Fractions Of Phenolic Compounds Research Articles

Growth and chemical constituents of cardoon plant in response to foliar application of various algal extracts

Algal extracts play an important role in metabolic processes in cardoon plant (Cynara cardunculus L.). Cardoon contains phenolic compounds, fixed oil, sesquiterpenes, lactonens, flavones, sterols, coumarins, lignans, inulin, cynarin and silymarin. Also, it has medicinal properties, i.e. reduce the cholesterol, anti-diabetic, and improve the liver functions. The leaves of cardoon plant can inhibit the activity of several human pathogenic bacteria; possibly due to their specific phenolic components which have an antioxidant activity. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the growth, seed yield and chemical constituents of cardoon due to spray with the algal extracts. Plants were treated with different doses (0, 1, 2 and 3 g/L) of four algal extracts (Spirulina platensis, Chlorella vulgaris, Amphora coffeaeformis and Scenedesmus obliquus). Morphological characters (plant height, leaf number, herb fresh weight, herb dry weight and seed yield) were recorded. Chemical contents (fixed oil, flavonoids, carbohydrates, free radical scavenging activity and phenolic compounds) were evaluated. The highest values of morphological characters were detected under 3 g/L of Spirulina platensis extract. Morphological characters increased by 70.9, 77.1, 45.6, 158.4 and 106.1% in plant height (cm); leaf number/plant, total fresh and dry weights (g/plant) and seed weight (g/plant) respectively, compared to the control. The Scenedesmus obliquus extract at 1 and 3 g/L resulted in the greatest amounts of fixed oil and total carbohydrates, the increase yielded 166.7 and 43.7% than control. Chlorella vulgaris extract in 1 and 2 g/L produced the highest increments in total flavonoids and inhibition of free radical scavenging activity, the increments were 58.8 and 105.5% than control. The highest value of total phenolic compounds was recorded due to the application of Amphora coffeaeformis extract at 3 g/L that produced 311.1% than control. Chlorogenic, caffeic and vanillic were detected as the major fractions of phenolic compounds. Algal extracts caused highly significant changes in major and minor fractions of phenolic compounds. Doses of 2, 3 g/L of Chlorella vulgaris and 2 g/L of Amphora coffeaeformis resulted in the greatest amounts of vanillic, chlorogenic and caffeic acids, these doses yielded 61.1, 31 and 66.7% respectively than control. It can be concluded that highly significant changes were reported in growth, yield and various chemical constituents of cardoon in response to the algal extracts applications.

Selecting ultrafiltration membranes for fractionation of high added value compounds from grape pomace extracts

The purpose of the current study is to investigate the use of ultrafiltration membrane for the fractionation of phenolic compounds from subcritical water grape pomace extract and the separation of these compounds from other co-extracted components. The extract was assayed in a cross-flow apparatus against eleven membranes with molecular weight ranging from 100 to 2 kDa. Monitoring of the process was executed by determining performance parameters and retention coefficients of proteins, polysaccharides, sugars, phenolic and anthocyanin classes. Results indicated that retention of solutes was affected, not by size exclusion, but primarily by severe fouling phenomena due to polar solutes adsorption on the membrane surface. With the exception of the separation obtained between polymeric and monomeric proanthocyanidins, polysulfone membranes were not able to fractionate phenolic classes. Membranes starting of 20 kDa and over retained high percentages (>60%) of polysaccharides and proteins.

An Integrated Characterization of Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) Grown in the North Adriatic Region.

SUMMARYJujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) has favourable horticultural properties including adaptation to arid conditions, abiotic and biotic stresses, as well as positive impact on human health. The present study describes the characterization of genetic diversity of the germplasm of jujube from the Istrian peninsula, the determination of important chemical compounds, antioxidative properties in relation to antibacterial and antifungal activities of jujube fruit extracts, and the determination of nutritional properties of jujube fruit. The results of the genetic analysis showed that most of the samples from the Istrian peninsula belong to two recently introduced varieties, 'Li' and 'Lang', and the most widespread local variety 'Navadna žižola'. The local variety has smaller fruit than the ‘Li’ and ‘Lang’ varieties, with thick and fleshy mesocarp. Chemical analysis indicated that fruits of the local variety contained a valuable source of dietary fibre ((9.7±0.6) g/100 g) and were rich in minerals such as (in g/100 g dry mass): potassium (829±51), calcium (177±11) and phosphorus (129±19). Aqueous extracts showed slight antibacterial activity, while ethanol extracts had higher mass fractions of phenolic compounds (expressed as gallic acid equivalents (GAE), 5.8-8.7 mg/g) than the aqueous extracts, but did not show antimicrobial activity. Compounds other than phenolic compounds in jujube fruit may be more biologically active. Based on the results of these analyses, the local Istrian jujube variety is a promising candidate for cultivation potential.

