Blood Of Fowl Research Articles

Phosphatide components of fowl blood cells

The phosphatide components of fowl blood cells were separated by chromatography on silicic acid-impregnated paper and found to consist of lecithin (42%), phosphatidyl ethanolamine (24%), sphingomyelin + lysophosphatidyl ethanolamine (21%), and small amounts of phosphatidyl serine, lysolecithin, phosphatidyl inositol and phosphatidic acid. Each component had a different fatty acid composition; in particular, phosphatidyl ethanolamine had a higher proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids and of stearic acid, and a lower proportion of palmitic acid than lecithin. These two phosphatides were also present in their respective plasmogen forms, the aldehyde moieties of which were found to be mainly palmitaldehyde and stearaldehyde. Incubation of the total blood cells with [2− 14]acetate resulted in the incorporateion of 14C into the non-phosphatide fraction (cholesteryl esters, cholesterol and diglycerides) and to a lesser extent into the lecithin, phosphatidyl ethanolamine and sphingomyelin components.

Pharmacological characteristics of the active principles in neurohypophysial extracts from several species of fishes.

Pituitary extracts from a marine teleost (Pollachius virens), a cyclostome (Petromyzon marinus) and an elasmobranch (Squalus acanthias) have been subjected to a variety of biological assays. The activities of these extracts have been determined on rat blood pressure, rat antidiuresis, rat uterus in vitro, rabbit milk ejection, fowl blood pressure, the hen oviduct in vitro and the bullfrog bladder in vitro. The patterns of relative activities on these assays for each species have been compared to the patterns for known neurohypophysial hormones and related synthetic analogues. The evidence suggests that arginine vasotocin (8-arginine oxytocin) is the major active neurohypophysial peptide in the teleost and cyclostome. Oxytocin also appears to be present in the teleost. The neurointermediate lobe of the elasmobranch contains a pattern of activities that cannot be readily attributed to any of the known neurohypophysial peptides or synthetic analogues that have been examined to date.

In vitro lipid synthesis in fowl blood

1. 1. Fowl whole blood has been shown to incorporate labelled acetate into both cellular and plasma lipids. 2. 2. Long chain saturated and unsaturated acids are shown to be synthesized and then incorporated into triglycerides, phospholipids and cholesterol esters. 3. 3. “Sterol”-like unsaponifiable substances are also synthesized from acetate. 4. 4. Comparison of the synthetic ability of leucocytes, young erythrocytes and old erythrocytes show that all cells contribute to the synthesis, the most active being the leucocyte and young erythrocyte preparations.

Chorioallantoic membrane lesions produced by inoculation of adult fowl leucocytes.

INTEREST in the reaction of the chick embryo to inoculation with adult homologous tissues, noted in 1916 by Murphy1, has been renewed by the investigations of Simonsen2 and Cock and Simonsen3, which indicate that the alterations in the embryo, including splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, and haemolytic anaemia, result from an immunological attack by the adult cells on the embryonic tissues. This communication reports that cell suspensions prepared from adult fowl blood, spleen or thymus, when placed on the chorioallantoic membrane, produce characteristic membrane lesions in addition to splenomegaly and hepatomegaly. The chorioallantoic lesions closely resemble the splenic nodules observed by Isacson4 which developed in 11–15 day chick embryos following intravenous injection of adult homologous leucocytes or spleen cells. Isacson suggested that the splenic nodules represented foci of adult donor cells which were stimulated to proliferate by contact with foreign embryonic antigens, and which were afterwards walled off and destroyed by the maturing embryo.

Acid-base equilibria in the blood of domestic fowls

Acid-base equilibria in the blood of domestic fowls

The effect of excess vitamin A on cultures of embryonic chicken skin explanted at different stages of differentiation.

