can be tuned in the range of 97.3dBc to 122.4dBc under the best conditions. The optimized intermodulation distortion of the third order (IMD3) is −115.3dBc. By adding the extra SGN structure, we optimized the integral nonlinearity (INL) and differential nonlinearity (DNL) parameters of the DAC to 0.604LSB and 0.547LSB, respectively. Our design consumes 152mW at a working frequency of 1 GS/s, with an area of 0.62 mm2.

Research on a Multi-Channel High-Speed Interferometric Signal Acquisition System

In order to capture the large-scale interferometric signal generated by the space-borne interferometric infrared Fourier spectrometer (IRIFS) in real time, and overcome the limitations of insufficient sampling rate, transmission rate, and significant signal noise in current equipment, a multi-channel high-speed acquisition system for large-scale interferometric signals is designed. A high-performance analog-to-digital converter (ADC) oversampling scheme is designed, which can realize up to 8 synchronous acquisition channels and has a maximum sampling rate of 125 Msps/Ch to ensure the acquisition of interferometric signals. The scheme of jesd204b inter-board transmission and optical fiber terminal transmission is designed. The inter-board transmission rate is 12.5 Gbps, and the terminal transmission rate is 10 GB/s to ensure high-speed data transmission. A hardware filter is designed to realize spatial noise processing of interference signals and ensure the accuracy of acquisition results. The dynamic performance of the data acquisition (DAQ) card is analyzed using discrete Fourier transform in the frequency domain. The spurious free dynamic range (SFDR) is 84 dB, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is 72.7 dB, and the cross-talk is −81.6 dB, which verifies the dynamic stability of the DAQ card. Finally, the infrared radiation in real space is measured. The average ΔNESR of long wave reaches 48 mW∗m−2∗sr−1, and the average ΔNESR of medium wave reaches 12.3 mW∗m−2∗sr−1, which verifies the reliability of the system performance. The system is of great significance for large-scale infrared interferometric signal acquisition, and has strong practical application value in multi-channel synchronization, real-time high-speed acquisition, and high-speed data transmission.

End of the Cage Age? A Study on the Impacts of the Transition from Cages on the EU Laying Hen Sector

This paper’s main objective is to assess the impacts of the ban on cages for housing laying hens, planned by the European Commission to raise animal welfare standards beyond the level set in the current legislation. The farm-level economic assessments of the ban were carried out in three stages: farm surveys and expert consultations, farm-level analyses, and aggregation to the EU-27 egg production sector. Four scenarios were constructed. All financial estimates were conducted with fixed prices from the year 2021 for which the reference scenario was built. Alternative hen-housing systems were barn (Voliera), free range, and organic. Until now, more than 50% of laying hens in the EU have already been transferred to alternative systems. The remaining part is subject to the transition. The basic assumptions included a reduction in yields due to the required lower densities and specifics of the production systems. A factor strongly differentiating the scenarios is likelihood of exists form the sector, as declared in the survey by many farmers, mainly those reaching retirement age without successors and keeping relatively small flocks of hens. The introduction of the ban will cause a decrease in egg production, varying between the scenarios. Substantial investments will be required within the range of 2–3.2 billion EUR, depending on the scenario.

A preliminary study on short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in duck farms: Concentrations, distribution, and dietary exposure risks

Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) in poultry feed and the farm environment might bioaccumulate in poultry eggs. Unlike chickens, which are mostly raised in cages, ducks are commonly raised free range. This would expose ducks to CPs in the environment. However, information on the presence of CPs on duck farms is scarce. In the present study, samples of duck eggs, duck feathers, poultry feed, and soil were collected from 25 duck farms in South China. Forty-eight congener groups of short- and medium-chain CPs (SCCPs and MCCPs) were detected in the samples. Interestingly, relatively high concentrations of SCCPs and MCCPs were found in the duck feathers. The median concentrations of SCCPs and MCCPs in the duck eggs, feathers, feed and soil were: 46 and 18 ng/g wet weight, 2460 and 992 ng/g, 103 and 47 ng/g, and 24 and 10 ng/g dry weight, respectively. The dominant groups of SCCPs and MCCPs were C10Cl6–7 and C14Cl7–8, respectively. The close relationship between duck feathers and poultry feed indicated that the duck feathers might act as a bioindicator for the exposure of ducks to CPs. The margin of exposure approach was used to assess the health risk, with the results showing that the consumption of duck eggs posed a low risk to different age groups from exposure to SCCPs and MCCPs.

Ultrasensitive fiber sensor with enhanced Vernier effect for simultaneous measurements of transverse load and temperature.

Based on enhanced Vernier effect, a compact fiber sensor with ultrahigh sensitivity is proposed for simultaneous transverse load (TL) and temperature measurements. A single mode fiber (SMF) is spliced with a segment of hollow-core fiber (HCF) coated with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), some PDMS is injected into the HCF, forming a Vernier sensor with an air cavity adjacent to a PDMS cavity. It is shown that TL and temperature changes give rise to opposite and remarkable different variations in lengths of the two cavities, thereby enhancing Vernier effect and in favor of simultaneous measurements of TL and temperature. Moreover, the limited sensitivity magnification due to the length mismatch between the two cavities is compensated for by reconstructing the Vernier envelope with a broadened free spectrum range (FSR) from output signal. As a result, the highest TL sensitivity reported so far of -2637.47 nm/N and a good condition number of 69.056 for the sensitivity coefficient matrix have been achieved.

