Text Fragments Research Articles

Determining the Authorship of a Ukrainian-Language Literary Text by Means of Artificial Intelligence from Ultra-Short Excerpts

Purpose. The intelligent search engine Bing can be used as a method and a means of determining the author of a Ukrainian-language test. Bing helps to find information about a text fragment and its author, but the search results may be inaccurate or incomplete. The main purpose of the paper is to study the effectiveness of establishing the authorship of literary texts by state-of-the-art artificial intelligence tools based on ultra-short excerpts. Methodology. Ten Ukrainian authors with a rich body of fiction reflecting various aspects of Ukrainian culture and history were selected, as well as random fragments of 3–7 words each from different works of these authors. An experiment was conducted to determine the authorship of 2,000 fragments. Findings. Using the Python programming language and the skpy package, we developed software that sends questions and receives answers from the Bing bot built into Microsoft Skype. The answers were checked for the name of the author of the phrase and the corresponding title of the work. According to the results, Ivan Franko has the highest percentage of answers where the author's name was mentioned (65%), and Oleksandr Dovzhenko has the lowest result (23%). The answers were analyzed by the length of the fragments. Of course, the longer the length of a text fragment, the greater the likelihood of accurately identifying its authorship. Features of the author's style are manifested in 20–40 % of short fragments. The remaining 60–80% may be commonly used language constructions that the author relayed from the external environment. Originality. In this work, for the first time, the method of checking the authorship of fragments of Ukrainian-language text using the Bing bot with artificial intelligence is presented. A comparative analysis was performed and experiments were given to determine the authorship of short fragments of 3–7 words. It has been established that even quite small fragments of the text have signs characteristic of the original style of the author of artistic works. Practical value. It has been determined to what extent experts in determining the authorship of natural language texts can rely on existing state-of-the-art artificial intelligence tools in combination with an extensive database of texts in the Internet space.

A Dual Approach to Establishing the Authority of Technical Natural Language Texts and Their Components

Purpose. The study is aimed at testing the hypothesis that it is possible to determine plagiarism by methods of establishing the authorship of a text without using a text bank and their direct comparison. Methodology. Constructive and productive models of the processes of establishing the authorship of technical texts for two methods have been developed. The first method is based on the formation of a text model in the form of a set of formal substitution rules with probabilistic weights (as in stochastic formal grammars), which reflects the syntactic features and patterns of text formation by the author. The degree of similarity between the text under study and another text is determined by comparing their models. The second method is a classical approach to detecting borrowings (plagiarism) by directly comparing the text under study with an existing text bank, highlighting repeated text fragments, and determining the degree of originality. Experiments were conducted to establish the correlation between the results of these two methods. The experimental base consisted of 509 text sections of theses of students majoring in «Software Engineering». Findings. Experimental studies have made it possible to establish a high correlation between the results of the two methods. Correlation coefficients in the range of 0.75...1.0 and with an average value of 0.88 were obtained provided that borrowings are taken into account for text fragments of at least five words in length. Originality. For the first time, the authors have identified the possibilities and proposed methods for indirect plagiarism detection without using a large text bank. The essence of the model is to formalize the representation of the author's sentence syntax by a set of substitution rules with probabilistic weights. Practical value. Based on the results obtained, the possibilities for detecting borrowings have been expanded and the effectiveness of the corresponding methods has been increased. Recommendations on the parameters of classical methods for detecting borrowings have been obtained, in particular, it is recommended to take into account text fragments of at least five words in length as a rational parameter when using borrowing detection systems. The possibilities of text authorship detection methods tested on fiction texts are extended to technical texts.

The Example of Joan of Arc. How a Belgian Teacher Created a Lesson Illustrated by Means of Lantern Slides

Due to a lack of sources documenting everyday teaching practices, historians engaging with the use of the optical lantern in education have traditionally focused on the top-down implementation of the medium. This contribution presents a rare case study of how the medium was actually used by focusing on a lesson on the saint Joan of Arc that was taught by means of the optical lantern at a Catholic school for girls. This analysis is enabled by the preservation of an exceptionally rich collection of lantern slides and related materials, including a notebook with the text that was probably used during the projection of the images. These sources show that the teacher who was in charge of the lesson went to great lengths to combine various images and text fragments with each other, creating a unique narrative that corresponded to her Catholic worldview and goals.