Comprehensive characterisation of polyphenols in leaves and stems of three anti-dengue virus type-2 active Brazilian Faramea species (Rubiaceae) by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS.

The methanol (MeOH) leaf extracts of the species Faramea bahiensis, F. hyacinthina and F. truncata (Rubiaceae) have previously shown in vitro non-cytotoxic and anti-dengue virus serotype 2 (DENV2) activities in human hepatocarcinoma cell lineage (HepG2). Chemical studies have led to the isolation of major flavonoids, but quite complex fractions of phenolic compounds still remain. To complete the study of phenolic compounds in the leaves and to access the presence of these compounds in the stems of these Faramea spp. by online high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS), as well as to evaluate the in vitro cytotoxic and anti-DENV2 activities of their MeOH stem extracts. The identification was performed by comparing retention times, UV and mass spectra with those of available standards and by using the mechanisms and fragmentation patterns established in previous studies. The effects of the extracts in DENV2 infected HepG2 cell viability was determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The virus titer was quantified by plaque assay. The study led to the characterisation of 31 phenolic compounds including flavonoid O- and C-glycosides, phenolic acids and one coumarin. The stem extracts from F. hyacinthina and F. bahiensis presented a similar bioactivity to those of their leaves but a loss of cytoprotective activity of F. bahiensis and a higher cytotoxicity of F. truncata were observed. This research allowed a detailed phenolic composition of three bioactive Faramea species to be achieved, thus contributing to the study of this genus and providing valuable information for further phytotherapeutic applications.

Nanofiltration and Tight Ultrafiltration Membranes for the Recovery of Polyphenols from Agro-Food By-Products.

Pressure-driven membrane-based technologies represent a valid approach to reduce the environmental pollution of several agro-food by-products. Recently, in relation to the major interest for natural compounds with biological activities, their use has been also addressed to the recovery, separation and fractionation of phenolic compounds from such by-products. In particular, tight ultrafiltration (UF) and nanolfiltration (NF) membranes have been recognized for their capability to recover phenolic compounds from several types of agro-food by-products. The separation capability of these membranes, as well as their productivity, depends on multiple factors such as membrane material, molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) and operating conditions (e.g., pressure, temperature, feed flow rate, volume reduction factor, etc.). This paper aims at providing a critical overview of the influence of these parameters on the recovery of phenolic compounds from agro-food by-products by using tight UF and NF membranes. The literature data are analyzed and discussed in relation to separation processes, molecule properties, membrane characteristics and other phenomena occurring in the process. Current extraction methodologies of phenolic compounds from raw materials are also introduced in order to drive the implementation of integrated systems for the production of actractive phenolic formulations of potential interest as food antioxidants.

Study of the сhemical composition of cranberry and the use of berries in food technology

We investigated the ingredient composition of fractions of phenolic compounds of cranberries gathered in Ukraine and its change depending on methods of fermentolysis in the production of juice. The studies showed that the use of complex action enzymes for pretreatment of raw material makes it possible to enrich finished product with physiologically active ingredients of raw material by adjusting the activity during fermentolysis of endo- and exo-enzymes. We established that we can expect the best results in the case of instantaneous warming of squash after enzymatic treatment. We determined that significant content of phenolic substances remains in the waste of juice production – in squash. The complex processing of cranberries with the use of cranberry juice in the technology of fruit sauces, as well as high-quality juice production, is offered in the technology of nonalcohol beverages and meat pastes. The use of cranberry juice in fruit sauces provides product with a pleasant color, prevents darkening of bananas during processing. The use of water-alcohol extracts produced from squash makes possible to avoid the use of artificial coloring agents in the production of nonalcohol beverages. The use of powder made of dried cranberry squash in the receipt of paste products increases moisture binding capacity of meat and the output of a finished product. The study shows that the use of cranberries for the production of food products will make it possible to enrich chemical composition, to compensate for the deviation in functional and technological properties of raw material and to introduce resource-saving technologies