Situation on the market of eggs from non-cage production systems

The objective of the study is to determine the share of eggs from non-cage production systems compared to eggs from cage systems, in the year when the extended transitional period expires (December 2023) for Serbian producers to comply with the welfare legislation, mandating the transition from the conventional cage breeding system to permitted systems (enriched cage system and non-cage systems (floor, aviary, free breeding - free ranges, organic production). Also, the objective of the study is to determine the structure of consumers within the group valueing the breeding system, which declares that it prefers free range eggs and organic eggs. The examination of the Belgrade market supply of eggs, including supermarkets (11), green markets (5) and specialized stores (5), and consumer attitudes was conducted through a survey (247 respondents in the Belgrade region). According to the results of the survey, it can be concluded that the supply of eggs from non-cage systems is minor, compared to eggs from the cage system, which have a share of 100%, it is 81.82% for eggs from the floor system, 54.54% for eggs from free range and 9.10% for organic eggs. The supply of organic eggs on the market is insufficient and mainly associated with specialized stores. For about 30% of consumers, the egg production system is very important, whereby the majority of consumers (53.45%) would prefer the eggs from free ranges, and among them the largest share are women (76.03%), consumers with higher education (67.10%), employed (78.38%), aged 36-55 and with higher monthly incomes. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that the process of harmonizing egg production with welfare regulations has an impact on the egg market, i.e. resulting in changes in the sense of greater share of eggs from non-cage systems compared to similar research in the earlier period. At the same time, although there is a growing awareness among consumers about the importance of the production/rearing system, it is still insufficient compared to certain European countries. The development of non-cage systems, as more favourable from the point of view of welfare and consumer expectations, should be given greater attention in the coming period, by acting through regulatory measures, education of producers and consumers, research and support in terms of incentives, subsidies and loans to producers who switch to alternative systems of raising laying hens.

The Effects of the Environmental Pollutions on the Human Food and Public Health

The environmental pollution Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, the polychlorinated dibenzofurans PCDD/F and the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) contamination in the food from the animal origin were caused by the industrially produced feed from the free range chicken, sheep, and beef. To elucidate the entry of the the environmental pollution polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and the Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans PCDD/Fs in the food related to the environmental contamination. The food products from the farm animals are sensitive to the environmental pollution dioxin/ polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) exposure, the suckling calves and the laying hens housed outdoor at the soil concentrations that have previously been considered as safe. In the beef/veal when the soil is contaminated. The eggs/ the broiler, this can occur. The eggs consumer's especially the young children can easily exceed the health-based guidance values, the tolerable daily intake. The soil, the chicken eggs exposure pathway is probably the most sensitive route for the human exposure to both the environmental pollution dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls and the PCDD/Fs from the soil and needs to be considered for the soil guidelines. The calves from the suckler cow herds are the most prone to the impacts of the dlPCB contamination due to the excretion/accumulation via the milk. The environmental pollution polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) (and the PCDD/F) intake for the free-range cattle stems from the feed and the soil. The sources for the PCDD/Fs and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) relevant to the environmental contamination in polychlorinated biphenyls respect to the food safety. It also includes the considerations on the assessment of the emerging persistent organic pollutants. The major sources of the environmental pollution PCDD/F and the dl-PCB contamination of the food of the animal origin are the soils contaminated from the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and the PCDD/F releases; the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) emitted from the buildings and the constructions; the environmental pollution polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) present at the farms. The impacted areas need to be assessed with the respect to the potential contamination of the food producing animals. The livestock management techniques can reduce the exposure to the environmental pollution PCDD/Fs and the environmental pollution polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The control and the reduction measures are recommended for the emission sources and the new listed and the emerging persistent organic pollutants to ensure the food safety.

Impacts of the Environmental Pollution Residues in Human Food on the Public Health

