Frame Work Research Articles

Governance and Income Inequality

Major problems of developing countries are unequal income distribution and low growth rate, which affect their welfare aspects. It was implicitly assumed that whenever we achieve target of higher growth rate, benefit of growth would automatically trickle down to the poor. History of developing countries shows that the rich benefited more than the poor as evidenced by rising income inequality during the period of higher economic growth. The economic policy changes are often triggered by the logic of low level of equilibrium of output level, employment and income distribution. To overcome this low level of equilibrium trap, government often adopt polices so as to achieve high level of income and employment growth and development, and equitable income distribution. Coherent policy instruments are essential to meet these policy targets. Impact of any macro economic policy has been examined by studying its impact on economic growth and income distribution. In recent years polices have been directed toward reducing the level of poverty and inequality through raising quality of life in society by providing efficient and effective governance. This new economic philosophy has resulted in a massive change in the policy orientation of countries; the priority is now centred on issue of governance and focus is now shifted towards a qualitative nature of its growth and development. According to Sen (1983), the realisation of human capabilities, that enlarge the range of human choices, is essential for a broader notion and measure of economic well-being. The institutional frame work is then considered as one of the essential elements for translating growth and well-being into a sustainable process.

The Injection Molding of Biodegradable Polydioxanone-A Study of the Dependence of the Structural and Mechanical Properties on Thermal Processing Conditions.

Recent years have observed a significant increase in the use of degradable materials in medicine due to their minimal impact on the patient and broad range of applicability. The biodegradable polymer Polydioxanone (PDO) provides a good example of the use of such one polymer that can represent the aforementioned medical materials in the field of medicine, due to its high level of biocompatibility and interesting mechanical properties. PDO is used to produce absorbable medical devices such as sutures and stents, and is also suitable for the fabrication of certain orthopedic implants. Polydioxanone can be processed using the injection molding method due to its thermoplastic nature; this method allows for the precise and easily-controllable production of medical materials without the need for toxic additives. A number of small commercial polymer implants have recently been introduced onto the market based on this processing method. It is important to note that, to date, no relevant information on the molding of PDO is available either for the scientific or the general public, and no study has been published that describes the potential of the injection molding of PDO. Hence, we present our research on the basic technological and material parameters that allow for the processing of PDO using the laboratory microinjection molding method. In addition to determining the basic parameters of the process, the research also focused on the study of the structural and mechanical properties of samples based on the thermal conditions during processing. A technological frame work was successfully determined for the processing of PDO via the microinjection molding approach that allows for the production of samples with the required homogeneity, shape stability and surface quality in a laboratory scale. The research revealed that PDO is a polymer with a major share of crystalline phases, and that it is sensitive to the annealing temperature profile in the mold, which has the potential to impact the final crystalline structure, the fracture morphology and the mechanical properties.

COGNITIVE ANALYSIS WITH INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL COGNITIVE SKILLS OF THE STUDENTS

Students in the initial phase of a programming courses may find some difficulties in learning the programming concepts. Here, analysing the cognitive behavior of the students with the help of assessment, Numerical Ability, Personality tasks. In existing reflects deficiency in finding out the effects of learners in each stage of the courses. These drawbacks should be overcome by introducing methodical approaches to the students. This frame work provide structural concepts by using different methodical concepts with the help of assessment related to personality task, numerical ability. Performance prediction of students can be examined with the help of high-level programming language through the metrics associated with cognitive analysis. Overall maximum prediction accuracy is 86% to 98% which is higher than existing approaches.

Literasi Digital Pustakawan dalam Database Scopus Periode 2010-2020: Studi Bibliometrika

This study aims to see; growth of scientific publications on digital literacy in librarians, core journals of digital literacy scientific publications for librarians, productivity and collaboration of science researchers, digital literacy in librarians, number of publications on digital literacy in librarians by affiliation / institution, number of publications by country, number of publications based on document type, number of publications by subject, 8) map of developments on digital literacy in librarians through keyword clusters. Data obtained from the Scopus database published in the 2010-2020 period. Data analysis using VosViewer software. The results showed that Communication In Computer and Information Science contributed the most articles on digital literacy, then followed by College And Undergraduate, then Reference Services Review journal, the journal with the least amount of Information And Learning Science. The most subjects were Social Sciences with 55.1%, then in the second place were Computer Sciences subjects, namely 21.9%, then the Arts and Humanities subjects were 6.9% followed by Mathematics as much as 5.1%. Meanwhile, the fewest documents were documents on Nursing and Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics with a total percentage of 0.3%, namely 1 document. Trends in knowledge can be seen from the many keywords that are found such as acrl frame work, digital citizenship, digital divide, digital literacy, distance education, distance learning, fake news, higher education, human computer interactive, information literacy, information skills, instructional design, learning. , library instruction, literacy, media literacy, online learning, research, social media. The keywords that are most tied to other networks or other keywords are Information literacy, Digital literacy, Digital literacies, Libraries, Education, Students and Academic libraries.

