Fragmentary Evidence Research Articles

Spas (Sambir) – Carpathian residence od Dux Lev

The historical tradition connects the final period of life and the burial place of Galician-Volhynian Prince Lev Danylovych with a small Carpathian village of Spas (Lviv region) which is situated in the Upper Dnister area. Considering the fact, that we have almost no evidence about this period of the life of the Prince, only the connected archaeological and historical data along with some fragmentary evidence give us the opportunity to reconstruct the status and role of this area during the medieval period. The sources indicate that Spas had the complex of the principal residence of Lev Danylovych, first as the Prince of Peremyshl (1240–1260 CE) and then (around 1279-1301 CE) as the ruler of Rus and the Prince of Galicia and Volhynia. The building of the residence along with its functioning was connected with the rivalry of the Prince with city and aristocracy opposition, the Mongolian military actions, the intensification of the Polish-Hungarian foreign policy of the Prince, and finally – its advantageous geographical position on the cross of the trade roads and salt-making production centers. The Spas complex very well corresponded with the concept of the «big cities» of Rus and included a stronghold-fortress, the Prince court with a wooden palace, church (monastery), a dungeon tower, and guarding fortresses, suburban areas, villages, and monasteries. The whole complex was generally called Sambir. A bishop of Peremyshl had his residence at the court which additionally gave him the title of the bishop «of Sambir». The cathedral of Spas held its status as the residence of the local church authority if the following centuries. It is quite clear, that Prince Lev died in Spas (Sambir) and he was buried in the principal burial place – the Church of Spas (Transfiguration). Key words: Peremyshl land, Spas (Sambir), hill-fort, church, Prince Lev Danylovych, principal court-residence.

Assessing the state of Web-based communication for public health: a systematic review

Abstract Background Communicating strategically is a key issue for health organisations and, over the past decade, healthcare communication via social media and websites has generated a great deal of studies. As for systematic reviews, there is, however, fragmentary evidence on this type of communication. The aim of this research was to summarise the evidence on Web institutional health communication for public health authorities to evaluate aim-specific key points based on existing studies. Methods Guided by the PRISMA statement, we conducted a comprehensive review across two electronic databases (PubMed and Web of Science) from 2011 until 7 October 2021, searching for studies investigating institutional health communication. Two independent researchers reviewed the articles for inclusion, and assessment of methodological quality was based on the Kmet appraisal checklist. Results 78 articles were selected. Most of the studies targeted health promotion/disease prevention (n = 35), followed by crisis communication (n = 24), general health (n = 13), and misinformation correction/health promotion (n = 6). Engagement and message framing were the most analysed aspects. Few studies focused on campaign effectiveness. Only 18 studies had an experimental design. Kmet evaluation was used to distinguish studies presenting a solid structure from lacking studies. In particular, considering the 0·75-point threshold, out of 74 studies, 28 were excluded (37·8% of the total). Studies above this threshold were used to identify a series of aim-specific and medium-specific suggestions, as communication strategies employed differ quite greatly. Conclusions Overall, findings suggest that no single strategy works best in the case of Web-based healthcare communication. The extreme variability of outcomes and the lack of a unitary measure for assessing the end-points of a specific campaign or study leads us to reconsider the tools we use to evaluate the efficacy of Web-based health communication. Key messages

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Internet-Based Communication for Public Health: Systematic Review.

BackgroundCommunicating strategically is a key issue for health organizations. Over the past decade, health care communication via social media and websites has generated a great deal of studies examining different realities of communication strategies. However, when it comes to systematic reviews, there is fragmentary evidence on this type of communication.ObjectiveThe aim of this systematic review was to summarize the evidence on web institutional health communication for public health authorities to evaluate possible aim-specific key points based on these existing studies.MethodsGuided by the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) statement, we conducted a comprehensive review across 2 electronic databases (PubMed and Web of Science) from January 1, 2011, to October 7, 2021, searching for studies investigating institutional health communication. In total, 2 independent researchers (AN and SS) reviewed the articles for inclusion, and the assessment of methodological quality was based on the Kmet appraisal checklist.ResultsA total of 78 articles were selected. Most studies (35/78, 45%) targeted health promotion and disease prevention, followed by crisis communication (24/78, 31%), general health (13/78, 17%), and misinformation correction and health promotion (6/78, 8%). Engagement and message framing were the most analyzed aspects. Few studies (14/78, 18%) focused on campaign effectiveness. Only 23% (18/78) of the studies had an experimental design. The Kmet evaluation was used to distinguish studies presenting a solid structure from lacking studies. In particular, considering the 0.75-point threshold, 36% (28/78) of the studies were excluded. Studies above this threshold were used to identify a series of aim-specific and medium-specific suggestions as the communication strategies used differed greatly.ConclusionsOverall, the findings suggest that no single strategy works best in the case of web-based health care communication. The extreme variability of outcomes and the lack of a unitary measure for assessing the end points of a specific campaign or study lead us to reconsider the tools we use to evaluate the efficacy of web-based health communication.