Fractionation of phenolic compounds from Sonneratia apetala pneumatophores and their bioactivities

Sonneratia apetala pneumatophore samples were collected from Xuan Thuy National Park, and then 80% methanol extract was fractionated through Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. After elution with 95% ethanol and 50% acetone, two phenolic fractions were obtained from the crude extract of of S. apetala pneumatophore. The acetone fraction consisted of tannins having high antioxidant activity, 1.14 times higher than that of ascorbic acid. This fraction also have higher activity of α-amylase inhibition (IC50 0.83 mg/mL) and R. sativus root growth inhibition (IC50 6.4 mg/mL) than did the ethanol fraction. In contrast, ethanol fraction consisted of low-molecular phenolic compounds having inhibitory effects on Samonella tiphimurium growth. Such antibacterial activity was not observed in the acetone extract. Citation: Nguyen Sao Mai, Dao Van Tan, 2017. Fractionation of phenolic compounds from Sonneratia apetala pneumatophores and their bioactivities. Tap chi Sinh hoc, 39(4): 451-456. DOI: 10.15625/0866-7160/v39n4.10708.*Corresponding author: daotanvn@yahoo.comReceived 19 September 2017, accepted 12 December 2017

Renewable platform chemicals from directional microwave-assisted liquefaction coupling stepwise extraction of waste biomass

Directional microwave-assisted liquefaction and stepwise extraction are introduced for producing platform chemicals: aromatics and monosaccharides. When sulfuric acid was used as a catalyst, a 45% monosaccharides yield and a 29% aromatics yield were obtained from bamboo with 0.3g catalyst per 18g methanol and 2g bamboo at 160°C with 10min. Approximately 78–86wt% of the six biomass materials were converted into liquid products. After the stepwise extraction and precipitation process, the yields of monosaccharide derivatives and three phenolic compound fractions were 39–45% and 28–32%, respectively. Monosaccharides from holocellulose collected with a high purity of methyl glycosides were higher than 90%. Aromatic derivatives with different weight-molecular distributions were separated into three fractions with more than 80% phenolics. As their similar chemical properties within each fraction, platform chemicals have great commercial potential for producing high-quality chemicals and biofuels using mild upgrading conditions.

Potential in vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and anticancer effect of arachidonic acid-elicited basil leaves

The study presents the impact of elicitation of basil with 0.01µM (AA1), 1µM (AA2) and 100µM (AA3) arachidonic acid on the content and bioactivity of potentially bioavailable polyphenols. Elevated levels of phenolic compounds correlated with increased biological activity were observed in the extracts from basil (control and elicited) subjected to simulated gastrointestinal digestion in comparison to chemical and standard buffer extracts. Elicitation with AA1 and AA2 resulted in an 3-fold and more than 4-fold increase in the content of potentially bioavailable rosmarinic acid, respectively. In some cases, elicitation with arachidonic acid improved the pro-health properties of the potentially bioaccessible fraction of phenolic compounds. The highest elevation of antioxidant properties (DPPH) of the potentially bioavailable phenolic compounds in extract from elicited with AA3 basil was observed (2-fold increase compared to control). AA3 sample after digestion exhibited also higher LOX inhibition ability (ca. 23%) than the control.

Valorization of kiwifruit production: leaves of the pruning branches of Actinidia deliciosa as a promising source of polyphenols

The present work concerns the novel application of a phenolic compound extraction methodology to leaves of Actinidea deliciosa. Recent studies have shown that crop residues could be raw material for recovery of natural bioactive compounds. Phenolic compounds from Actinidea deliciosa leaves were extracted with hot water, purified using reverse phase chromatography and mucilage precipitation with ethanol. The composition of the purified fraction was determined by HPLC-DAD and LC-MSn. Quercitrin, rutin, proantocyanidin B and C, quinic acid, myricitrin, and triterpene acid-O-hexoside were found. These compounds were present in all the fractions. The antioxidant activity was determined as general radical scavenging capacity, lipid peroxidation prevention, and NO radical scavenging activity. Values of EC50 of 9.4 μg/mL, IC50 of 152.5 μg/mL, and IC50 of 81 μg/mL were determined, respectively. The best period of the year to obtain a high fraction of phenolic compounds (120 µg/mg of extract) from A. deliciosa leaves was December. The phenolic fraction obtained with hot water and ethanol precipitation is a promising good source of natural bioactive compounds and an easy method of taking advantage of the leaves from A. deliciosa. To the best of our knowledge, there are no previous works on the use of the residual leaves of this fruit tree. Several phenolic compounds with high antioxidant activity were extracted and identified in this plant for the first time.

