Fragrant Substances Research Articles

Review on Formulation, Evaluation And Comparative Study of Herbal Solid Perfume Stick

There had been vast advances made when it comes to developing new fragrances and scents. But these advances lack when it comes to changing the formulation of perfumes. Solid perfumes have been in the market for a while and are still not known much due to the concept of their rigidity. Fragrant substances in the cosmetics in solid form aren’t something new, but still, solid perfumes lack the ground of fame as compared to them. Solid perfumes have been very much used

Analysis of Oleogel Volatile Profile Formation under Ultrasonic Treatment.

Under certain conditions, ultrasonic treatment of certain foods and ingredients can contribute to the appearance of an extraneous odor, which is not usual for them, especially in fat-containing products. Since the food sector uses high-intensity ultrasound to control the crystallization of fats, the development of foreign smells and secondary fat oxidation products may impact the quality and safety of such items. In this work, we studied the volatile compounds' profiles of oleogels structured with individual fractions of beeswax using ultrasonic treatment. For this work, six samples of oleogels were obtained. Sunflower oil was used as a fatty base, and three fractions of beeswax were used as gelators: hydrocarbon fraction (>99%), monoester fraction (>95%), and a mixture fraction of wax di- and triesters (10.1%), free fatty acids (40.1%), and free fatty alcohols (49.8%). The influence of ultrasonic treatment on the properties of oleogels was assessed using light microscopy in polarized light, texture analysis, gas chromatography with flame ionization, and mass spectrometric detection. Ultrasonic treatment affected the crystallization of oleogels and led to the formation of smaller crystals. At the same time, sonication led to both an increase and a decrease in the firmness of oleogels, depending on the composition of the gelator. As regards volatile compounds, a total of 121 fragrant substances were identified in all samples, including such groups as alkanes, alkenes, alkadienes, alkynes, alkadiynes, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, terpenes, alkyl alkane, and alkyl benzene derivatives. Ultrasonic treatment caused formation of new volatile unsaturated compounds. Some of them are known to have an unpleasant odor and thus might be responsible for the extraneous odor formation in studied fatty systems. Those were mainly (E)-2-octene, 1-heptene, 1,3-butadiene, and 1,3-octadiene in all oleogel samples. Sonicated samples B and C additionally had but-1-en-3-yne, pentenyne, and 1,3-butadiyne, whose odor can also be characterized as extraneous and distasteful. Several volatile compounds, supposed to be products of lipid oxidation, were also identified. Here we assume a reasonable approach is needed when selecting sonication conditions to prevent undesirable taste and flavor in oleogels and oleogel-based food products.

Scented Protection: Saffron's Transcultural Premodern History

abstract: Propelled by the flourishing Silk Road, a wide range of aromatics entered the Sinitic world from India, Southeast Asia, and Persia in the first millennium ce. This article offers a cultural biography of saffron ( yujin xiang ), a plant of Kashmiri and Persian origins that was imported into the Sinitic world starting in the fifth century. By studying a nexus of medical writers, Buddhist monks, traders, and envoys who participated in the circulation and deployment of saffron, I explore the process of knowledge-making that endowed the aromatic with assorted uses in Tang society. To understand and utilize the fragrant substance, Chinese actors regularly aligned it with preconceived notions in their own cultural repertoire. I argue that the transmission of saffron and its associated knowledge across cultural spheres was a dynamic process of negotiation between the novel and the classical, the foreign and the domestic, the exotic and the familiar. 摘要: 本文呈現了絲綢之路上鬱金香的跨文化史。這種來源於克什米爾和波斯地區的名貴香料在唐代社會被賦予多種用途。通過探討醫者、僧侶、商人和使節如何傳播、理解和使用鬱金香，本文展示了與此香料相關的新知識是在域外與本土文化的不斷互動中產生的。

Evaluation of Rosa germplasm resources and analysis of floral fragrance components in R. rugosa.