Engaging Paulo Freire on deliberative democracy: Dialogical pedagogy, deliberation and inclusion in a transformative higher education online education space

An effective education system is an environment where students feel cared for, included and are able to deliver critical dialogical input in their learnings on Learning Management Systems (LMS) platforms. The article aims to epitomizes quality education where skills, values and equal distribution of resources can be accessed by all. This includes effectively trained lecturers who manages diversity and teach effectively, to foster success, and to provide a safe and friendly classroom environment for students. This article comes from a larger work done on how to administer clear dialogical and caring aims (policy) in higher online education spaces where students grow holistically and critically. The paper focuses on the kind of space lecturers need to create online in-order to provide students the opportunity to be part of a caring teaching and learning process in order to form part of an active citizenry beyond their immediate context. This article employed a qualitative research methodology, where a questionnaire was used for lecturers at the Faculty of Theology and Religion at the University of the Free State. These questionnaires covered 30 lecturers who made use of the University’s LMS’ platform. The data was analyzed through the interpretivist paradigm. The finding in this article reveal that the little to no cultivation of critical pedagogical action vis-à-vis the enactment of activism and justice in and through higher education in the context of real pedagogical action in online (LMS) higher education spaces are important. The study is significant because it emphasizes a topic that are helpful in understanding how critical pedagogical action through Freire’s dialogical theory in the online (LMS) higher education platforms ought to be engaged.Contribution: The contribution in this article is an amendment to Freire’s pedagogy frame work framed with the Faculty of Theology and Religion and extending his notion of dialogical engagement to deliberative action in the online (LMS) higher education space is critical tenant for student wholistic growth.

RETRACTED: Modality feature fusion based Alzheimer’s disease prognosis

Alzheimer’s is a dynamic and irreversible cerebrum degenerative issue which slowly affects brain tissues mainly in senile age. Given that there is no specific cure or effective treatment for Alzheimer’s, it has become a leading cause of death affecting an estimate of around 65 million people across the world. The symptoms include memory lapse, abnormal psych emotionalbehaviour owing to the consistent brain shrinkage. Identification and classification of Alzheimer’s from normal brain images captured using medical modalities is an easy and effective idea. Hence researchers are using modalities like MRI, PET and DTI. The objective of this paper is developing feature selection approach forenhancing the accuracy of multimodalities in Alzheimer disease diagnosis. In our work, we define a machine learning based multimodality feature fusion frame work. We extracted the features from each modality individually and then fused them together forming the aggregated feature vector. This feature vector is then fed as input to the training-testing sets for classification into Alzheimer Disease (AD) and Normal Control (NC). The framework is evaluated in terms of accuracy precision score (APS) and the classifier performance is depicted as ROC curve.

Effectiveness of breathing exercises in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Introduction: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Aim: The present study was undertaken to assess the effectiveness of breathing exercises in the reduction of dyspnoea among the COPD patients. Methods: A quantitative research approach, quasi experimental pre-test and post-test control group design was used in the study. The study was theoretically supported by the frame work based on goal attainment theory of Imogen King. The study was conducted in pulmonology wards of a teaching institute in South India. A total of 60 subjects were selected. The samples were selected by using convenient sampling technique. BODE index was used to grade dyspnoea. The data collected were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: 63% of patients were having BODE index score between 4 and 7. In the experimental group the mean pre-test value was 6.13 and the mean post-test value was 2.96 and significant at p value 0.001 level. The post interventional level of dyspnoea of both groups was analysed by using Mann Whitney test, and showed a p value of 0.001. There is significant reduction in the level of dyspnoea after practising breathing exercises compared with control group. Conclusion: There is significant reduction in the level of dyspnoea among COPD patients with breathing exercises.