A Combinatorial Input Landscape in the "Higher-Order Relay" Posterior Thalamic Nucleus.

All pathways targeting the thalamus terminate directly onto the thalamic projection cells. As these cells lack local excitatory interconnections, their computations are fundamentally defined by the type and local convergence patterns of the extrinsic inputs. These two key variables, however, remain poorly defined for the "higher-order relay" (HO) nuclei that constitute most of the thalamus in large-brained mammals, including humans. Here, we systematically analyzed the input landscape of a representative HO nucleus of the mouse thalamus, the posterior nucleus (Po). We examined in adult male and female mice the neuropil distribution of terminals immunopositive for markers of excitatory or inhibitory neurotransmission, mapped input sources across the brain and spinal cord and compared the intranuclear distribution and varicosity size of axons originated from each input source. Our findings reveal a complex landscape of partly overlapping input-specific microdomains. Cortical layer (L)5 afferents from somatosensory and motor areas predominate in central and ventral Po but are relatively less abundant in dorsal and lateral portions of the nucleus. Excitatory inputs from the trigeminal complex, dorsal column nuclei (DCN), spinal cord and superior colliculus as well as inhibitory terminals from anterior pretectal nucleus and zona incerta (ZI) are each abundant in specific Po regions and absent from others. Cortical L6 and reticular thalamic nucleus terminals are evenly distributed across Po. Integration of specific input motifs by particular cell subpopulations may be commonplace within HO nuclei and favor the emergence of multiple, functionally diverse input-output subnetworks.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Because thalamic projection neurons lack local interconnections, their output is essentially determined by the kind and convergence of the long-range inputs that they receive. Fragmentary evidence suggests that these parameters may vary within the "higher-order relay" (HO) nuclei that constitute much of the thalamus, but such variation has not been systematically analyzed. Here, we mapped the origin and local convergence of all the extrinsic inputs reaching the posterior nucleus (Po), a typical HO nucleus of the mouse thalamus by combining multiple neuropil labeling and axon tracing methods. We report a complex mosaic of partly overlapping input-specific domains within Po. Integration of different input motifs by specific cell subpopulations in HO nuclei may favor the emergence of multiple, computationally specialized thalamocortical subnetworks.

From Robert Keayne to Angola, Richard, and Grace: Bernard Bailyn and New England's Place in an Atlantic World

From Robert Keayne to Angola, Richard, and Grace: Bernard Bailyn and New England's Place in an Atlantic World