Rosa rugosa (Rosaceae) is an important functional plant used in food products, tea, and aromatherapy. Characteristics of R. rugosa varieties based on the biological traits and floral fragrant components were studied by applying an analytic hierarchy process, headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, and metabolomic analysis. The 77 Rosa accessions (comprising 27 R. rugosa varieties, 43 scented R. hybrida cultivars, and seven fragrant R. species) were grouped into nine classes based on 17 morphological characters and 16 targeted fragrant substances by cluster analysis. Three R. rugosa cultivars differing in fragrance type were selected for volatile metabolomics analysis at four stages of flower development. In total, 156 differential volatile organic compounds (VOC) were detected and the VOC content patterns were further investigated in two important metabolic pathways (the monoterpenoid biosynthetic pathway, and the phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis pathway). The results provide a foundation for efficient use of Rosa germplasm and insights into the utilization of R. rugosa as a functional flower.

Hybrid Pd-Nanoparticles within Polymeric Network in Selective Hydrogenation of Alkynols: Influence of Support Porosity.

This work is addressing the selective hydrogenation of alkynols over hybrid catalysts containing Pd-nanoparticles, within newly synthesized hyper-cross-linked polystyrenes (HPS). Alkynols containing C5, C10, and C20 with a terminal triple bond, which are structural analogues or direct semi-products of fragrant substances and fat-soluble vitamins, have been studied. Selective hydrogenation was carried out in a batch mode (ambient hydrogen pressure, at 90 °C, in toluene solvent), using hybrid Pd catalysts with low metal content (less than 0.2 wt.%). The microporous and mesoporous HPS were both synthesized and used as supports in order to address the influence of porosity. Synthesized catalysts were shown to be active and selective: in the case of C5, hydrogenation selectivity to the target product was more than 95%, at close to complete alkynol conversion. Mesoporous catalysts have shown some advantages in hydrogenation of long-chain alkynols.

Идентификация кристаллического продукта жидкофазного окисления α-пинена кислородом воздуха в присутствии стеарата кобальта (II)

One of the possible directions of liquid-phase oxidation of α-pinene by atmospheric oxygen leads to the formation of a mixture of terpene oxygen-containing compounds (epoxides, alcohols, ketones, etc.). The problem of this direction is the formation of a large amount of 2,3-epoxypinane which over time turns into trans-sobrerol, campholene aldehyde, trans-pinocarveol, trans-carveol, and trans-3-pinen-2-ol as a result of hydrolysis. One of the abovementioned substances with a solid crystalline structure is trans-sobrerol. Sobrerol is widely used in perfumery for synthesis of synthetically fragrant substances and pharmaceutical industry, in particular, it is a part of medicines with mucolytic action, as well as in the treatment of headaches and diseases such as rhinorrhea and chronic bronchitis. The aim of this work is to identify a crystalline product produced by liquid-phase oxidation of α-pinene with atmospheric oxygen in the presence of cobalt (II) stearate. The process of liquid-phase oxidation was carried out in the following conditions: temperature – 70 °С, air consumption – 16.67 cm3/s, duration – 5 h, amount of catalyst – 0.2–0.5 wt.%. Then the mixture was exposed to steam distillation in order to separate monomers (they contain terpene oxygen-containing compounds and hydrocarbons) from polymers. As a result of settling and storage of the mixture, crystals were found and isolated from the mother liquor solution. Their identification was carried out using IR and 13C NMR spectroscopy as well as scanning electron microscopy. It was found that the spatial organization of the isolated crystals and the standard sample (Sigma Aldrich) is represented by multilayer rectangular plates. Analysis of the IR spectra of the crystals showed that the absorption band at a wave number of 3318 cm–1 corresponds to intramolecular and intermolecular hydrogen bonds in hydroxyl groups, at wave numbers of 2887, 2935, 2975 cm–1 it corresponds to methyl groups. The results obtained are comparable with the results of the IR-spectrum of the standard sample. Given the results of previous studies of 1H NMR spectrum [15] and 13C NMR spectrum, it was determined that the resulting crystalline product of liquid-phase oxidation of α-pinene is trans-sobrerol.