Phenol compounds in the borehole 5G, Vostok station, after the unlocking of the subglacial lake

The main results after the first unlocking into the subglacial Lake Vostok were as follows: the Lake had been opened and not polluted; the water pressure within the lake was not balanced by a column of the drilling liquid that resulted in unplanned rise of water in the borehole up to 340 m. The main problem during the drilling in the lake ice was to prevent a pollution of water by the drilling fluid, which filled the borehole, and thus, to avoid a compression of the fluid which could be the main source of chemical and biological pollution of not only the Lake itself, but also the Lake water samples and ice cores. The article presents results of analysis of causes for the occurrence of phenolic compounds in the central channel in the core of secondary ice, being formed by the lake water that rose into the well after the first penetration (the range of depths was 3426–3450 m). It was found that the process, running within the borehole during the drilling, can be described as the fractionation of phenolic compounds, being contained in the filling liquid, to the water phase with its subsequent freezing. We have developed methods for the determination of concentrations of phenolic compounds in the original aviation kerosene and Freon HCFC-141b: 6. mg·l−1 and 0.032 mg·l−1, respectively. To analyze the composition of phenolic compounds in the extract of real filling liquid, located at the bottom of the borehole, the method of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used. The corresponding peaks were quite well resolved and identified as phenol and its derivatives. The main components of the extract were phenol (20%), 2.5-dimethyl phenol (23,8%), 2,4,6-trimethylphenol, and other congeners of phenol. In our case, the Lake Vostok was not polluted during both, the first and second penetrations, however, the problem of human impact on these pristine and unique subglacial reservoirs remains extremely relevant. This impact includes not only direct water pollution of the lake by the drilling fluid, but also possible changes in organic components of the liquid when contacting with the lake water under natural conditions of a deep well. Our data have demonstrated that using of such complex organic liquids, like aviation kerosene formerly used in many drilling projects, is undesirable when exploring deep Antarctic subglacial lakes. Thus, we come to the conclusion that the drilling fluid, currently used at the Vostok station (in the Vostok borehole), has to be replaced by another more inert fluid that would allow further research and exploration of the Lake Vostok.

Uso de tecnología de membranas y resinas para la separación y purificación de polifenoles del tomate de árbol morado (Solanum betaceum Cav)

El fraccionamiento de los polifenoles de los jugos del mesocarpio, placenta y cáscara de tomate de árbol morado utilizando el tamaño de poro de la membrana como medio de selección, se realizó utilizando micro y ultrafiltración tangencial; pruebas realizadas con HPLC demostraron que no se realizó el fraccionamiento de los compuestos fenólicos. Los procesos de concentración de los jugos clarificados de placenta y cáscara de tomate de árbol por Osmosis Inversa obtuvieron un factor de concentración volumétrica de 2 y 2,2 respectivamente. La concentración de polifenoles se incrementó en 1,5 veces para placenta y 2,4 veces para la cáscara y la capacidad antioxidante para los dos jugos aumento en 2,4 veces. Las antocianinas de la placenta se incrementaron en 2,6 veces. La utilización de la resina XA 5071 FG concentró los compuestos fenólicos con el aumento de la capacidad antioxidante en un rango entre 4 y 5,5 y la concentración de antocianinas aumentó en 1,8 veces en el jugo de placenta. En conclusión el proceso de concentración de polifenoles del tomate de árbol fue más eficiente utilizando la resina XA 5071 FG que en el proceso de osmosis inversa utilizado en este estudio.