Response

Response Bernadette J. Brooten (bio) Thank you to Joseph Marchal, who organized this special section, to the respondents, each of whom has taken such care in engaging my work, and to the Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion for publishing it. First, a word about the time in which I wrote. Jennifer Glancy and Mónica Rey have observed that, when I published Love Between Women in 1996, same-gender marriage was illegal. Beyond that, same-gender sexual contact itself was actually a crime in many states until 2003. In Lawrence v. Texas (2003), the United States Supreme Court overruled Bowers v. Hardwick, a 1986 Supreme Court case, and declared that a Texas statute criminalizing consensual same-gender sex between adults was unconstitutional under the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.1 As this goes to press, the constitutionally guaranteed right to privacy is at risk, which could mean turning back the clock on same-gender marriage and other hard-fought rights.2 [End Page 191] When New Testament scholars discussed Rom 1:26–27 at all, many assumed that Paul was speaking hypothetically about sexual relations between females: "For this reason God gave them up to degrading passions. Their females exchanged natural intercourse for unnatural, and in the same way also the males, giving up natural intercourse with females, were consumed with passion for one another. Males committed shameless acts with males and received in their own persons the due penalty for their error" (NRSV, slightly altered). I vividly recall speaking with a fellow, male member of the Society for New Testament Studies, who insisted to me that sexual relations between women did not exist in Paul's world, that Paul was simply hypothesizing such relations. Similarly, one well-known feminist theologian in Germany, speaking about my plans to write this book, once told another German feminist theologian, "I don't know any lesbians," to which her friend responded, "You know me." Silence. I cannot stress enough how wonderful I feel seeing more junior scholars working to interpret some of the same texts and artifacts about which I wrote and introducing new ones into the discussion. While writing about some of the more obscure texts, I felt as if I were excavating by drilling through ice in Antarctica, with no other experienced scholar in sight. I did, of course, discuss these sources with talented research assistants Denise Kimber Buell, Melanie Johnson-DeBaufre, Caroline Johnson Hodge, and many others. But how encouraging it is now to be able to communicate with each of you in this panel, and to read of other interpretations, such as in Joseph Marchal's Appalling Bodies.3 Marchal deeply engages a broad range of ancient sources, proposing new meanings of being a receptive erotic partner. Angela Standhartinger has outlined some of the difficulties that I faced in the 1980s in Tübingen with Hans Küng, who opposed the very subject of the research. Numerous German feminists, LGBTQ+ individuals and groups, and simply fair-minded persons supported my work in numerous ways. I want to single out for special mention my friend of over four decades, Sheila Briggs, who spent countless hours with me in long-distance phone calls between Claremont, California, and Tübingen, counseling me on how to fight for the academic freedom necessary to write this book. Thank you, also, Angela Standhartinger, for mentioning my early work in addressing anti-Judaism within feminism and some of my other experiences and initiatives in Germany in the 1970s and 1980s. I am thrilled about all that has lasted and grown since the meaningful years that I spent in the lovely small city of Tübingen. Thank you, Mónica Rey, for highlighting Love Between Women's contributions to women's history. I set out to establish that people in the Hellenistic and [End Page 192] Roman Mediterranean world knew of female homoerotic desires and acts. This largely involved studying male fantasies, some of them bizarre and distorted. I did, however, also find fragmentary evidence for women's history. Now, some people are not interested in history. That's all right. Not everyone has the same interests. Some think that a desire to write...

The quality of life of older carers and the people they support: An international scoping review.

Older carers, aged 65 or over, may find it difficult to balance caring while maintaining their own health and quality of life (QoL). For older carers, especially, established approaches to separately identifying, assessing and addressing carers' and care-recipients' needs, may not fully consider the interwoven nature of caregiving relationships and the ways in which community-based social care services may impact the QoL of both parties. The purpose of this scoping review is to identify and synthesise what is already known about the QoL of older carers and care-recipients, considered together, which we refer to as 'dyadic QoL'; both in general, and with regard to the impact of community-based social care. We searched 16 electronic databases and grey literature in October and November 2020. A total 822 items were identified and reviewed based on the inclusion criteria: focusing on older carers and care-recipients from a dyadic perspective and their QoL or well-being, published since 2000 and in English. Fourteen papers were thematically analysed, and the findings were presented under two themes. First, the value of applying an overarching conceptual framework of 'interdependence theory' in understanding dyadic QoL, including two broad approaches: dyadic data analysis and the dynamics of caring relationships. Second, a number of papers highlighted the role of support from family, friends and neighbours and community-based social care services in promoting QoL outcomes of caring dyads. This review emphasised that considering the QoL of carers and care-recipients, together, would potentially improve the understanding of care needs, provision of care services and QoL outcomes. However, there is limited and fragmentary evidence about dyadic QoL or the impact of social care services on dyadic QoL outcomes. Future work is required to explore and evaluate the use of a dyadic approach in social care practice and research.

