FR4 Epoxy Research Articles

Design of Antenna Array for Ku-Band Wireless Application

The antenna is the back bone of communication. In recent time, it needs to communicate in many ways along with different types of data such as voice, video, text etc. A long distance communication satellite needs a seamless transmission. The antenna design for satellite communication is to be array type to avoid the communication failure. This insists to work with array antenna to fulfil the seam less communication through satellite. Further the antenna design depends on the geometry of the patch, the placement of the patch for better gain and bandwidth. In this paper, authors have chosen the circular patch due to its single degree of freedom. The antenna is compact and is of 30X30mm2 where substrate thickness is considered as 1.6mm. The central patch is of rectangular shape with two slots. Slot is made because of better bandwidth. It is cut diagonally at the corner. As a result, the bandwidth is increased to 2.4GHz with a gain of 5.68dB. The substrate is considered to be FR4 Epoxy. The proposed design satisfies the compactness along with the satellite communication band with satisfactory gain. Simulation results compromise with the measured value. A 3X3 array of circular parasitic elements is considered. It is found that the antenna performs well at 14GHz that is meant for Ku band. The radius of the parasitic patch is considered as 4mm to satisfy the less space with good performance.

Circularly Polarized Rectangular Micro Strip Patch Antenna Design, Analysis for C Band Applications

Now a days the wireless communication system development requires the low cost, low profile, minimal weight antenna development which is accomplished of continuing great presentation completed a wide frequency range. This forward-looking abilities style has supported into the MSPA (Micro Strip Patch Antenna) plan. In this administrative work presents a working recurrence of 4.85 GHz roundabout polarization rectangular miniature strip fix radio wire is planned and mimicked. The proposed rectangular miniature strip fix reception apparatus is double miniature strip-edge-took care of circularly spellbound miniature strip radio wire. The proposed receiving wire can plan and invigorate Left Hand Circular Polarization (LHCP) and Right Hand Circular Polarization (RHCP) with utilizing cross coupler is straight associated with miniature strip radio wire to get polarization of round. The proposed paper work resonant frequency or operating frequency is 4.85 GHz which is mainly used for satellite communications, full-time satellite TV networks or raw satellite feeds. This operating frequency is the IEEE 802.11a version C band frequency and this C band frequency is also used in Wi-Fi devices and Radio LAN. The proposed roundabout polarization rectangular miniature strip fix receiving wire on FR-4 (Flame Retardant and type 4) epoxy substrate material thickness of substrate is 1.6 mm. The dielectric steady of FR4 epoxy is 4.4. The double miniature strip edge took care of round polarization rectangular miniature strip fix radio wire is planned and reenacted utilizing CSTMWS (Computer Simulation Technology Micro Wave Studio) programming. The thunderous or working recurrence of proposed reception apparatus presents at 4.85 GHz for remote correspondences that gives S boundaries (return misfortune), transmission capacity and radiation example of Gain and directivity.

A Compact Microstrip Wearable Dual-Band Antenna

Body-centric communication systems are said to be one of the most emerging areas in wireless communication. It has a major impact in areas like, health monitoring; position monitoring, real-time video feed networks, which makes body-centric wireless communication one of the most attractive research areas. However, having the human body in the network, the system becomes more complex. Each element of the system demands special attention in the designing and implementation process. The main purpose of this work is to design the dual-band (2.95 GHz and 5.7 GHz) micro-strip wearable antenna. The proposed design is a combination of rectangular and F-shaped configuration designed on the FR4 Epoxy dielectric substrate of 1.6 mm thickness, the relative permittivity of 4.4, and dielectric loss tangent of 0.02. The antenna design is simulated and analyzed to get low return loss, high gain, and low VSWR. One of the significant features of the designed wearable antenna is its compact size. The size of the substrate is reduced to 35*35mm. When it is compared with the existing design, it was found that the proposed design has a reduced size of the substrate. The CST microwave studio software is used as a tool for simulation. The human phantom model has to be introduced in the future to design and check the effect of electromagnetic radiation on the human body using SAR standard.