K voprosu o privlechenii pryamyh inostrannyh investicij: empiricheskij analiz investicionnogo sotrudnichestva stran EAES i BRIKS

The article discusses the features of att racting direct investment between the EAEU and BRICS countries at the present stage. Th e aim of the article is to identify the key problems and prospects of att racting foreign direct investment between the EAEU and BRICS countries in modern conditions. Th ere is identifi ed the key obstacles to increasing investment att ractiveness within the fr amework of the EAEU and BRICS based on the data of the international rating of economic fr eedom in 2021. Th e main problems of the development of direct investment between the EAEU and BRICS countries are disclosed.

Streaming instability of electron-acoustic waves with nonextensive q-distributed electrons

The linear characteristics of electron-acoustic waves and associated kinetic instability are investigated in an unmagnetized electron-ion plasma containing streaming warm (hot) electrons, dynamical cool electrons and static background of the positive ions. The plasma under consideration is modeled by using a non-gyrotropic nonextensive q-distribution function in which the free energy source for wave excitation is provided by the relative directed motion of streaming warm electrons with respect to the cool electrons.In the frame work of kinetic theory, the Vlasov-Poisson equations are solved to derive the expressions for linear dispersion relation and Landau damping rate. The results are analyzed for threshold condition of wave dispersion and instability growth rate in the presence of nonextensive effects. The relevance of study to the observed situations is also described. • The plasma under consideration is modeled by using a non-gyrotropic nonextensive q-distribution function. • In the frame work of kinetic theory, the Vlasov-Poisson equations are solved to derive the expressions for linear dispersion relation and Landau damping rate. • The results are analyzed for threshold condition of wave dispersion and instability growth rate in the presence of nonextensive effects.

CO146 Potential Predictors Affecting Access to Breast Cancer Screening Among Women in the United States Using the Health Behavioral Model: A MEPS Panel Analysis

Despite the national campaign and multiple efforts to reduce the mortality associated with Breast Cancer (BC), mammography screening participation rates remain below the goal set by American Cancer Society (ACS) for the early detection of cancer. The access of mammography screening (MS) and clinical breast examination (CBE) could be improved if potential factors that impact nonattendance were better understood. Therefore, the objective of this study is to evaluate the predictors of breast cancer screening (BCS) behaviors within the frame work of Health belief model.

A Study on Analysis of Malware in Android Applications

Abstract: Malware is still a big problem around the world, but the nature of malware is changing. Malware is described as any malicious program designed to cause havoc or mischief in a computer system. the malware landscape changes every year, although long-term trends can be identified in year-on-year data reports. Despite numerous anti-malware measures, cybercriminals and hackers do not give up quickly, especially not when there is money to be made in malware. This study emphasizes the need to study malware and its effect on android applications. The primary objective is to infect an android application with malware and study the structural modifications that occur in the apk. This can be achievable by using Metasploit which is a frame work in Kali Linux. The structural changes are analyzed by an application called Virus Total. This study will help in preventing malware attacks and also bring awareness among users on malware.

Forestry Resource Exploitation by Rural Household, Their Pathways out of Poverty and its Implications on the Environment. A Case Study of Toro LGA of Bauchi State, Nigeria

In order to survive and thrive in their pathways out of poverty, rural households may engage in a livelihood strategy such as daily dependent on forest products resources that could have an implication on the environment. This study focused on a case study of rural households’ daily dependent on forest products, their pathways out of poverty and its implication on the environment in the Toro Local Government Area of Bauchi State, Nigeria using a total of 200 questionnaires distributed in four wards of the study area. Data obtained show that the most exploited tree was Parkia biglobosa (64%) and this was due to its abundance in the study are. The study revealed gross unsustainable use of forest and forest products due to poverty, unemployment (34%), illiteracy (76.5%), house hold size (3.5-61.5%), poor income and high demand for forest and forest products for sale to increase income and improve family standard of living. Poor management of this challenge would create problems for the future generations and the goal of environmental sustainability would be far from reality. Government should set up strong regulatory frame work for the use of the forest resources, while checking indiscriminate felling of trees.