TECHNOLOGICAL ELEMENTS TO GROW LEAF BIOMASS IN AMARANTH WITH INCREASED CONTENT OF ANTIOXIDANTS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF FUNCTIONAL PRUDUCTS AND FOR PROPHYLACTIC PURPOSE

Diverse technological methods are widely used in horticulture to improve the energy of seed germination, as well as growth and development of plants and their productivity. Ecologically safe methods to accelerate the plant growth processes are known as a presowing treatment of seeds and foliar feeding by plant growth-stimulating agents of natural origin. Pre-sowing seed treatment is necessary when plants grow and maturate not simultaneously, as noticed in amaranth. The action of growth-stimulating agents is an influence in slight concentration not only on biometrical plant parameters, but also on photosynthetic reactions and whole plant physiology. The seed treatment by preparations containing biologically active substances is not only ecologically safe methods but also an economically profitable. Consequently, improvement of quality in vegetable crops by high content of biologically active substances in them, such as polyphenols can be reached with technologies based on the use of preparations, containing biologically active substances and biogenic chemical elements. It was shown that distinctive feature of red leaf plants of amaranth cultivar ‘Valentina’ was a very variable concentration of phenolic compounds such as flavonoids (quercetin, apigenin and their glycosides), hydroxycinnamic acids, simple phenols, polymeric and condensed polyphenols in different aged leaves at the time of vegetation. Moreover, the metabolite variation, antioxidant in fractions of phenolic compounds, obtained from different aged leaves, was increased by biopreparations of natural origin. It is supposed that those preparations had an effect on stress-action system as in protective plant reaction, increasing the antioxidants content. The data obtained has shown that the plants of amaranth, as a promising source of antioxidants, can be used to develop functional food products and phytopreparations.

Fractionation of phenolic compounds from lignin depolymerisation using polymeric aqueous biphasic systems with ionic surfactants as electrolytes

The ability of polymeric-based ABS to fractionate phenolic compounds from lignin depolymerisation was assessed.

Fractionation of Buckwheat Seed Phenolics and Analysis of Their Antioxidant Activity

Five fractions of phenolic compounds were obtained from the extract of common buckwheat seed (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) using Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography with methanol as a mobile phase. The total phenolics content ranged from 19.8±1.5 (fraction I) to 164±2.2 mg (+)-catechin eq/g (fraction IV). The profiles of phenolic acids and flavonoids in the fractions were analysed using RP-HPLC-DAD. The antioxidant activity was tested as ABTS⋅⁺ and DPPH⋅ scavenging activity and capability to reduce the Fe(III)/2,4,6-Tris(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine complex to the ferrous form. Results were expressed as Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), IC₅₀ and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) values, respectively. The highest antioxidant activity was noted for fraction IV that was predominated by flavones. TEAC, IC₅₀ and FRAP values were: 1.47±0.01 mmol Trolox eq/g, 0.058±0.003 mg/assay and 2.18±0.05 mmol Fe(II)/g, respectively. Rutin constituted 77.7% of the compounds identified in fraction III. The antiradical activity and reducing capability of this fraction were lower compared to fraction IV, but significantly higher than in fractions I and II. The main phenolic compounds of fractions I and II were phenolic acids (caffeic, 5-O-caffeoylquinic and p-coumaric). The antioxidant activity of fraction V was similar to that of fraction III.

Diversity of active constituents in Cichorium endivia and Cynara cornigera extracts.

The present study attempts to explore the phytochemical constituents of different extracts from Cynara cornigera and Cichorium endivia plant materials. The two species studied are native in Egypt. Five different solvents, viz., aqueous, methylene chloride, petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol were used. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, sterols (stigmasterol and beta-sitosterol), terpenes (α-amyrin, ursolic and oleanolic acid), and hydrocarbons (n-alkane), the latter found in low amount. The ethyl acetate and water extracts of C. cornigera root showed lower mass fractions of phenolic compounds ranged from 20 to 81 g/100 g, and higher amounts in ethyl acetate extract of the inflorescences and butanol extract of the root where values ranged from 195 to 399 g/100 g. The β-sitosterol and stigmasterol were present in all plant extracts. Oleanolic and ursolic acids were detected in roots, leaves and inflorescences of C. cornigera and in C. endivia shoot. The ethyl acetate extracts from C. cornigera leaf and inflorescence attained higher chemical diversity than the other extracts. Alternatively, sterols and triterpenes were the major constituents. The high chemical diversity of active constituents justifies the future potential use of the two species at commercial level.

Profiling and elucidation of the phenolic compounds in the aerial parts of Gynura bicolor and G. divaricata collected from different Chinese origins.