Fleeting Beauty-The World of Plant Fragrances and Their Application.

This article is devoted to some aspects of the fragrant substances of plant origin applied in the food industry and perfumery as well. Since antiquity many extractive techniques have been developed to obtain essential oils. Some of them are still applied, but new ones, like microwave or ultrasound-assisted extractions, are more and more popular and they save time and cost. Independently of the procedure, the resulting essential oils are the source of many so-called isolates. These can be applied as food additives, medicines, or can be used as starting materials for organic synthesis. Some substances exist in very small amounts in plant material so the extraction is not economically profitable but, after their chemical structures were established and synthetic procedures were developed, in some cases they are prepared on an industrial scale. The substances described below are only a small fraction of the 2000–3000 fragrant molecules used to make our life more enjoyable, either in food or perfumes. Additionally, a few examples of allelopathic fragrant compounds, present in their natural state, will be denoted and some of their biocidal features will be mentioned as an arising “green” knowledge in agriculture.

Измерение времени с помощью благовоний в Восточной Азии

Spanning across thousands of years of aromatic culture development in the countries of East Asia, incense application has accumulated vast experience in various fields, including calendrical calculations and time measurement. Analysis of artifacts, objects of religious worship and everyday life indicates fragrant substances’ great versatility in terms of their use: in addition to sticks, spirals and cones, devices such as the Hundred Graduations Incense seals, alarm clocks, as well as clocks that measured night time, strictly dependent on the calendar season, were invented. Various types of aromatic clocks could be distinguished by their great functionality, finding application in many areas ‒ navigation, engineering, in court and religious ceremonies, scientists’ work, in monastic and private schools, tea houses, and were the subject of admiration for poets, artists and calligraphers. The study of the ways of using incense in East Asian countries (including for measuring time) is based on the analysis of a variety of sources ‒ written, artistic and ethnographic. Compared to the large number of Chinese and Japanese sources, the cultural heritage of the Korean Peninsula contains significant gaps, which significantly complicates the interpretation of the material. The use of incense burners, aromatic raw materials and various instruments for measuring time is a remarkable phenomenon in the fragrance culture of China, Korea and Japan, testifying to the high adaptability of symbols and images of traditional culture not only to everyday household needs, but also to various achievements of science and technology. This is confirmed at the present time, given the production of new models of aromatic clocks.

Methods for producing butyl acetate

Butyl acetate is a universal solvent widely used in various industries, such as the leather and pharmaceutical industries. The article describes the ways to obtain butyl acetate in various ways: in-line and continuous. The material balance of the production of this product is also given. Butyl acetate (acetic acid butyl ester) is the most common solvent in the production and use of paints and varnishes.Dissolves cellulose ethers, oils, fats, chlorinated rubbers, vinyl polymers, carbiol resins, etc. The addition of butyl acetate together with a small amount of butyl alcohol prevents whitening of the lacquer films. It is a fragrant substance that is part of fruit essences and perfume compositions. It is used in the tanning industry as tannin.

Optimization of agricultural practices in winter crops Coriandrum sativum L.