The environmental pollution Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, the polychlorinated dibenzofurans PCDD/F and the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) contamination in the food from the animal origin were caused by the industrially produced feed from the free range chicken, sheep, and beef. To elucidate the entry of the the environmental pollution polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and the Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans PCDD/Fs in the food related to the environmental contamination. The food products from the farm animals are sensitive to the environmental pollution dioxin/ polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) exposure, the suckling calves and the laying hens housed outdoor at the soil concentrations that have previously been considered as safe. In the beef/veal when the soil is contaminated. The eggs/ the broiler, this can occur. The eggs consumer's especially the young children can easily exceed the health-based guidance values, the tolerable daily intake. The soil, the chicken eggs exposure pathway is probably the most sensitive route for the human exposure to both the environmental pollution dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls and the PCDD/Fs from the soil and needs to be considered for the soil guidelines. The calves from the suckler cow herds are the most prone to the impacts of the dlPCB contamination due to the excretion/accumulation via the milk. The environmental pollution polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) (and the PCDD/F) intake for the free-range cattle stems from the feed and the soil. The sources for the PCDD/Fs and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) relevant to the environmental contamination in polychlorinated biphenyls respect to the food safety. It also includes the considerations on the assessment of the emerging persistent organic pollutants. The major sources of the environmental pollution PCDD/F and the dl-PCB contamination of the food of the animal origin are the soils contaminated from the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and the PCDD/F releases; the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) emitted from the buildings and the constructions; the environmental pollution polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) present at the farms. The impacted areas need to be assessed with the respect to the potential contamination of the food producing animals. The livestock management techniques can reduce the exposure to the environmental pollution PCDD/Fs and the environmental pollution polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The control and the reduction measures are recommended for the emission sources and the new listed and the emerging persistent organic pollutants to ensure the food safety.

16-channel snapshot multispectral imaging based on integrated Fabry Perot microcavity array

&lt;sec&gt;By designing and fabricating a narrow-band Fabry-Perot multi-beam interference spectroscopic microcavity array, and integrating it with a visible light detector focal plane array, we demonstrate a small compact multispectral imaging detector. The micro-cavity filter array with 4×4 basic repeating units and a total of 2048×2048 pixels is obtained on a quartz substrate by the four-fractal combination lithograph-etching process. Then the micro miniatured multispectral imaging detector is formed by fitting with the detector chip. The depth and precision of the etching will determine the distribution and offset of the central wavelength of the narrowband spectral channel respectively. The results show that the etching rate of reactive ion is (3.6 ± 0.2) Å/s, and the process is stable and controllable. Due to the different etching depths, the basic repeating unit forms 16 different levels of steps, and the process achieves the design expectation well.&lt;/sec&gt;&lt;sec&gt;The results are obtained as follows: the response spectrum peak of the microcavity array sample varies from 520 to 680 nm, the free spectrum range is 160 nm, the full width at the half-peak is less than 10 nm, the transmittance is about 70%, the relative half-width of the transmittance peak at 590 nm is 1.19%, and the waveform coefficient is 2.78. A 16-channel multispectral camera is constructed by using the optical micro-precision assembly device to realize the precise alignment and the fitting of the micro-cavity filter array and the image sensor. Xenon lamp and monochromator are used as tunable wavelength monochromatic cooperative light source to detect the effect of 16-channel snapshot multispectral imaging on a pixel scale. The results show that the multispectral imaging detector has 16 different narrow-band response spectra. The characteristic spectrum of the target can be clearly distinguished by spectral channel.&lt;/sec&gt;&lt;sec&gt;When imaging the target with known spectral characteristics, for a certain frame of multi-spectral image, selecting a suitable spectral channel can eliminate the background in the field of view through image subtraction and improve the contrast of the target. In the dark room condition, we take the LED light source with center wavelength varying in a range between 528 and 589 nm as the target (the wavelength coincides with the working wavelength of the spectral channel), and effectively suppress the background through the spectral differential intensity subtraction, which can improve the accuracy and sensitivity of the target capture. The 16-channel snapshot multi-spectral imaging detector based on integrated Fabry-Perot microcavity array has the advantages of small size, high integration and strong environmental adaptability, and is expected to play a role in realizing the real-time detection of weak moving targets, auxiliary diagnosis of skin surface observation, and high dynamic range imaging of target observation under backlight conditions.&lt;/sec&gt;

Near-infrared self-assembled laser based on Ag&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;Se quantum dots

The development of colloidal near-infrared quantum dots (QD) lasers has been hindered by the high state degeneracy of lead salt QDs and the difficulty in coupling colloidal quantum dots to the resonant cavity. In this study, we show that above challenges can be addressed by the self-assembly laser based on Ag&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;Se QDs. Ag&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;Se QDs with the lowest quantized states 2-fold degeneracy are used to replace lead salt quantum dots to achieve low threshold near-infrared optical gain. We employ the finite element method to deeply analyze the mode field distribution and oscillation mechanism of the coffee-ring microcavity. Our results reveal that the light field oscillates in a zig-zag path along the cross-sectional area, indicating strong coupling between the QDs and the cavity mode. Furthermore, we investigate the relationship between cavity length and free spectrum range and laser emission wavelength. Leveraging this relationship and the gain spectrum characteristics of Ag&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;Se QDs, we design a single-mode near-infrared laser and conduct a comprehensive analysis. Using simulation results to fabricate a single-mode near-infrared Ag&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;Se QD coffee-ring microlaser, which exhibits a linewidth of 0.3 nm and a threshold of 158 μJ cm&lt;sup&gt;-2&lt;/sup&gt;. Currently, it holds the record for the lowest laser threshold among near-infrared colloidal QD lasers. Increasing the laser cavity length, resulting in an increase in the emission wavelength from 1300 nm to 1323 nm. In addition, the toxicity of Ag&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;Se QDs is remarkably negligible. Our work promotes the development of environment-friendly near-infrared lasers to practical lasers.