Gynura bicolor and G. divaricata are not only known to be nutritive as cultured vegetables, but also beneficial as folk medicines in East Asia. As demonstrated by the current phytochemical knowledge, the genus Gynura is a promising source of phenolics with multiple medicinal activities. To expand this phytochemical knowledge, the phenolic secondary metabolites of G. bicolor and G. divaricata were studied. From the aerial parts of these two species, collected in five different Chinese locations, two fractions of phenolic compounds with different polarity were obtained by extraction and chromatographic separation. Using UPLC/MS/MS analysis, a total of 53 phenolics were either identified by comparison with respective reference compounds or tentatively characterized by their chromatographic behavior, UV-absorption patterns, and MS fragmentations. Some naturally existing positional isomers of O-caffeoylquinic acid, O-p-coumaroylquinic acid, O-feruloylquinic acid, and dicaffeoylquinic acid as well as their methyl esters were qualitatively characterized by their specific fragmentation patterns in targeted MS/MS. In addition, the aerial parts of the two Gynura species contained kaempferol, quercetin oligoglycosides, and a variety of derivatives of benzoic acid, hydroxycinnamic acid, and caffeic acid. Furthermore, the distribution of phenolic compounds in the two species from different Chinese origins was discussed. Finally, an investigation of the total phenolic content and in vitro antioxidant activity of the various phenolic fractions was completed, to evaluate the potential of the extracts of these species for medicinal development. The free-radical-scavenging activities of the extracts derived from plants originating from Nanjing were proven to be higher than those of the other extracts, which correlated well with their total phenolic content.

Kinetic and Isotherm Modelling of the Adsorption of Phenolic Compounds from Olive Mill Wastewater onto Activated Carbon.

The adsorption of phenolic compounds from olive oil wastewater by commercial activated carbon was studied as a function of adsorbent quantity and temperature. The sorption kinetics and the equilibrium isotherms were evaluated. Under optimum conditions (8 g of activated carbon per 100 mL), the maximum sorption capacity of activated carbon expressed as mg of caffeic acid equivalent per g of activated carbon was 35.8 at 10 °C, 35.4 at 25 °C and 36.1 at 40 °C. The pseudo-second-order model was considered as the most suitable for kinetic results, and Langmuir isotherm was chosen to better describe the sorption system. The results confirmed the efficiency of activated carbon to remove almost all phenolic compound fractions from olive mill effluent. The preliminary results obtained will be used in future studies. The carbohydrate fraction of this upgraded residue could be employed to produce bioethanol, and adsorbed phenolic compounds can be recovered and used in different industries.

Using Soursop Extracts for Natural Gout Treatment

Soursop extract used to show its effects on the xanthine oxidase activity by inhibition its ability to produce uric acid, the principal reason for the gout and other inflammatory diseases. The fractionation results shows that the major fraction of phenolic compounds is cumarin separated by revise phase high performance chromatography (HPLC) which shows by <i>in vitro</i> test a considerable inhibition of the xanthine oxidase activity equal to 72.15 ± 0.70 compared with positive control (Allopurinol) (P &lt; 0.05) which lead to reduce production of uric acid. The atomic absorption analysis (AA) of trace elements (Fe, Zn, Mg, P) shows the presence of such metals in soursop sample in an amount nessacery for many metabolic processes in human body. In conclusion the cumarin can used as treatment for gout instead of allpurinol because of its side effect. Further histopathological studies need to explore such study to show the effect of cumarin and trace elements on liver and other organs in animal samples.

Recovery of phenolic compounds from bergamot juice by nanofiltration membranes

In this work, nanofiltration (NF) membranes were used to produce purified and concentrated fractions of phenolic compounds from the bergamot juice that was previously clarified by ultrafiltration. In particular, the performance of three commercial NF membranes (NFPES 10, N30F, and NF270) with different molecular weight cut-off and polymeric material was evaluated in terms of productivity and selectivity towards compounds of interest (flavonoids and total phenolic compounds), total antioxidant activity, and sugars. Experimental results indicated that the NFPES10 membrane showed the largest gap between the rejection coefficients towards sugar and phenolic compounds. Therefore, the produced retentate fractions, characterized by high antioxidant activity, can be considered of interest for nutraceutical applications. The hydrophobic character of NF PES10 and N30F membranes accounted for their higher fouling index when compared to the NF270 membrane.