Possible Purpose of the Summoning of the Troops to Antioch on the Orontes in 250 BC

In the article, I focused on the fragmentary cuneiform evidence of the Babylonian astronomical diaries from 250/249 BC. It shows how someone unknown had gathered his troops and chariots and departed from Antioch. This evidence contains 4 interrelated questions: 1) Who had gathered the troops? 2) When did it happen? 3) Where were the troops gathering? 4) What was the purpose of the campaign? By now communis opinio was formed as answers to 3 questions: 1) The troops were gathered by the Seleucid king Antiochus II; 2) the event took place between mid-April and mid-July 250 BC; 3) the place of the gathering was Antioch on the Orontes. To this I can add that the stay of Antiochus II in Antioch is indirectly indicated by the agreement between this king and the Cretan polis Lyttus from April 250 BC. Also, this agreement may testify for Antiochus’ short-term interest in the situation in Cyrenaica after the death of its king Magas. Initially, such interest could be caused the gathering of the troops in Antioch too. At the present stage, there are 3 hypotheses regarding the purpose of the royal campaign: 1) the implementation of the European expansion; 2) the assistance Ziaelas – a contender for the Bithynian throne; 3) the pacification of eastern Seleucid regions. An objection to the first two hypotheses is the logistical inexpediency of the summoning troops from Antioch to Northern coast of Asia Minor. Also, the evidence of majority of sources is against the dating of the European expedition of Antiochus to 250 BC; and a military help to Ziaelas did not require a personal participation of the powerful Seleucid. Most likely, the purpose of Antiochus' campaign was to counteract the centrifugal processes that were beginning in the Seleucid Bactria. At least, there are no chronological and logistical objections to this hypothesis.

Die Crucigers: Caspar der Ältere, Caspar der Jüngere, und Elisabeth Cruciger in ihrer Bedeutung für die Wittenberger Reformation ed. by Armin Kohnle and Irene Dingel

Reviewed by: Die Crucigers: Caspar der Ältere, Caspar der Jüngere, und Elisabeth Cruciger in ihrer Bedeutung für die Wittenberger Reformation ed. by Armin Kohnle and Irene Dingel Timothy J. Wengert Die Crucigers: Caspar der Ältere, Caspar der Jüngere, und Elisabeth Cruciger in ihrer Bedeutung für die Wittenberger Reformation. Edited by Armin Kohnle and Irene Dingel. Leucorea-Studien zur Geschichte der Reformation und der Lutherischen Orthodoxie, 40. Leipzig: Evangelischer Verlagsanstalt, 2021. 474 pp. One of the most helpful series published in the last two decades has been the "Leucorea Studies," focused especially on characters around Luther, Melanchthon, and their university. Not since the mid-nineteenth century, when Theodor Pressel and others wrote the first scientific investigations of those surrounding the central figures, have works described the life and thought of Wittenberg's other reformers. Previous volumes investigated Georg Major, Paul Eber, Johannes Mathesius, Nicolaus von Amsdorff, Johannes Bugenhagen, Katharina von Bora, Johann Stigel (the poet), Georg Rörer (Luther's amanuensis), and Justus Jonas. Others have themes such as the Augsburg Interim or the University of Wittenberg itself ("the Leucorea"). This volume focuses on Caspar Cruciger, Sr. (1504–1548), his first wife Elisabeth (née von Meseritz; 1500/1505?–1535), and their son, Caspar, Jr. (1525–1597)—all important contributors to the Wittenberg Reformation. Given the scant scholarship concerning them, these essays increase our knowledge significantly. Those interested in almost any aspect of Wittenberg's sixteenth-century theology and practice will need to consult this book. Indeed, it is perhaps the very best in the series, as the authors combine new archival and original-source investigations with a careful reading of past scholarship. The appendices (providing bibliographies of the works by Cruciger, Sr. and Jr. and a preliminary list of Cruciger, Sr.' s correspondence) give scholars a fine place to begin work. A variety of authors—from recent graduate students to well-known professors—contribute. [End Page 199] The first eight essays concern aspects of Cruciger, Sr.' s life and work. Johannes Träger traces his origins in and connections with Leipzig; Kestutis Daugirdas maps his later interest in astronomy and Copernican theory; Stefan Michel describes new aspects of his relation to Luther; and Marion Bechtold-Mayer does the same for Melanchthon. Others concern specific events: the Cordatus controversy over the necessity of good works (Anna Lena Jungk), his participation in the religious colloquies of the early 1540s (Irene Dingel), his ecclesiological interests in one of his commentaries on some Psalms (Amy Nelson Burnett), and the crisis over the Interim, coinciding with his death in 1548 (Armin Kohnle). All provide new insights into Cruciger's importance as a first-generation reformer. The five essays concerning Cruciger, Jr. are even more impressive for the wealth of new information and corrections of old legends. Beate Kusche traces his development from member of the arts faculty in the 1550s to banished professor of theology in the mid-1570s. Based upon her work on Wittenberg's Scripta publica, Christiane Domtera-Schleichart provides glimpses into his occasional writings for university life. Hans-Peter Hasse uses his wealth of research about the collapse of Philippism in Wittenberg in the 1570s (Zensur theologischer Bücher [Leipzig, 2000]) to describe in great detail Cruciger, Jr.' s own fall from grace, citing from the (unpublished) protocols of interviews with theological examiners and Elector August's personal intervention into the affair. Corinna Ehlers provides new information about his involvement in the dispute over original sin and the way Melanchthon's later positions played a role in forming his own. Jan Martin Lies puts to rest old myths about Cruciger, Jr.'s later life, showing that first in 1578 he went directly from Saxon house arrest to the landgraviate of Hessen-Kassel, where the Landgrave Wilhelm made him tutor for his son and unsuccessfully tried to get him a position at the University of Marburg. In no case did he expressly support Reformed theology, nor did he play a leading role in the church life in Hessen. Four essays deal with the Cruciger family and Elisabeth von Meseritz. Volker Gummelt looks closely at the fragmentary evidence about her early life and convincingly argues for her birth in Meseritz...