The total volume of world production of essential oil products reaches 250 thousand tons per year, which use up to 300 species of cultivated plants and wild-growing volatile-oil-bearing plants. The soil and climatic conditions in the south of Russia are favorable for the successful development of the essential oil industry, which is important for our country. Sowing coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) is the most common essential oil culture of the Russian Federation and countries of the Union of Independent States. Its crops occupy about 82.4% of all areas of volatile-oil-bearing plants. Coriander fruits contain from 1.5 to 1.8% essential oil. The main component of the essential oil, linalool, and serves as the initial product for the production of a number of fragrant substances with the smells of lemon, orange, rose, violet, etc., which are successfully used in the perfumery, food, and distillery industries. Coriander is also a honey plant. Due to the growth in demand and gross purchases of coriander seeds associated with its high purchase price, problems arose with increasing its productivity and improving the technology of cultivation. Due to the large volumes of sales of both coriander raw materials and finished products, the levels of profitability and net income of farms both in the Republic of Crimea and in the Russian Federation as a whole, as well as the development of the agro-industrial complex will significantly increase. The above analysis of domestic and foreign literature in this review article shows that winter coriander crops are most productive compared to spring crops. Introduction to the production of winter crops of coriander, with the implementation of all elements of the cultivation technology, is a promising direction of its cultivation in the Crimea, as it allows more efficient use of soil moisture, which accumulates during the autumn-winter period.

Hand sanitizer formulation using orange peel essential oil

Hand sanitizer is mainly produced using 60% of alcohol as an active substance. Therefore, many hand sanitizers’ products are highly dominant with the alcohol smell. This research was aimed to formulate a sweet-scented hand sanitizer using a combination of orange essential oil as the addition of fragrant substance. A randomized block design (RBD) method was used, consists of one factor of essential oils proportion (i.e. baby orange (BO): sweet orange (SO)) in the formulation of hand sanitizer (P) with five levels. All treatment combination was carried out in five replicates. Physical properties (i.e. pH, density, and viscosity) and microbiological tests (i.e. total plate count and area of bacterial inhibition) were performed, as well as sensory tests to determine consumer response. The best results of the physical properties and the microbiological test were obtained from A2 treatment with proportion of BO: SO (0.75: 0.25), with the average of bacterial inhibition area of 6.77mm more efficient than that of the control. The sweet scene of the hand sanitizer product was clearly shown, as much as 77% of respondents favoured its aroma. The current study clearly shows that orange peels were potential as the additional ingredients in giving the sweet smell to the hand sanitizer.

Plants as a treasury of fragrant substances for food industry and perfumery

Artykuł poświęcony jest niektórym aspektom substancji zapachowych pochodzenia roślinnego, stosowanych jednocześnie w przemyśle spożywczym i perfumeryjnym. Od starożytności opracowano wiele technik ekstrakcji w celu uzyskania olejków eterycznych. Niektóre z nich są nadal stosowane. Nowe ekstrakcje, takie jak: mikrofalowe lub ultradźwiękowe, są coraz bardziej popularne i pozwalają zaoszczędzić czas oraz koszty. Niezależnie od procedury powstałe olejki eteryczne są źródłem wielu związków chemicznych, tzw. izolatów. Mogą one być stosowane jako dodatki do żywności lub jako materiały wyjściowe do syntezy organicznej. Niektóre substancje zapachowe występują w bardzo małych ilościach w materiale roślinnym, dlatego ekstrakcja nie jest opłacalna ekonomicznie, ale po ustaleniu ich struktur chemicznych i opracowaniu procedur syntetycznych, w niektórych przypadkach są one pozyskiwane na skalę przemysłową. Substancje opisane poniżej to tylko niewielka część z 2000–3000 pachnących cząsteczek, które sprawiają, że nasze życie jest przyjemniejsze, zarówno w jedzeniu, jak i perfumach.

Сверхсшитый полистирол как носитель для создания катализаторов гидрирования: влияние пористости

This paper is devoted to the prospects for the use of hyper-crosslinked polystyrene as a support for the development of catalysts for selective hydrogenation of alkynols for synthesis of fragrant substances and fat-soluble vitamins E and K. Various types of hyper-crosslinked polystyrene, characterized by different porosity, were used for the synthesis of palladium catalysts by wet-impregnation of polymers with palladium acetate. It was shown that in the case of C5 alkynol, the pore structure of the polymers does not significantly affect the observed catalytic activity, whereas for C10 and C20 alkynols, mesoporous polymers are preferable for use as supports.