Perancangan Antena Mikrostrip Dual Band Profil Rendah Menggunakan Teknik DGS Dan Meander Line Untuk Aplikasi GNSS

Some of the parameters that are considered to measure GNSS antenna performance are polarization, polarization, bandwidth, return loss and antenna dimensions. This study aims to design a low profile dual band microstrip antenna using the Defected Ground System (DGS) and Menader Line (ML) techniques for GNSS applications. In this research, the DGS technique is used to increase the bandwidth while the ML technique is used to reduce the antenna dimensions. This antenna design uses a FR4 Epoxy substrate with a thickness of 1.6 mm. To design and analyze the antenna, the CST Studio Suite 2016 simulator is used. The simulator is equipped with an optimizer feature that can optimize antenna parameters. Based on the design results, an antenna with a size of 183.6 x 183.6 x 1.6 mm3 has been produced. The antenna works in dual band, namely in the band 1247 - 1294 MHz (bandwidth - 3.70% BW) for radio navigation satellite services Glonass (G2) and Galileo (E6). And in the band 1539-1606 MHz (4.26% BW) for the Galileo (E1) flight radio navigation service, Compass and GPS (L1).
 Keywords: Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), low-profile dual-band microstrip antenna, Defected Ground System (DGS) dan Meander Line (ML).

Miniaturised planar antenna with enhanced gain characteristics for 5.2 GHz WLAN application

ABSTRACT In this paper, the construction of a miniaturised hexagonal microstrip antenna (MSA) loaded with Defected Ground Structure (DGS) and Metamaterial (MTM) superstrate proposed for 5.2 GHz WLAN application is presented. Initially, the fundamental resonant frequency of the hexagonal MSA was reduced from 14.8 GHz to 5.2 GHz using a rectangle DGS. For the suggested antenna model a miniaturisation of about 64.86% is achieved, which makes the antenna to approach electrically small antenna. Finally, the characteristics of MSA loaded with DGS and an MTM superstrate, which enhances the peak gain, directivity, and efficiency. The suggested miniaturised antenna with substrate dimensions of 0.25λ0 × 0.243λ0 mm2 (or) 14.4 × 14 mm2 of thickness h1 = 1.6 mm fabricated on an FR4 epoxy of dielectric constant 4.4. By employing an MTM superstrate, of RT Duriod substrate of thickness h2 = 1.575 mm above the proposed miniaturised hexagonal MSA at a height of h3 = 14.4 mm, a gain increased from 3.32 dBi to 6.38 dBi is attained at 5.2 GHz. The simulated outcomes of the suggested model are in association with experimental results of the prototype model.

A miniaturized 2-itertion rectangular slotted Sierpinski Fractal Bowtie antenna for multiband applications

Recent advancements in the field of Telecommunications and wireless technology services need compact, multiband antennas with reduced system complexity. In this paper a novel Rectangular slotted Sierpinski Fractal Bowtie antenna is illustrated and is further expanded up to 2-iterations to obtain multi frequency bands with increased percentage of Miniaturization. The overall volume of the proposed 2-iteration SPK Bowtie antenna is (50 × 50 × 1.6) mm3 and the substrate is FR-4 epoxy with 4.4 dielectric constant. All the 0th, 1st and 2nd iterations of Rectangular slotted SPK Fractal Bowtie antenna are exited with coaxial probe feed and are simulated using ANSYS HFSS software for 100 MHz to 14 GHz frequency range. The radiation parameters like return loss, Bandwidth, VSWR, and Gain are evaluated and compared. The simulation results shows that proposed 2nd iteration Rectangular slotted SPK Fractal Bowtie antenna exhibits more number of frequency bands as compared to the 0th and 1st iterations. The proposed design is able to resonate at frequencies 0.2 GHz, 3.5 GHz, 6.3 GHz, 8.6 GHz, 10.9 GHz, 11.7 GHz with a gain of 0.529 dB, 5.074 dB, 4.518 dB, 5.335 dB, 9.18 dB, 21.17 dB respectively. The percentage of Miniaturization is also increased to 58.2% in the case of 2-iteraion. A prototype of the final proposed antenna is fabricated and tested using VNA network analyzer. The fabricated prototype of proposed antenna is also capable of resonating in L, C, S, and X bands. The simulated results of the proposed antenna have a great matching with the measured results.

Desain dan Analisis Antena Mikrostrip Rectangular Dengan Slot “ m ” Untuk Aplikasi WLAN 2,4 GHZ

Microstrip is being developed in various wireless applications, one of them is the WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network). In this study, "m" slot was added to the center of the rectangular patch microstrip antenna which is designed using FR4 Epoxy material, also 2.4 GHz WLAN frequency band covered by the antenna. The thickness of the patch material is 1,5mm and the dielectric constant is 4,3. The Antenna is designed and simulated using CST Microwave Studio software. By changing the position of the microstrip antenna slot, several antenna parameter values were obtained including gain, return loss, bandwidth, and VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio). The microstrip antenna simulation results showed the best return loss value of -37.46 dB, VSWR of 1.027 at the resonant frequency of 2.446 GHz, and presented a gain of 3.43 dBi. From the results, the use of "m" slot has several effecs of increasing the return loss value up to 42.63% and bandwidth by 5.17%.