Attending sideways, disoriented, in the dark: A dream that belongs to no-one

This co-authored article discusses Asa Horvitz’s three-hours long performance A Dream that Belongs to No-one (2021) as a generative experience of disorientation. The performance takes place as the sun is setting, in a big wooden space with glass windows. The audience is given a booklet with fragments of text that describe experiences of overwhelming streams of images, and sits around the sides of the space. Through a dramaturgy of a sideways moving attention that occurs while the night falls, two entangled experiences of disorientation are proposed: a pause in the dark that allows attention to drift; and a sense of falling into darkness that evokes groundlessness and instability. While in disorientation, the audience is immersed in cycles of dream-images that they are invited to wake up to, and to summon these as a way to reorient themselves.

Функции прецедентных феноменов в немецкоязычном художественном дискурсе

The aim of the study is to determine the functions of precedent phenomena identified in the texts of modern German-language fiction. Precedent phenomena are considered by the author of the article as components of fictional discourse that are of paramount importance in the transfer of cultural meanings belonging to the common cognitive space of the writer and the reader. Using precedent phenomena in the texts of his/her literary works, the writer implies that the reader not only understands what it is about, but is also on the same intellectual, emotional wavelength with the writer, can evaluate the content of the literary work (text fragment) based on a common understanding of the cultural meanings of a precedent phenomenon. The scientific novelty of the study lies in determining the contextual meaning and functions of precedent phenomena in specific texts of modern German-language fictional discourse, which allows establishing contact between the addresser (author) and the addressee (reader) based on a common cultural background. As a result of the analysis of the identified precedent phenomena, it has been found that they are used as an effective tool for influencing the reader, as a way to make the right impression on him/her, as well as an opportunity to reveal the nature of the main characters in a deeper and more vivid manner, to justify their actions and deeds. Thanks to precedent phenomena, the writer has the opportunity to convincingly depict the historic period, to increase the level of believability of the fictional text, as well as to give one or another assessment to the corresponding period of history.

Beyond mere facts: Epistemic profiles of conclusions to English- and Polish-language linguistics articles

Expressions of epistemic stance in academic discourse reflect not only the authors’ commitment to the truth of what is being said, but also their awareness of other members of the discourse community, the current thinking within the discipline, and the established patterns of interaction. Stance-taking is strongly embedded in culture and language, as demonstrated in numerous studies that focus on L2 academic English (e.g. Hinkel 2002; Dontcheva-Navratilova 2018; Wu and Paltridge 2021) and, less often, academic communication in various linguistic contexts (e.g. Perez-Llantada 2010). This paper purues this latter line of inquiry and proposes a contrastive analysis of epistemic markers in conclusions to English- and Polish-language linguistics articles in an attempt to identify their epistemic profiles. Epistemic profile refers here to a combination of two features: the epistemic modal value (Halliday 1985/1994) which is marked more frequently than others across a text or text fragment, and the concurrence of modality markers with specific rhetorical moves (Swales 1990; Yang and Allison 2003). Thus, it provides information about the value of modalization and the type of content that tends to be modalized. The analysis was based on a two-part corpus of conclusions to 400 linguistics articles, with 200 English-language articles drawn from international databases and 200 Polish-language articles published in recognized national journals. In the first stage, the frequencies of epistemic markers in the two sub-corpora were calculated (Scott 2008) and a statistical analysis was applied to determine whether the differences were significant. In the second stage, 50 concluding sections from each sub-corpus were manually annotated for rhetorical moves to determine whether epistemic markers tended to occur within specific moves. The findings show statistically significant differences in the frequencies of high- and low-value epistemic markers in the sub-corpora and a tendency for epistemic markers to occur within moves that offer interpretive content.

Paragraph-oriented methods for determining the coherence and thematic unity of scientific and technical texts