The influence of scarification and media containing vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza on germination of sandalwood (Santalum album Linn) seeds

Sandalwood (Santalum album) is an essential species as containing fragrant substances in the heartwood. Seed germination is one of the essential keys to the success of sandalwood development, and the use of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM) is also essential to plant enhancement. This study aimed to obtain information on the influence of scarification techniques and the use of VAM on germination media to sandalwood seed germination. Five scarification treatments (control, soaked in water for 24 and 48 hours, GA3 300 and 500 ppm for 17 hours) and two VAM application (with and without VAM) were employed (split-plot with completely randomized design (CRD)). The result showed that the cumulative germination was higher on the seed with scarification of soaked in GA3 solution 300 and 500 ppm than control, soaked in water 24 H and 48 H. This pattern also appeared on germination index. Mean germination time showed slower on control, soaked in water 24 H and 48 H than the use of GA3 300 and 500 ppm. The use of VAM did not significantly affect the cumulative germination, germination index, and mean germination time. A time-series observation showed that seed sown on media with VAM tended to germinate slower than media without VAM.

Midair Ultrasound Fragrance Rendering.

We propose a system that controls the spatial distribution of odors in an environment by generating electronically steerable ultrasound-driven narrow air flows. The proposed system is designed not only to remotely present a preset fragrance to a user, but also to provide applications that would be conventionally inconceivable, such as: 1) fetching the odor of a generic object placed at a location remote from the user and guiding it to his or her nostrils, or 2) nullifying the odor of an object near a user by carrying it away before it reaches his or her nostrils (Fig. 1). These are all accomplished with an ultrasound-driven air stream serving as an airborne carrier of fragrant substances. The flow originates from a point in midair located away from the ultrasound source and travels while accelerating and maintaining its narrow cross-sectional area. These properties differentiate the flow from conventional jet- or fan-driven flows and contribute to achieving a midair flow. In our system, we employed a phased array of ultrasound transducers so that the traveling direction of the flow could be electronically and instantaneously controlled. In this paper, we describe the physical principle of odor control, the system construction, and experiments conducted to evaluate remote fragrance presentation and fragrance tracking.

Essential Oils as an Alternative to Pyrethroids' Resistance against Anopheles Species Complex Giles (Diptera: Culicidae).

Widespread resistance of Anopheles sp. populations to pyrethroid insecticides has led to the search for sustainable alternatives in the plant kingdom. Among many botanicals, there is great interest in essential oils and their constituents. Many researchers have explored essential oils (EOs) to determine their toxicity and identify repellent molecules that are effective against Anopheles populations. Essential oils are volatile and fragrant substances with an oily consistency typically produced by plants. They contain a variety of volatile molecules such as terpenes and terpenoids, phenol-derived aromatic components and aliphatic components at quite different concentrations with a significant insecticide potential, essentially as ovicidal, larvicidal, adulticidal, repellency, antifeedant, growth and reproduction inhibitors. The current review provides a summary of chemical composition of EOs, their toxicity at different developmental stages (eggs, larvae and adults), their repellent effects against Anopheles populations, for which there is little information available until now. An overview of antagonist and synergistic phenomena between secondary metabolites, the mode of action as well as microencapsulation technologies are also given in this review. Finally, the potential use of EOs as an alternative to current insecticides has been discussed.

Urnula sp., an Endophyte of Dicksonia antarctica, Making a Fragrant Mixture of Biologically Active Volatile Organic Compounds.