Development of an H-shaped antenna with FR4 for 1–10 GHz wireless communications

Wireless networking is now central to modern life, and is anticipated to become ever more pervasive. Therefore, there may be several possible uses for combining lightweight fabric antennas. A flexible fabric is used to increase convenience, and the inclusion of antennas in garments ensures they do not have to be hand-held. Wireless deployment, a single-feed and a dual-frequency H-shaped antenna is presented. The transmitting model is used to build the H-shaped antenna. Varying the dual frequency is achieved with the aid of a capacitive range between 3.85 and 1.88 pF and a Zener diode. The operating frequencies for the cellular implementations of the H-shaped antenna are 2.5–4.5 GHz. The configuration of the antenna is built on an 80 mm × 60 mm dielectric by using FR4 epoxy substrate; the scale of the switch dimension is 0.7 mm × 1.4 mm with relative permittivity of 3.68 and the height of the substratum is 1.6 mm. The patch of the planned structure is supplied by a 50 ohm matching impedance co-axial cable. In this research work the proposed antenna structure gain is 8.2 dBi (86%) for wireless devices. Under the current structure, the high and minimal return losses are from –39.05 to –18.68 dB. The highest and lowest Voltage Standing Wave Ratio values of the proposed structure are 1.78 and 1.02, respectively.

Novel design of a triple band PIFA antenna by using a binary genetic algorithm

In this study, we propose a miniature triple band PIFA antenna (planar inverted-F antenna) composed of uniform semi-patches for LTE2600/WLAN/WIMAX/HIPERLAN-2 applications. The binary genetic algorithm determines the shape of the antenna’s radiating plate to achieve multiband operation with good performance. The simulated results reveal that the proposed antenna has attained three bandwidths ( $$S_{11} <-\,10\mathrm{dB}$$ ). The first bandwidth is from 2.5 to 3.07 GHz with resonant frequency at 2.80 GHz. The second bandwidth takes the range from 3.79 to 3.99 GHz with an operating frequency at 3.89 GHz. The third bandwidth is from 5.64 to 5.94 GHz with resonance at 5.78 GHz. All three resonant frequencies demonstrate good impedance matching with high radiation efficiency and gain. The PIFA antenna design is constructed of two FR4 epoxy substrates and has dimensions of $$15 \times 30 \times 3.8\,\mathrm{mm}^3$$ . The proposed multiband PIFA antenna exhibits good performance with small size, making it suitable for several wireless systems applications.

A slotted UWB-MIMO antenna with quadruple band-notch characteristics using mushroom EBG structure

Quadruple notch band dual-port ultra-wideband (UWB) MIMO antenna is reported in this article. The proposed MIMO antenna is designed from a single port UWB antenna, which consists of an arrow-head shaped radiator loaded with two open-ended inverted L-shaped slots (Slot #1 and Slot #2) and one U-shaped slot (Slot #3) followed by a pair of mushroom type EBG structures. The inverted L-and U-shaped slots are liable for generating triple notch band behavior at 3.3 GHz, 4.03 GHz, and 5.4 GHz, respectively. Besides this, the antenna produces an extra notch band function at 6.0 GHz using a pair of mushroom type EBG structures. In addition to this, the antenna covers wideband ranging from 3.0 to 10.7 GHz which suitably meets the requirement of ultra-wideband (UWB) applications. The design is modeled over FR4 Epoxy material and having an overall size of 43 × 34.9 × 1.6 mm3. However, a rectangular decoupling strip is introduced below the substrate layer for reducing mutual coupling between them. Therefore the suggested antenna is having efficient notch controlling capabilities and its performance characteristics are evaluated and analyzed in terms of rejecting frequencies, Current concentrations, ECC, Diversity Gain, and radiation patterns.

Analysis of the Electrical Performance of a Layer Stackup Design for Memory Socket Boards

As the operation speed of semiconductor products increases, a test technique is required to implement a high-speed operation at a low-cost. In this paper, memory socket boards are designed by applying a layer stackup reduction and a low-cost dielectric. In the layer stackup design, the two layers are reduced through arrangement of the power planes and a split design. A low-cost dielectric based on FR4 epoxy was applied in the board. Electrical performance changes on the board were analyzed and compared. Although the insertion loss of the DQ5 line on the board with layer stackup reduction showed almost no difference, the VDDQ-VSS impedance increased in some frequency bands. The timing aperture and power supply noise characteristics remained almost the same, which had no substantial effect on high-speed operation of the board. The insertion loss of the DQ5 line on the board with the low-cost dielectric showed a difference in the high-frequency band, but the VDDQ-VSS impedance improved. The timing aperture characteristics were lower, but the performance under power supply noise improved in the eye-diagram simulation.