The subject of the article is to determine the degree of scientific and technical text connectedness using statistical calculations. The aim of the scientific investigation is to study the possibilities of using the coherence of fluctuations in the relative frequencies of keywords in paragraphs to determine the lexical coherence and thematic unity of scientific and technical texts. The task is to develop a method for determining the thematic unity of a text at the set of paragraphs level; to develop a method for determining the coherence of a text at the set of paragraphs level; and to test the developed methods on a collection of documents. The methods used are statistical analysis and computational experiment methods. The following results were obtained. The study has shown that it is advisable to cluster paragraphs as points in the keyword space to determine the degree of scientific and technical text coherence at the level of paragraphs. This opens up the possibility of calculating the degree of thematic unity within the clusters and in the entire text. The degree of text fragments and the whole text coherence is determined by analyzing the sequence of paragraph numbers in the clusters. This makes it possible to formally determine the quality of the material presented in a scientific and technical article or in a textbook. Conclusions. The scientific novelty of the study is as follows: there was refined on the method for determination of the connectedness degree (coherence and thematic unity) of scientific and technical texts at the level of paragraphs by implementation of paragraphs clustering in the keywords space, using the calculation of thematic unity degree inside the clusters and in the overall text, as well as through analysis of paragraphs numbers sequence in clusters in order to determine the degree of text fragments and the overall text coherence. The methods are language-independent, based on clear hypotheses, and complement each other. The methods have an adjusting element that can be used to adapt it to different thematic and stylistic areas. It has been experimentally proved that the proposed methods for the determination of scientific and technical text connectedness are efficient and can provide the framework for information technology of content analysis of scientific and technical texts. The proposed methods do not use WEB resources for syntactic and semantic analysis, providing the possibility to use them autonomously.

Tula in the Russian National Picture of the World

The article is devoted to the formation of the concept of Tula in the Russian national picture of the world. The article describes the informational, cognitive-figurative and pragmatic-interpretive components of the concept of «Tula» as a provincial, craft, weapons city. Tula lemma usage selection of contexts from National Corpus of Russian language, Tula State University students survey, as well as fragments of text selected by the author on this topic were used for the conduct of this scientifi c research. Linguistic analysis of the text, structural method of semantics of language unit description, conceptual analysis were used as methods of study. The research resulted in description of linguo-cognitive featured of the “Tula concept” as a fragment of Russian national cognitive and linguistic vision of the world, that has been verbalized in lexics, paremiology, fi gurative constructs of texts of different genres. It has also found its refl ection in strategies and tactics of communicative behavior in Russian ethnic group.

CORRECTIONS OF TIME TO ONE RUSSIAN TRANSLATION OF MEASURE FOR MEASURE

Generations of Russians are familiar with Shakespeare’s play Measure for Measurethrough the poetically beautiful, light and aphoristic translation of T.L. Shchepkina-Kupernik (1939). The same year it was published in a small print run, and in 1960 in The Complete Works of Shakespeare by Iskusstvo Publ. whose circulation (225,000 copies) incomparably exceeded Academiaedition with the translation of the play by M.A. Zenkevich. And today the translation of T.L. Shchepkina-Kupernik is published much more often than others. Meanwhile, the outstanding Russian scholar A.A. Smirnov, coeditor and preparer of both Shakespeare’s Collected Works (or any editor after him), did not point to the deletion of the fragments of text and translation errors, although the Iskusstvoedition was prepared and published already during the Khrushchev’s ‘thaw’. Of the two main translation strategies - poetic liberty and philological accuracy - T.L. Shchepkina-Kupernik took the first path with Measure for Measure. The liberty of this translation is due to two factors: 1) a semantic and linguistic mistake, particularly important because it was made in the interpretation of the main thesis of the play (do not judge, doing the same yourself, forgive) and 2) self-censorship, obviously associated with the ‘requirements of the time’ and individual fears (withdrawal of dangerous tirades, smoothing and softening of meaning, avoiding specific words). The article shows what exactly the incompleteness, inaccuracies and errors of this translation consist of, and why they need commentary. In addition, a biographical hypothesis is formulated to explain the translator’s self-censorship.