Urnula sp. was isolated as an endophyte of Dicksonia antarctica and identified primarily on the basis of its ITS sequence and morphological features. The anamorphic state of the fungus appeared as a hyphomyceteous-like fungus as based on its features in culture and scanning electron microscopy examination of its spores. On potato dextrose agar (PDA), the organism makes a characteristic fragrance resembling peach pie with vanilla overtones. A GC/MS analysis done on the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of this organism, trapped by carbotrap methodology, revealed over 150 compounds with high MS matching quality being noted for 44 of these. Some of the most abundantly produced compounds included 4-decene, tridecane, 2-decene (E), 2-dodecene, (Z,E)-alpha-farnesene, butanoic acid, pentyl ester, and 1-hexanol,2-ethyl. In addition, vanillin, methyl vanillin, and many other fragrant substances were noted including isomenthol, pyrazine derivatives, and 3-decanone. In split plate bioassay tests on potato dextrose agar (PDA), Botrytis cinerea, Ceratocystis ulmi, Pythium ultimum, Fusarium solani, and Rhizoctonia solani were inhibited at levels of 24 to 50% of their normal growth on this medium. Bioreactors supporting fungal growth on 50g of beet pulp waste, using stainless steel carbotraps, yielded over 180mg of hydrocarbon-based products collected over 6weeks of incubation. Similarly, because this organism is making one of the largest sets of VOCs as any fungus examined to date, producing many compounds of commercial interest, it has enormous biotechnical potential. The role of the VOCs in the biology and ecology of this endophyte may be related to the antimicrobial activities that they possess.

Synthesis of fragrant substances. Diazaadamantanones

By condensation of hexamethylenetetramine and tetramethylenediethylenetetramine with 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)propan-2-one and 1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)propan-2-one new fragrant substances, diazaadamantanones, were synthesized. By heating of 5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,3-diazaadamantan-6-one and 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3,6-diazahomoadamantan-9-one with hydrobromic acid 5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,3-diazaadamantan-6-one and 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,6-diazahomoadamantan-9-one were obtained.

Continuous Production of a-Terpineol from a-Pinene Isolated from Indonesian Crude Turpentine

Pine trees in Indonesia are largely of the pine mercusii species which typically give turpentine that contains about 82% a-pinene, 12% carene and is balanced with numerous other components such as camphene, B-pinene and limonene. When treated with water in the presence of an acetic acid catalyst, a-pinene is hydrated to become a complex mixture of monoterpenes, alcohol and hydrocarbons, although a-terpineol predominates. This a-terpineol is a valuable compound which is widely used as a fragrant substance in the cosmetic industry as an anti fungal agent in the pharmaceutical industry, a disinfectant, an odorant in the cleaning industry and as a mineral flotation agent in the mining industry. A conventional configuration for this hydration process involves two steps, chemical reaction of a-pinene in a reactor followed by a separation step in a distillation column. In this experiment, we combined both chemical reactions and separation by distillation in a reactive distillation column to reduce the production and operating cost. Steady state condition, feed plate position, pressure and volumetric ratio of a-pinene and CAA solution were investigated to study the effect of using this method. A certain ratio of 87% weight of ?-pinene and 5.3 M Choloroacetic Acid (CAA) solution as a catalyst were inputted to the reactive distillation column. The result shows that the highest purity of a-terpineol is 38.89 % weight.

Cyclamen aldehyde synthesis: aldol condensation followed by hydrogenation over ruthenium catalyst

Cyclamen aldehyde is a fragrant substance with the scent of cyclamen or lily-of-the-valley. In this work, the desired cyclamen aldehyde was prepared by two-step synthesis. At the first step, aldol condensation of 4-isopropylbenzaldehyde and propanal was carried out. The influence of used catalyst (potassium hydroxide and sodium methoxide) and propanal amount were tested. Propanal was used in excess and it was added to the reaction mixture dropwise (to prevent its self-condensation to 2-methylpent-2-enal). Resulting mixture of 4-isopropylbenzaldehyde and forcyclamen aldehyde was hydrogenated using different Ru/C catalysts. The products detected in hydrogenation reaction mixture were: desired cyclamen aldehyde, cyclamen alcohol and forcyclamen alcohol. The influence of catalyst type and amount, reaction temperature and hydrogen pressure on the reaction course was tested. The highest yield (19.4 %) was obtained using pressure 10 MPa, temperature 110 °C and 2 wt% of catalyst Ru/C.