X-Band Multilayer Stacked Microstrip Antenna Using Novel Electromagnetic Band-Gap Structures

In this work, a multi-layered rectangular microstrip antenna, with an inset feeding technique, is designed. It consists of a 10 GHz resonating conventional microstrip patch and a novel 9 × 9 electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) array printed on a 0.5 mm thin FR-4 epoxy as superstrate; an air-spacer separated both. The top radiating patch is magnetically coupled with the bottom radiator such that it also radiates. The bottom dielectric layer’s other side is finished with the perfect ground for minimizing the back-lobe radiation. The dimensional parameters are optimized for both patch and the EBG surface in the Finite Element Method (FEM)-based EM solver ANSYS HFSS. The superimposition of the top EBG surface improves the gain without degrading the performance of the lower patch. This antenna has a −10 dB reflection bandwidth of 1.2 GHz with −30.57 dB minimum reflectivity at 9.9 GHz (better VSWR). The proposed prototype offers a gain of 9.45 dBi in both E and H planes. Finally, the device is fabricated using the conventional PCB technology. The performances of the device, like gain and radiation pattern, are measured in the anechoic chamber. It is found that the simulation and measured results are in near agreement. The physical dimensions of the proposed antenna are 55 mm × 55 mm × 17.67 mm.

Design of a Dual Band Miniature Microstrip Patch Antenna

Microstrip patch antennas perform a major task in current communication techniques. In this paper we mainly specify the model of a dual-band miniature MPA for IoT application. The specific antenna is fed through a 50Ω microstrip line feed. And the architectural layout, and simulation of the expected antenna are done using HFSS software. The ground volume of the planned antenna is 10×6.5mm2. The projected antenna having a relative permittivity of 4.4 on the FR4 epoxy surface, 0.02 loss tangent, and 1.6 mm height. The antenna has a managing frequency ranging from 5.8GHz to 14GHz with -35.84dB return loss and -17.17dB respectively. And studied in terms of gain and VSWR. The general configuration of the suggested antenna is applicable for easy designing and it can be utilized for Ku-band satellite applications, weather monitoring systems, etc.

Band pass filter comparison of Hairpin line and square open-loop resonator method for digital TV community

The selection of the right filter design method is a very important first step for a radio frequency engineer. This paper presents the comparison of two methods of band pass filter design using hairpin-line and square open-loop resonator. Both methods were applied to obtain filter designs that can work for broadcasting system in digital television community. Band pass filter was simulated using design software and fabricated using epoxy FR-4 substrate. The results of simulation and measurement shown return loss value at 27.3 dB for hairpin line band pass filter and 25.901 for square open-loop resonator band pass filter. Voltage standing wave ratio parameter values were 1.09 and 1.1067 for hairpin line and square open-loop band pass filter respectively. The insertion loss values for the Hairpin line band pass filter and square open-loop band pass filter were 0.9692 and near 0 dB, respectively. Fractional bandwidth, for hairpin line band pass filter, was 6.7% while for square open-loop band pass filter was 4.8%. Regarding the size, the dimension of square open-loop resonator was approximately five times larger than hairpin-line band pass filter. Based on the advantages of the hairpin line method, we recommend that researchers choose the filter for digital TV broadcasting.

High Gain Compact Multiband Cavity-Backed SIW and Metamaterial Unit Cells with CPW Feed Antenna for S, and Ku Band Applications

A compact multiband cavity-backed substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) and metamaterial antenna with coplanar waveguide (CPW) feed is designed for S and Ku bands thereby providing low and high frequency applications. Designing simultaneous achievement of high gain in S band and Ku band antennas are challenging task, but the proposed antenna overcomes this limitation. The proposed antenna has a ground structure with radiating T-shaped stub opposite to the feed line and a combination of SIW and metamaterial. SIW and complementary square split ring resonator (CSSRR) are used to enhance efficiency, directivity, gain and bandwidth. The proposed antenna structure uses FR-4 epoxy as the substrate material with Ɛr = 4.4 with a dimension of 40 × 40 × 1.6 mm and analyzed using ANSYS HFSS. The designed antenna resonates at three frequencies (i.e.), 4.23, 13.63 and 17.05 GHz with a gain greater than 5 dBi and efficiency greater than 80%. It is suitable for S band (ISM, WLAN, WiMax) and Ku band (radar, satellite communications) applications. The designed antenna is linearly polarized with high gain and efficiency at both the bands.