Visualizing the Social Networks of Early Medieval Pilgrims

Digital Humanities as a subfield is best understood as a collection of methods, and within that methodology, network analysis and visualization are important tools to conceptualize relationships and the transmission of ideas in historical communities. For medievalists with fragmentary evidence, social network analysis can reveal outlines of networks long vanished. Social network analysis enables medievalists to visualize both people and the social structures and networks they are embedded within. The case study of the social networks of sixth-century pilgrims to Jerusalem in Gregory of Tours’ Glory of the Martyrs demonstrates how the role of early medieval pilgrim was not just an identity category, but a set of relational actions embedded in social relationships. These communities of travelers were structured and shaped by shared religious experiences and shared beliefs in the importance of religious actions.

Demystifying the mythical Mendel: a biographical review.

Gregor Mendel is widely recognised as the founder of genetics. His experiments led him to devise an enduring theory, often distilled into what are now known as the principles of segregation and independent assortment. Although he clearly articulated these principles, his theory is considerably richer, encompassing the nature of fertilisation, the role of hybridisation in evolution, and aspects often considered as exceptions or extensions, such as pleiotropy, incomplete dominance, and epistasis. In an admirable attempt to formulate a more expansive theory, he researched hybridisation in at least twenty plant genera, intentionally choosing some species whose inheritance he knew would deviate from the patterns he observed in the garden pea (Pisum sativum). Regrettably, he published the results of only a few of these additional experiments; evidence of them is largely confined to letters he wrote to Carl von Nägeli. Because most original documentation is lost or destroyed, scholars have attempted to reconstruct his history and achievements from fragmentary evidence, a situation that has led to unfortunate omissions, errors, and speculations. These range from historical uncertainties, such as what motivated his experiments, to unfounded suppositions regarding his discoveries, including assertions that he never articulated the principles ascribed to him, staunchly opposed Darwinism, fictitiously recounted experiments, and falsified data to better accord with his theory. In this review, I have integrated historical and scientific evidence within a biographical framework to dispel misconceptions and provide a clearer and more complete view of who Mendel was and what he accomplished.