Mapping an emerging hashtag ecosystem: connective action and interpretive frames in the Swedish #MeToo movement

ABSTRACT When #MeToo reached Sweden in the fall of 2017, it gave rise to nearly 80 industry-specific petitions that demanded a stop to sexual misconduct in the workplace, some with their own hashtags. This article examines the discourse of #MeToo on Twitter in Sweden in relation to these petition hashtags. Focusing on how #MeToo, petition hashtags, and other hashtags are co-articulated in Tweets, it maps the emergent network of hashtags using SNA and explores the resulting interpretative frames using discourse analysis. By co-articulating the MeToo and petition hashtags with hashtags related to Swedish politics and feminism, and by utilising the @-mention function to call out responsible politicians and industry executives, Twitter users extended the initial #MeToo frame beyond individualised problems and solutions common in connective action networks. We suggest that Twitter users utilise platform affordances to perform framing work in relation to political hashtags, not unlike framing work performed in traditional social movements.

An Examination of the Legislative Framework on Gas Flaring in Nigeria

The rapid development of the global oil and gas industry has led to an increase in atmospheric emissions which is detrimental to the wider atmosphere. The flaring of gas during oil exploration and production activities alarmingly contributes to the emission of green-house gases which contribute to climate change. The enactment of legislation with adequate provisions for reducing and eliminating gas flaring from oil and gas activities cannot be over emphasized. Few countries of the world have successfully eliminated the problem of gas flaring through conservation and the enactment of adequate legislation which prescribes stringent sanctions for defaulters. However, Nigeria is an example of a country with inadequate gas flaring laws. The doctrinal methodology was adopted here in this research. Hence, Both primary and secondary sources of materials were used. This paper examined the effectiveness of the legal frame work and regulatory regimes on gas flaring in Nigeria with a view to determining if the phase-out of the problem can be achieved. This paper found out that the provisions of the Associated Gas RE-Injection Act (AGRA) 1979 and its Regulations of 1984, among other laws, are inadequate for regulating and/or eliminating gas flaring. This paper finally recommended developing more effective laws on gas flaring and methods by which the gas being flared can be conserved to ensure a clean and healthy environment in Nigeria, particularly the Niger-Delta.

E-Learning in Education

E-learning fulfills the thirst of knowledge and offers online content that can be delivered for the learner at anywhere, anytime and any age through a wide range of e-learning solution while compared with traditional learning system. It also provides the rapid access to specific knowledge and information. With the rapid growth of voluminous information sources and the time constraint the learning methodology has changed. Learners obtain knowledge through e-Learning systems rather than manually teaching and learning. In this research paper proposes the e-learning management system with web services oriented frame work and SOA. This system supports the cross browser and fully integrated with different databases. This system focused around the several features namely Content Management, Content Protection, Learning Management, Delivery Management, Evaluation management, Access Control, etc., and mainly focused on integrated platform needed for e-learning and managements. E-learning has been introduced to empower learners to get basic schooling and enhance skills. Also, they can obtain a degree certificate, without actually attending school or university or any other institution. It is a great source of earning, wherein anyone can teach from anywhere in their preferred time. Applying e-learning to all levels of schooling helped to ensure students grasp the lessons adequately at a faster place. According to psychology, the audio-visual method of teaching leads to a disciplined learning environment. There are effective tutor and student engagements. One of the importance’s of e-learning in education is that tutors and participants both can develop advanced learning skills. For example, creating and selling EBooks is one such advancement. E-learning has worked towards bringing learners, tutors, experts, practitioners, and other interest groups to one place. Thus, there is a good practice of knowledge sharing followed through different online platforms. This is important in current times as competition is rising and the world is also growing. Hence, quick information helps in the better growth of an individual. The emergence of Covid-19 pandemic undoubtedly resulted in devastating socio-economic challenges across the world. In attempt to manage the contagion, many countries have implemented restrictive measures to reduce social gatherings and to promote social distancing. This meant the closure of higher learning institutions and a major shift from traditional classroom-based teaching and learning to virtual approach. While higher education may have transformed and moved to online due to Covid-19, it is unknown whether this transformation produces positive teaching and learning outcomes. This literature review is conducted to elicit relevant evidence on E-learning and E-teaching outcomes, challenges and opportunities in the era of Covid-19 pandemic. A comprehensive literature search was conducted on 16 databases for relevant studies published in the year 2020. In addition, reference lists of studies identified from the initial search were used to retrieve additional relevant studies. The search terms used were Covid-19, corona virus, online learning, E-learning, E-teaching and higher education. An inclusion and exclusion criteria was developed to select the most relevant articles for final review. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they addressed higher education E-learning and E-teaching outcomes, challenges and opportunities in the era of Covid-19.