Various Old Uyghur Fragments of Buddhist Narrative Texts

Eski Uygurca; temelde Budizm, Manihaizm ve Nasturi Hristiyanlığa ilişkin dinî metinlerin tercümesine dayanır. Budizm ise bunlar içerisinde en geniş yere sahip olandır. Hususiyetle Sanskritçe Budist külliyata ilişkin eserlerden oluşan Budist Uygur edebiyatı, içerisinde birçok farklı türde ve konuda eser bulundurur. Bu eserler içerisinde de anlatı veya masal olarak tasnif edilen metinler oldukça büyük bir paya sahiptir. Budist anlatılara ilişkin eserler kimi zaman müstakil olarak kaleme alınır, kimi zaman ise sūtralar gibi bazı hacimli eserler içerisindeki bölümleri oluşturur. Eski Uygurca Daśakarmapathāvadānamālā, Araṇemi-jātaka, Bodhisattva Sattvauṣadha, İyi ve Kötü Prens, Candraprabha-avadāna, Śarabha-jātaka ve Rāma anlatısı Budist anlatı yazını söz konusu olduğunda bahsedilmesi gereken en önemli metinlerdendir. Bunların yanında bugün herhangi bir çalışmanın konusunu oluşturmayan ve hangi metne ait olduğu tespit edilememiş metin parçaları da mevcuttur. Bu metin parçaları kimi zaman Eski Uygurcada daha evvel tanıklanmamış kimi sözlerin ve kavramların ortaya çıkmasına fayda sağlamaktadır. Bununla beraber Budist anlatı metinlerinin bütünlüklü bir çerçevesinin çizilmesini ve bununla birlikte Sanskritçe kökenli Budist Uygur külliyatının sınırlarının belirlenmesini sağlamaktadır. Bu noktada bu yazıda 106 satır hacmindeki muhtelif konulara ilişkin şimdiye kadar neşredilmemiş Eski Uygurca anlatı türüne ait metin parçalarının filolojik neşri amaçlanmıştır. Bu çalışmaya dâhil edilen fragmanlar bugün Berlin Turfan Koleksiyonu’nda şu arşiv numaralarıyla korunmaktadır: U 1946a; U 1946b; U 1126; U 1867; U 2011 ve U 2109+U 2003. Bu yazıda bahsi geçen bu fragmanların çeviri yazısı, harf çevirisi, Türkiye Türkçesine çevirisi, metne ilişkin notları ve dizin/sözlüğü sunulmuştur.

Identification of Potential Therapeutic Targets on the Level of DNA/mRNAs, Proteins and Metabolites: A Systematic Mapping Review of Scientific Texts’ Fragments from Open Targets

Database records contain useful information, which is readily available, but, unfortunately, limited compared to the source (publications). Our study reviewed the text fragments supporting the association between the biological macromolecules and diseases from Open Targets to map them on the biological level of study (DNA/RNA, proteins, metabolites). We screened records using a dictionary containing terms related to the selected levels of study, reviewed 600 hits manually and used machine learning to classify 31,260 text fragments. Our results indicate that association studies between diseases and macromolecules conducted on the level of DNA and RNA prevail, followed by the studies on the level of proteins and metabolites. We conclude that there is a clear need to translate the knowledge from the DNA/RNA level to the evidence on the level of proteins and metabolites. Since genes and their transcripts rarely act in the cell by themselves, more direct evidence may be of greater value for basic and applied research.

Urdu Short Paraphrase Detection at Sentence Level

Paraphrase detection systems uncover the relationship between two text fragments and classify them as paraphrased when they convey the same idea; otherwise non-paraphrased. Previously, the researchers have mainly focused on developing resources for the English language for paraphrase detection. There have been very few efforts for paraphrase detection in South Asian languages. However, no research has been conducted on sentence-level paraphrase detection in Urdu, a low-resourced language. It is mainly due to the unavailability of the corpora that focus on the sentence level. The available related studies on the Urdu language only focus on text reuse detection tasks at the passage and document levels. Therefore, this study aims to develop a large-scale manually annotated benchmark Urdu paraphrase detection corpus at the sentence level, based on real cases from journalism. The proposed Urdu Sentential Paraphrases (USP) corpus contains 4,900 sentences (2,941 paraphrased and 1,959 non-paraphrased), manually collected from the Urdu newspapers. Moreover, several techniques were proposed, developed, and compared as a secondary contribution, including Word Embedding (WE), Sentence Transformers (ST), and feature-fusion techniques. N-gram is treated as the baseline technique for our research. The experimental results indicate that our proposed feature-fusion technique is the most suitable for the Urdu paraphrase detection task. Furthermore, the performance increases when features of the proposed (ST) and baseline (N-gram) are combined for the classification task. In addition, The proposed techniques have also been applied to the UPPC corpus to check their performance at the document level. The best result we obtained using the feature fusion technique ( F 1 = 0.855). Our corpus is available and free to download for research purposes.

Surgical procedure prediction using medical ontological information

Background and Objective: Predicting the duration of surgical procedures is an important step in scheduling operating rooms. Many factors have been shown to influence the duration of a procedure, in this research we aim to use medical ontological information to improve the predictions.Methods: This paper presents two methods for incorporating the medical information about a surgical procedure into the prediction of the duration of the procedure. The first method uses the Systematised Nomenclature of Medicine Clinical Terms to relate different procedures to each other. The second uses simple text fragments. The relationships between types of procedures are included in a regression model for the procedure duration. These methods are applied to data from New Zealand healthcare facilities and the accuracy of the estimations of the durations is compared. In addition a simulation of scheduling the procedures in an operating room is performed.Results: It is shown that both of the methods provide an improvement in the prediction of procedure durations. When compared to a traditional categorical encoding, the ontological information provides an improvement in the continuous ranked probability scores of the prediction of procedure durations from 18.4 min to 17.1 min, and from 25.3 to 21.3 min for types of procedures that are not performed very often.Conclusions: Different methods for encoding medical ontological information in surgery procedure duration predictions are presented, and show an improvement over traditional models. The improvement in duration prediction is shown to improve the efficiency of scheduling in a simple simulation.