The Time and Reasons for Fyodor Kolychev’s Retreat to the Solovetsky Monastery

This article considers the first stage of the life of Metropolitan Filipp (lay name Fyodor Stepanovich Kolychev, 1566–1568). The author focuses on the motives and circumstances of his retreat to the Solovetsky monastery. The work calls into question the widespread hypothesis according to which his joining the monastery was closely connected with the repression against the Kolychevs after the suppression of the Staritsky mutiny in 1537. The author demonstrates that, firstly, Stepan Kolychev’s family was not persecuted and, secondly, that Fyodor had gone to the Solovetsky Islands before the Staritsky mutiny took place, i. e. in the first half of 1534. By that time, he was a mature twenty-seven-year-old (by the standards of the time). The author comes to conclusion that Fyodor decided to enter the monastery consciously and voluntarily. The reasons for his decision should not be sought in the political sphere but only in the sphere of religious consciousness. By the moment of taking his monastic vows, he had no unrealised political ambitions left. This fact distinguishes him from Vassian (Patrikeev) and Filaret (Romanov), who were forced to take monastic vows and regarded the Church as the sphere where they could realise their ambitions. Fyodor’s social skills may have played a very important role in him being elected abbot of the Solovetsky monastery. The monks needed a young and active abbot who would have the skills and experience to manage a large household. At 37–38 years of age, Filipp had business acumen, and not so many monks came from the service class. The election of Filipp contributed to the flourishing of the Solovetsky monastery’s patrimony in the 1540s–1560s. The research refers to chronicles, acts, colophons, and the Life of Metropolitan Filipp. These historical sources are analysed with the help of source study methods, which make it possible to reconstruct the past from contradictory and fragmentary evidence. The author pays much attention to the analysis of Filipp’s Life and tries to distinguish valuable facts of his biography from typical hagiographic motifs.

Editorial

Editorial

Energy Citizenship in Positive Energy Districts—Towards a Transdisciplinary Approach to Impact Assessment

It is commonly assumed by the projects demonstrating concepts for positive energy districts in cities across Europe that citizens want and need to be involved in the development of these concepts as an essential condition for positive energy districts to be deployed successfully and to achieve the expected societal goals. Six different research and innovation projects are investigating the different forms of energy citizenship in positive energy districts and their impacts. They aim to apply a transdisciplinary approach to collaborative research and to impact assessment. The interim results are described, and preliminary conclusions on impact are drawn. The projects each used different approaches to engaging citizens, while differentiating between different groups. Progress is monitored but only fragmentary evidence on the impact has been gathered. Transdisciplinary approaches are being developed but are still immature.

Encounters of Indic-Abrahamic Religions with Matriliny in Premodern Southern India


 This article engages with the matrilineal communities of the Indian Ocean littoral with a focus on the southern Indian context. The matrilineal system was one of the most convenient features in the context of the Indian Ocean trade. In their transregional journeys, maritime itinerants stayed in one place for months or even a year, depending on the variations in monsoon. During this period, they married into the local communities. These marriages were enabled through the existing matrilineal practices, in which men could and should come and go while the women stayed at home and owned the property. From Southeast Asia to Southeast Africa, the matrilineal system has been prevalent in several Islamic communities, but in southern India it historically existed among Hindus and Muslims, and to some extent among Jews and Christians, too. Although the adherence to the system varied historically, we can observe certain features shared among the communities. On the basis of fragmentary but significant evidence between ca. 800 and 1800 CE among Hindu, Jain, Buddhist, Muslim, Jewish and Christian communities, I explore the nuances of conversion and incommensurability across religions. I investigate how the system benefited the oceanic mercantile culture in the region as well as the dispersal of Abrahamic religions, which are often interpreted as significant domains of patriarchy and patriliny.

The Uncommon Case of Daniel Brown: How a White Police Officer Was Convicted of Killing a Black Citizen, Baltimore, 1875 by Gordon H. Shufelt