You Better Go See Geri: An Odawa Elder’s Life of Recovery and Resilience

In the introduction to You Better Go See Geri, Andrea Riley Mukavetz asserts: “This book is about relationships: the kind of relationships one has with family, with community, across generations, with trauma and recovery, with ancestral land, with writing and research, and so on. As Shawn Wilson reflects, ‘Relationships do not merely shape reality, they are reality’” (11). Though Frances “Geri” Roossien1 walked on in 2019, Riley Mukavetz’s beautifully theorized and presented oral history of Geri’s life and work resonates throughout with this network of relationships. In doing so, the book makes multiple contributions.First and foremost, it is Geri’s story, an oral history of an Odawa elder who tells her stories of childhood, boarding school, substance abuse, sobriety, and transformation and who advocates for more tribally centered programs to support Native families. Riley Mukavetz provides a crucial introduction to guide readers, and, while she emphasizes that this is Geri’s story, teaching readers how to listen to what Geri offers as an Odawa woman is an essential part of the book. It is important both to hear Geri’s individual accounts and then to place them in the wider network of generational, historical, and land-based relationships, and, in this way, those stories and Riley Mukavetz’s framing work together seamlessly.As a result, You Better Go See Geri stands as an exemplary model of what it means to do place-based, community-oriented historical and rhetorical work. In her introduction, Riley Mukavetz explains: “[Geri] approached her storytelling through deep truth and critical reflection. When I came to listen to her stories, she had a clear story in mind. It was my responsibility as an oral historian and youngster to listen for the teachings and to make connections” (15). From this perspective, the book operates simultaneously as a record of Geri’s life as she wished it to be told and as a model of what responsible oral history work can look like in Indigenous communities and beyond.While one can read this book as an oral history, it is also much more than that. As Riley Mukavetz observes: “Visiting with Geri gave me countless opportunities to critically reflect and understand how tribal nations women use the stories of their lived experiences to theorize their roles and responsibilities” (13). Those readers already familiar with Native American and Indigenous rhetorics will recognize the point here about how storytelling is theorizing, but a book-length account like this one allows readers to see Geri doing that critical reflection over her life’s experiences as an Odawa woman in order to offer it to a wider audience.Finally, You Better Go See Geri prompts us to ask ourselves what it means to do historical rhetorical work, to think about our own positionalities and relationships to land and Indigenous peoples, to listen more rather than position ourselves as experts. We, too, are part of this network of relationships, and, just as Riley Mukavetz acknowledges her own responsibilities having heard and given us Geri’s stories, readers are challenged to imagine what their role may be, too.

Effectiveness of Dietary Intervention on Iron Deficiency Anemia among Adolescent Girls from selected rural area in Dharapuram

Adolescent years are a time of increased growth that is accompanied by increase in appetite and nutritional requirements. Accelerated growth and poor eating habits make the adolescent at risk for poor nutritional health. A study was aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of dietary interventions on iron deficiency anemia among adolescent girls from selected rural areas in Dharapuram. Evaluative approach was used for this study. Pre experimental one group pretest and post-test design was adopted to conduct the study. Conceptual frame work used for the study was revised penders health promotion model (2002). 60 Adolescent girls with hemoglobin level of below 11gm/dl were selected as samples by using Non probability purposive sampling technique. The demographic variables of selected samples were assessed by self-administered questionnaire. The signs and symptoms of iron deficiency anemia was assessed by using observational checklist and the level of hemoglobin was assessed by Sahli’s hemoglobinmeter. Dietary intervention of sweet rice flake ball (50gm) and one gooseberry was given for 30 days, made the samples to consume in front of the researcher. After 30 days of dietary intervention post-test level of hemoglobin and the signs and symptoms were assessed. The data were analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study findings revealed that in pretest 53(88.3%) had the signs and symptoms at mild level, 7(11.7%) had moderate level. In post-test 59(98.3%) had signs and symptoms at mild level, 1(1.7%) had moderate level of signs and symptoms among adolescent girls with iron deficiency anemia. The study results revealed that the mean score of pretest and post-test level of hemoglobin among adolescent girls were 8.95(SD±1.13) and 11.24(SD±1.54) respectively. The mean difference was 2.29. The paired ‘t’ value was 13.5. Which was significant at P<0.05 level. Chi - Squre test revealed that the demographic variables like Age (χ2 = 11.29), number of children in the family (χ2 = 20.89) Food habits (χ2 = 10.43), number of days of menstruation (χ2 = 15.62), habit of foot wear while going out (χ2 = 24.12) had significant association with post-test level of hemoglobin among adolescent girls at P<0.05 level. The study concluded that the dietary intervention of sweet rice flake and one gooseberry plays an important role in the improvement of hemoglobin among adolescent girls.