Critical comprehension of various translations of surah al-Baqarah 8-13: a Theological and Linguistic analysis

In this article we have made an attempt to critically comprehend ten translations of the 8-13 ayahs of surah “al-Baqara” into Russian, considered in the order of their publication, which allowed us to trace their certain semantic transformation. So, modern translations more emphasize the internal irrational processes, separating the Arabic verbs sensation (شعر) and belief (علِم), in contrast to their predecessors, translating these verbs as synonyms, thus emphasizing the importance of rational processes, relying on tafsirs, which have also undergone some changes of meaning over time. On the basis of the critical comprehension of various translations of the above ayats of the Quran, as well as four tafsirs, a theological and linguistic analysis of this text fragment was carried out, as a result of which the assumption of two kinds of hypocrites was put forward: those who realize their hypocrisy and those who do not realize (or do not want to realize), taking the likeness of faith for the true faith. This circumstance made it possible to understand the reasons for the different approaches to the translation of the Arabic verbs شعر and علِم. Thus, in the earlier translations of the Qur'an these verbs are translated as synonyms, since according to the early tafsirs, on which the authors of these translations apparently relied, this fragment of the Holy Text refers to a group of people knowingly hypocriting about their faith in order to gain personal benefits. Their hypocrisy is conscious, i.e. rationally meaningful, due to which the translators used the verb of the group of feeling شعر to denote the meaning of the verb of belief علِم. In later translations of the Quran, as well as in modern tafsirs, which we reviewed in this paper, no clear indication of a specific group of people (which was found in the comments of D. Boguslavsky) or that the hypocrisy of these people is conscious. In these works, the focus of the authors' attention shifts to the processes occurring in the heart (in the soul), which allows us to speak of a category of people who are hypocrites unconsciously, who are sure that they believe, that they are doing good, people who do not want to recognize their unbelief, who do not define it, who do not feel it because their hearts are sick. In this connection, it seems to us that the later translators emphasize the difference in meaning between the verb sensation (شعر) and the verb belief (علِم). This fact gives rise to a reflection on one's own position regarding belief, which on a rational level may be quite convincing, but on an irrational level may raise some doubts.

Towards intelligent policy analysis: A discourse structure parsing technique for Chinese government document

Government document analysis can help organizations to understand key policy points and make right response. To realize intelligent analysis of a volume of policies, we propose a discourse parsing technique for in-depth understanding of Chinese government documents (CGDs). Based on Superstructure Schema and Rhetorical Structure Theory (RST), we characterize the stylistic features and macrostructure patterns of CGDs and develop a discourse analysis framework to specify its functional structure and semantic system. A tree schema is adopted to portray the hierarchy of textual fragments in full text and formalize their representations in machine-based parsing, then a multi-head partition self-attention model is constructed to evaluate the discourse analysis framework. Experiment results show that our parsing model embedding with inherent CGD discourse features performs better than baselines. The highest f1-score in span and label prediction tasks researches 0.9209. The parsing model can be migrated to other discourse parsing tasks by considering specific genre features of different documents.

SEARCHFORMER: Semantic patent embeddings by siamese transformers for prior art search

The identification of relevant prior art for patent applications is of key importance for the work of patent examiners. The recent advancements in the field of natural language processing in the form of language models such as BERT enable the creation of the next generation of prior art search tools. These models can generate vectorial representations of input text, enabling the use of vector similarity as proxy for semantic text similarity. We fine-tuned a patent-specific BERT model for prior art search on a large set of real-world examples of patent claims, corresponding passages prejudicing novelty or inventive step, and random text fragments, creating the SEARCHFORMER. We show in retrospective ranking experiments that our model is a real improvement. For this purpose, we compiled an evaluation collection comprising 2014 pairs of patent application and related potential prior art documents. We employed two representative baselines for comparison: (i) an optimized combination of automatically built queries and the BM25 ranking function, and (ii) several state-of-the-art language models, including SentenceTransformers optimized for semantic retrieval. Ranking performance was measured as rank of the first relevant result. Using t-tests, we show that the achieved ranking improvements of the SEARCHFORMER over the baselines are statistically significant (α=0.01).

