Abstract
Pressure-driven membrane-based technologies represent a valid approach to reduce the environmental pollution of several agro-food by-products. Recently, in relation to the major interest for natural compounds with biological activities, their use has been also addressed to the recovery, separation and fractionation of phenolic compounds from such by-products. In particular, tight ultrafiltration (UF) and nanolfiltration (NF) membranes have been recognized for their capability to recover phenolic compounds from several types of agro-food by-products. The separation capability of these membranes, as well as their productivity, depends on multiple factors such as membrane material, molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) and operating conditions (e.g., pressure, temperature, feed flow rate, volume reduction factor, etc.). This paper aims at providing a critical overview of the influence of these parameters on the recovery of phenolic compounds from agro-food by-products by using tight UF and NF membranes. The literature data are analyzed and discussed in relation to separation processes, molecule properties, membrane characteristics and other phenomena occurring in the process. Current extraction methodologies of phenolic compounds from raw materials are also introduced in order to drive the implementation of integrated systems for the production of actractive phenolic formulations of potential interest as food antioxidants.
Highlights
Today, the recovery of biologically active compounds from natural sources has attracted great attention due to their potential uses such as ingredients in foodstuff, pharmaceutics, and cosmetic formulations
The use of UF and MF processes has been often introduced in integrated systems for recovery of phytochemicals from agro-industrial by-products as preliminary step, in alternative to the use of conventional systems based on the use of adsorbents and filter aids, before a fractionation step performed by using tight UF and/or NF membranes [49]
Intensive research in the field of agro-food waste management suggests that these effluents should be regarded as a useful resource for the recovery of fine chemicals and for different biotechnological applications such as the production of important metabolites
Summary
The recovery of biologically active compounds from natural sources has attracted great attention due to their potential uses such as ingredients in foodstuff, pharmaceutics, and cosmetic formulations. AAggrroo--rreessiidduueess pprroodduucceedd dduurriinngg tthhee hhaannddlliinngg aanndd pprroocceessssiinngg ooff ffrruuiittss,, vveeggeettaabblleess aanndd ffoorreesstt rreessoouurrcceess aarree cchhaarraacctteerriizzeedd bbyy aa ccoommpplleexx ccoommppoossiittiioonn ooff pphhyyttoocchheemmiiccaallss ssuucchh aass vviittaammiinnss,, ttooccoopphheerroollss,, PPPPss,,aannddcacraortoetneoniodisd,sa,laolnognwg iwthitchomcopmlepxlecxarcbaorhbyodhryadtersataensdafinbderfiwbehricwhhhiacvhehbaeveen bbeeeenn been associated with the alleged health-promoting effects of fruits and vegetables consumption Their extraction from residues and agro-industrial by-products, as an alternative to the. Time, microwave power, and matrix characteristics (including particle size, sample-to-solvent ratio, and water content) are the most important [28] Even though this technology has several advantages, its application at industrial scale is still limited due to factors related to capital costs as well as the recovery of nonpolar compounds and the loss of bioactivity of phytochemicals due to modification of their chemical structure [13]. The section will introduce conventional and non-conventional separation methodologies
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