Reviewed by: The Uncommon Case of Daniel Brown: How a White Police Officer Was Convicted of Killing a Black Citizen, Baltimore, 1875 by Gordon H. Shufelt Lauren N. Henley The Uncommon Case of Daniel Brown: How a White Police Officer Was Convicted of Killing a Black Citizen, Baltimore, 1875. By Gordon H. Shufelt. True Crime History. ( Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 2021. Pp. xii, 171. $24.95, ISBN 978-1-60635-412-4.) In The Uncommon Case of Daniel Brown: How a White Police Officer Was Convicted of Killing a Black Citizen, Baltimore, 1875, Gordon H. Shufelt examines the specific circumstances that led to Patrick McDonald, an Irish immigrant, being convicted of manslaughter in the death of Black Marylander Daniel Brown in post–Civil War Baltimore. In so doing, Shufelt offers a methodological framework "in which to examine the social, political, and cultural characteristics that [End Page 180] define the quality of justice in cases of police violence" (p. 6). This approach necessarily draws on what makes this case unique as opposed to representative, ultimately concluding that myriad factors at this particular place and time allowed Daniel Brown's death to be prosecuted in the manner Shufelt outlines. The Uncommon Case of Daniel Brown is organized around biographical sketches of the victim and perpetrator, with chapters on the role of the coroner's office, the politics of policing, and the trial itself. It ends with commentary on the post-trial proceedings and on the thread between this nineteenth-century case and the modern Black Lives Matter movement. The biographical chapters, "The Black Man in the Doorway" and "The Irish Policeman on the Doorstep," are solid examples of culling together individual people's lives from fragmentary evidence. Relying on census records, newspaper articles, city directories, published primary sources, and secondary literature, these chapters attempt to characterize Daniel Brown and Patrick McDonald. By the end of the first chapter, Brown is portrayed as a self-assured, literate homeowner who was "inclined to be outspoken about his rights" (p. 24). McDonald becomes an Irish immigrant who "was no stranger to street fighting" and "more willing than most men" to use "fists, clubs, and pistols" aggressively (p. 39). While these depictions are no doubt oversimplified, they provide texture and specificity to that fateful midsummer night in 1875. After convincingly arguing for the unique cultural setting of postwar Baltimore, where residential segregation was not as complete as in the Deep South and where Irish immigrants and Black freedpeople changed the city's demographics in a relatively short span of time, Shufelt turns toward another unique feature of nineteenth-century Maryland: discretionary coroner's juries. By reasoning that a lack of precedents and formalization in the state's coroner positions shaped how cases were adjudicated, Shufelt persuasively demonstrates the importance of coroner's juries in expressing a "community's social and political norms" (p. 54). This focus on the power of this particular component of pretrial proceedings—the coroners' inquests—contributes to the growing literature on race and crime in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Shufelt successfully demonstrates how pretrial records can provide robust insights into how criminality was adjudicated in the Jim Crow era. At times, Shufelt's balance between the specifics of the Daniel Brown case with the broader Baltimorean context seems disproportionate. Chapters 4 and 5 are about perceptions of the police in terms of racial and political biases, respectively. The former chapter's reliance on white newspapers, without explicitly mentioning the Black press, reads like an incomplete account of how Black citizens responded to the city's police. Chapter 5's deep dive into the history of policing and corrupt politics throughout the mid-nineteenth century is a fascinating political history of Baltimore but does not make a strong case for such in-depth background information related to the Daniel Brown case specifically. Given contemporary protests of the killings of Black men and women at the hands of the police, Shufelt's study provides a useful historical lens to understand how the convergence of nuanced factors makes each case unique. [End Page 181] Lauren N. Henley University of Richmond Copyright © 2022 The Southern Historical Association

Transcending the silos through project management office: Knowledge transactions, brokerage roles, and enabling factors

Organisations often suffer from knowledge flow gaps between operational and strategic management levels, leaving much knowledge trapped within operations’ boundaries. Prior studies viewed the project management office (PMO) as a knowledge broker that can enhance the interaction between these levels. However, they take a single-faceted knowledge brokering perspective that fails to define the specific knowledge brokering roles of the PMO and offer highly fragmentary evidence on the associated enabling factors. To fill this void, we draw on the brokerage theory to develop a comprehensive theoretical framework in which we define specific knowledge brokering roles of the PMO and delineate their enabling factors for facilitating multidirectional knowledge transactions. We elaborate on three sets of knowledge brokering roles, each of which corresponds to one of three categories of knowledge transactions. Our model shows how PMOs can broker knowledge trapped in organisational silos by balancing bottom-up experiential learning with top-down deliberate learning while maintaining horizontal knowledge synchronisation.