Bandgap tuning and thermoelectric characteristics of Sc-based double halide perovskites K2ScAgZ6 (Z = Cl, Br, I) for solar cells applications

Using the full-potential linearized augmented plane wave plus local orbitals method within the frame work of density functional theory, the Sc-based double halide perovskites K2ScAgZ6 (Z = Cl, Br, I) are investigated for determining their physical properties. To investigate the structural and thermodynamic stability of these Sc-based double halide perovskites we calculate tolerance factor, formation energy, and phonon dispersion curve using GGA-PBEsol approximation. The calculated values of lattice parameters using GGA-PBEsol are found to be consistent with the available data. Subsequently, the Tran-Blaha modified Becke-Johnson (mBJ-LDA) potential is used for electronic properties. Implementation of TB-mBJ potential is clearly shows that K2ScAgZ6 have indirect bandgap, which is consistent with the literature. To evaluate these double perovskites and reveal their potential use in optical devices, several optical parameters are computed for an incident photon energy range of 0–8 eV. The BoltzTraP code is also employed to investigate temperature dependent electrical characteristic of these compounds in the temperature range of 200–600 K. Investigated halide double-perovskites have been shown to display excellent physical properties for solar cells and renewable energy device applications.

Towards a New Model of Consumer Purchasing Intention of Smart Products During Crises Times; Case of Covid-19 Pandemic Outbreak :an Applied Study on Female Employees of the Faculty of Economic and Business Administration Sciences

Purpose: This study aims to clear the effects of crises, disasters, and pandemics on customers' buying intentions; case of smart products during (Covid-19 pandemic outbreak). The study was applied on a sample of working women at the College of Economic and Administrative Sciences at the University of Baghdad for identifying their purchasing behavior. Theoretical framework: The researcher reviewed related references and researches to crystalize theoretical frame work for completing this study. Design/methodology/approach: The researcher applied the analytical descriptive approach, using a random sample of female students of faculty of Economics and Business Administration Sciences; for collecting primary data; using (LIKERT’s five graded questionnaire). Findings: The study findings cleared that Corona Epidemic (Covid-19) had negative effects on all economic, social, and environmental activities; in the form of complete or partial closure; there for there was a clear shortage in the supply of products and services; which minimizes satisfying the customers’ effective demand of various products and services. Research Practical & Social implications: Final findings of this study supported other studies’ findings. It is cleared that consumers changed their purchasing behavior during (Covid-19) out break; they turned to e-marketing purchasing behavior that was not widely used before the spread of the epidemic (Covid-19), and therefore there was a change in purchasing intention, in order to avoid infection. Findings cleared that it is necessary to wide applications of e-marketing during crises times in all aspects. Originality/value: This study didn't contain any part of any other published study of any other person, nor materials which has been accepted for possessing any scientific degree of any university.

Work Therapy: Extractive Labour as Therapeutic Intervention

This article examines ‘work therapy’ in the US, a sprawling but overlooked realm of work in which people are put to work—usually without pay and employment rights—in the name of ‘therapy’. For whom is work constructed as ‘therapy’, this article asks, what is deemed therapeutic about labour, and what are its consequences? Through content analysis of organisational documents, this article finds ‘work therapy’ to be a mechanism for disciplining and extracting labour from already-marginalised populations. Yet not all ‘work therapy’ programmes are equally disciplinary and extractive, and so this article distinguishes between those of extractive exclusion and extractive inclusion. Despite such variation, however, the commonalities between these programmes overshadow their differences. For, when organisations discursively frame work as ‘therapy’, their goal is to put marginalised groups to work in underpaid or unpaid jobs, while justifying workers’ low or non-existent wages with unfounded claims of medical treatment.