BIRCHBARK LETTER FROM PEREYASLAVL RYAZANSKY

The corpus of texts on birch bark was replenished with another document found during excavations in the Kremlin of Pereyaslavl Ryazansky (modern Ryazan). The letter comes from the Vvedensky excavation site located in the southeastern part of the Kremlin. The stratigraphic dating of the find is the second half of the 15th century AD. Styluses and fragments of birchbark with drawings have already been found on the site. The letter was a piece of rolled birchbark with the upper and lower edges torn off centuries ago. The three surviving lines of the document produce a legible fragment of a literary text – a record of predictive meaning read under the year 6967 (1459) in ordinary paschal tables of the 15th century AD. The Ryazan birchbark letter is the clearest material evidence of the eschatological expectations that became widespread in Russian society in that period.

Methods for Automated Comparative Analysis of Texts when Detecting Signs of Plagiarism in Expert Case Examinations of Сopyright and Related Rights Infringement

Within the framework of linguistic expertise on cases of copyright and related rights infringement experts are increasingly faced with the challenge of comparing several texts and searching for full-text, partial and other (lexical, grammatical, semantic, etc.) coincidences in them, as well as determining the values of these coincidences. Comparing documents manually takes a lot of time, especially if the research materials are multi-page texts. This article suggests possible ways to automate and improve this work by using special online document comparison tools: "Copyscape", "Embedika Compare", "Draftable Online", "Compare texts", "Copyleaks Text Compare Tool". The given list of tools for comparing texts is compiled by the article author based on the experience of using them in expert practice. For each of the services, the article indicates its advantages and disadvantages, as well as describes the algorithm of operation and features of the presentation of comparison results. Some tools have simple functionality and display how many words matched, show the percentage of uniqueness of the compared texts, others have more advanced comparison analytics and, in addition to the percentage of matches and the number of identical words, determine the types of similarities of text fragments, highlighting among them identical (full-text), similar (with minimal changes) and paraphrased. Nevertheless, the obtained results of comparing text files still require their expert verification and further linguistic research with the interpretation of the established coincidences and the definition of their type, especially with regard to lexical, grammatical, semantic, syntactic coincidences.

Precedent Names Pertaining to the “World Literature” Source Domain Features of Introduction in Teen Novels

The article considers examples of the use of precedent names with the source domain “world literature” in two cycles of teen novels: “The Mysterious Investigations of Sally Lockhart” by F. Pulman and “The Mysteries of Flavia de Luce” by A. Bradley. The given text fragments are analyzed from the point of view of the functions performed by the precedent names (based on E.A. Nakhimova’s classification). The genre of teenage literature is a transitional link from children’s literature to adult literature, so it contains both references to the heroes of fairy tales and references to the characters of works that have become classics of world fiction. Since the novels under study take place in different historical epochs, and the main characters come from different social classes, the empirical material allows the authors to identify differences in the frequency of the use of precedent names from fiction, depending on the above-mentioned parameters. The same characteristics of the works considered determine the presence/ absence of the author’s intra-textual explanation relating to the precedent names.

Kutluk-Kagan Memorial Complex And Stele With Inscriptions (Preliminary scientific report of the joint expedition "Nomgon-2019, 2022" of the International Turkic Academy and the Institute of Archaeology of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences)

In 2019 and 2022, the International Turkic Academy and the Institute of Archaeology of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences began to conduct joint archaeological studies and the first excavations in 9 ancient memorial complexes of the ancient Turkic era in the Nomgon valley of the Khashaat sum of the Arkhangai aimag of Mongolia. During the excavations carried out in the Nomgon-2 memorial complex, it was found that this complex was dedicated to Kutluk-Kagan (Elteris-Kagan), the founder of the II Turkic Kaganate, who ruled in 682-692, the father of the famous Bilge-Kagan and Kultegin. The head and lower part of a stone statue of a kagan, two parts of a head of a stone statue, two statues of a ram, statues of a lion with two cubs and a number of other artifacts, such as clay roof covering, bricks, a cubic stone with a hole in the middle, and kagan tamga "eshir" (ashina) on balbals were found in the complex. A special news for turkology world is the discovery of a stele with inscriptions. There, during archaeological excavations, for the first time was discovered the upper part of the stele with the image of two wolves and floral patterns, as well as the lower part with fragments of ancient Turkic texts written in runic, Sogdian and Brahmi alphabets.