Interpreters and the Deep Layer of Spanish Colonial Justice

The office of General Interpreter was a vital link in Spain's multi-ethnic American empire, bridging the jurisdictions overseen by Native lords and municipal authorities and colonial ecclesiastical and civil jurisdictions. This article analyzes the role of General Interpreters in making an empire of law and, at the same time, a distinctive regional society in Villa Alta, Oaxaca, a remote hinterland of colonial New Spain (Mexico) during the late-seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Although scholarship on General Interpreters in viceregal courts is growing, we know less about interpreters outside of colonial centers due to fragmentary evidence. This article relies upon data scattered across Oaxaca's local archives: Native-language petitions, notarial records, letters, and memoriales produced by Native scribes, and their Spanish translations penned by interpreters, as well as first-instance cases of land disputes, idolatry, murder, theft, and factional struggles over village elections. These sources and other materials allow the historian to move beyond the narrow confines of legal institutions to reconstruct how patronage, economic cooperation and exploitation, and inter-ethnic networks defined the work and translation practices of General Interpreters. Finally, they offer clues as to what the office of General Interpreter meant and how it was perceived by those who sought justice.

Dr Ambedkar and the ‘Prostitute’: Caste, Sexuality and Humanity in Modern India

ABSTRACTDalits’ (Untouchables) most democratic and productive politics relentlessly returns to questions of caste violence, sociality, sexuality and ‘inclusion/exclusion’ in the larger Indian body politic, thus producing a new matrix and mode of power within the category of the human itself. This article analyses the intellectual and anti‐caste leader Dr B. R. Ambedkar's (1891–1956) multi‐pronged – social, cultural and political – strategies of creating manuski (human dignity), dharmantar (religious conversion) and respectable samaj (community) in a doubly colonial – British and brahmanical – context. It offers the first analysis of Ambedkar's hitherto under‐examined speech of 16 June 1936 and other fragmentary evidence in Marathi by focusing on the changing contexts, complex conjunctures of socio‐sexual and material forces and political transformations that Dalit women engaged with to carve out their womanhood and humanity. The article examines the unmitigated contingencies of particular interlocked social, political, cultural, economic, emotional and moral battles of constituting a new political Dalit. It illuminates the ways the most stigmatised, ‘immoral,’ ‘corrupt’ and multi‐dimensional ‘prostitute’ emerged as a conceptual and categorical limit and embarrassment to Ambedkar's strategies of building Dalit power. The article's focus shifts away from imperial and European contexts and discourses to write histories of caste, gender and colonial sexuality from the vantage point of local Dalit women. This approach highlights the importance of writing histories of transnational and multilingual epistemologies that reorganize social and sexual norms in colonial and postcolonial societies.

Insularity and Imperial Politics: Hadrian on the Greek Islands

Since its conquest by Rome in the 2nd century BCE, Roman notables were a constant presence in Greece. While various sites on the mainland served as battlegrounds for Roman civil wars during the 1st century BCE (e.g., Pharsalus, Actium, Philippi), the early imperial period was characterized by the use of various Greek islands as places of – often self-imposed – exile and/or isolation for such notables as M. Vipsanius Agrippa (Lesbos) and Tiberius (Rhodes). Other imperial Romans sojourned in the Aegean islands for different reasons. Augustus spent a winter on Samos after his victory at Actium, using it as a temporary powerbase for the refinement of his imperial plans, and he visited it and other islands again as emperor. While the first two Julio-Claudian emperors maintained close contacts with the Greek world, in the 2nd century CE Hadrian took this connection a step further and promoted Hellenism as a major part of his imperial policy. Naturally, the Greek islands played an important role in imperial politics during his reign, but only as components of the wider Hellenic world and not as isolated entities. Hadrian visited Rhodes and Paros to restore and venerate older Hellenic monuments – the Colossus and the tomb of the poet Archilochus respectively – and possibly Samothrace in order to be initiated into the Mysteries of the Great Gods. He also visited other islands in Greece, but his exact travel itinerary can only be speculative given our fragmentary literary and epigraphic evidence. In this paper, I focus on Hadrian’s presence on the Aegean islands and argue that during his reign they served mainly as sites that allowed for the implementation of his imperial plans by virtue of their easy access from the mainland Greek and Asian provinces. Accordingly, by promoting certain aspects of older Hellenic culture on specific islands, Hadrian conferred renewed prestige to these islands in the Roman Empire.