Design and Analysis of Dual-Band Circular Patch Antenna for X-Band Applications with Enhanced Bandwidth

An antenna is a crucial component in the wireless communication system which converts electrical waves to EM waves and vice-versa which leads to revaluation in wireless communication technology. Due to this reason the experiment was performed on a simple circular patch antenna for better radiation along with wide transmission bandwidth. In this paper, a simple circular microstrip antenna structure is designed to operate at dual bands. The proposed antenna consists of a circular radiating patch, a 50-ohm feedline line, a quarter-wave impedance matching transmission line, and a ground plane. It meets significant requirements for large bandwidth, optimized gain, minimum reflections, and small size with high directivity and efficiency. This antenna contains FR4 Epoxy substrate material with permittivity 4.4 and size 36mm x 36mm x 1.67mm. ANSOFT HFSS simulator is used to analyze various parameters like return loss, VSWR, Impedance, and gain. The Resonant Frequency of the designed antenna is 8.77 GHz and 10.6 GHz. with minimum Return Loss of -52 dB and -21.66 dB respectively. It was also observed that 1.005 and 1.2 VSWR at 8.77 GHz and 10.6 GHz respectively.

The use of edge cut on microstrip antenna patch with the modified partial ground plane for bandwidth enhancement

This research proposes the use of edge cut on the antenna patch with a modified partial ground plane to overcome the inherent characteristic of the microstrip antenna, which is narrowband. The antenna has to cover all of the LTE frequency bands, which is from 0.824 – 2.4 GHz. FR4 epoxy with a dielectric constant of 4.4 and a thickness of 1.67 mm is used as a substrate for the antenna. The proposed antenna is simulated by an EM Simulator. The simulated results show that the return loss of -18.82 dB and the VSWR of 1.25. These parameters confirms that the antenna is well-matched along with the LTE bands. This wideband antenna has a directional radiation pattern with a maximum gain of 4.65 dB.

Novel filtenna for wireless applications

A triple-band antenna integrated with three band-pass filters for 1.6 Gigahertz, 2.4 Gigahertz and 5.2 Gigahertz is presented. The Filtering antenna structure consists of three coupled line band-pass filters and a planar tri-band antenna with the partial ground of 9 mm × 25 mm. The proposed integrated system provides good filtering performance and these three frequencies are extremely helpful for L band, S band and C band applications. The projected antenna filter is fabricated on FR-4 epoxy substrate and its dielectric constant is 4.4, and thickness is 1.6mm

Dual wideband and high gain microstrip antenna for wireless system

In this paper dual wideband high gain circular shaped microstrip antenna with modified ground plane is presented for wireless communication systems. The overall dimension of the proposed antenna is 50 x 40 x 1.6 mm3. The radiating element consists of circular shaped patch which is excited by microstrip feed-line printed on FR4 epoxy substrate. The ground plane is on the other side of the substrate having a rectangular ring shape to enhance the peak gain of the antenna. The proposed antenna exhibits two wide fractional bandwidths (based on ? -10 dB) of 61.1% (ranging from 2.0 to 3.8 GHz, centred at 2.88 GHz) and 53.37% (ranging from 5.48 to 9.6 GHz, centred at 7.44 GHz). The measured peak gain achieved is 8.25 dBi at 8.76 GHz. The measured impedance bandwidth and gain suffice all the commercial bands of wireless systems such as 4G LTE band-40, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, WLAN, WiMAX, C-band, and Xband. The measured results are experimentally tested and verified with simulated results. A reasonable agreement is found between them.

Band-Pass Filter Microstrip at 3 GHz Frequency Using Square Open-Loop Resonator for S-Band Radar Applications

In telecommunication, filters are often used to pass the desired frequency. One of them is the Band-Pass Filter (BPF) which is passing signals between the upper cut-off frequency and the lower cut-off frequency. This research aims to make a band-pass filter that can pass 3 GHz frequency with a bandwidth of 200 MHz. This filter is designed with a square open-loop resonator simulated using Advanced Design System (ADS) software. The filter is made using FR 4-epoxy substrates with a dielectric constant (ε ) of 4.6 and substrate thickness (h) of 1.6 mm. Based on the simulation results obtained in the form of a comparison graph between the response of magnitude to frequency, it shows that the value of the return loss (S 11 ) parameter of -23.549 dB, insertion loss (S 21 ) parameter value of -1.397 dB, and a slightly shifted middle frequency of 2.890 GHz. Then for the measurement results obtained a parameter value return loss (S 11 ) of -16.364 dB, parameter value insertion loss (S 21 ) of -3.561 dB with a center frequency of 3.185 GHz.