In earlier experiments, Fell & Mellanby (1953) showed that the simple, two-layered epidermis of the 7-day embryonic chick underwent mucous metaplasia when grown in medium containing excess vitamin A. The present investigation was undertaken to see whether epidermis at more advanced stages of development would undergo a similar transformation in vitro under the influence of vitamin A. Skin from the shank and foot of 13-, 14- and 18-day chick embryos was grown on rayon acetate cloth by Shaffer’s modification of the watch-glass method, in medium (cock plasma and embryo extract) to which natural or synthetic vitamin A alcohol had been added. For purposes of comparison, one experiment was made with skin from the trunk and limbs of 7-day embryos. A dose of 1500 i. u. vitamin A /100 ml. of culture medium completely inhibited keratinization in all the + A explants, whatever the age of the embryo from which they were obtained. This concentration induced mucous metaplasia in all the explants from 7- and 13-day chicks, and in a minority of those from 18-day embryos. In the 13- and 18-day explants, the outer strata of epidermal cells degenerated and were sloughed, and the secretory epithelium was formed from the deepest and least differentiated layers. The dermis also was affected by the vitamin. When the explants were transferred from + A to normal medium, mucin secretion at first increased, often becoming astonishingly copious; later the mucous tissue was shed and the deeper cells regenerated a squamous, keratinizing epidermis. In all the controls grown on normal medium, the epidermis retained its squamous structure and formed increasing amounts of keratin, except at the margin of the 7- and 13-day cultures; here the newly formed epithelium, which had spread beyond or below the dermis, often failed to cornify and in one 7-day control, which elsewhere was heavily keratinized, it even developed some secretory cells. This peripheral effect is thought to be due to the close and prolonged contact of the outwandering epithelium with the fairly high level of vitamin A normally present in fowl blood plasma. The concentrations of vitamin A used in the present experiments were much less than those that can be produced in the blood of fowls fed on a high vitamin A diet. The vitamin A in the culture medium, however, may be much more readily available to the epidermis than the same concentrations of vitamin in the blood stream of a hypervitaminotic bird. It is also probable that the vitamin is in a more active state in the culture medium than it is in vivo (cf. Fell & Mellanby 1952).

H�magglutination durch Vaccineyirus. I. Methode

The influence of various factors on the hemagglutination by vaccinia virus was investigated. The titer shows a nearly threefold increase after a one hour rotation before sedimentation of the blood cells at 37°. Temperatures above 20° yield equal, below 20° lower titers when the tubes are repeatedly reshaken. Some samples of fowl blood show a non-specific hemagglutination which is inhibited by 0.2° normal rabbit serum. The influence of different blood samples and red cell concentrations on the hemagglutinin titer is demonstrated. The results have been reproduced in control series.

Counting erythrocytes and leucocytes in fowl blood.

Counting erythrocytes and leucocytes in fowl blood.

Feeding Estrogen (Dianisylhexene) to Laying Hens

THE physiological role of estrogen (female sex hormone) in promoting the development and the secretion of the various component parts of the egg is gradually being determined. Not only does the secretion of estrogen by the developing ovary stimulate the growth and functional activity of the oviduct but it has been shown to influence the composition of the blood and the metabolism of the egg precursors.Lawrence and Riddle (1916) reported that the lipids of the blood of fowls increase during the period of lay. This observation was confirmed by Lorenz et al., (1938) who then showed that estrogen administration could cause a similar rise in blood lipids in the immature fowl. (Lorenz et al., 1938).Buckner et al., (1930), Macowan (1932), and Charles and Hogben (1933) found the serum calcium level of laying hens markedly above that in non-laying and immature birds. Riddle and Dotti (1936) demonstrated that estrogens .

A Direct Method of Determining the Erythrocyte, Leucocyte and Thrombocyte Count of Fowl Blood

A Direct Method of Determining the Erythrocyte, Leucocyte and Thrombocyte Count of Fowl Blood

Large-Scale Testing of Fowl's Blood for the Presence of S. Pullorum Infection

Large-Scale Testing of Fowl's Blood for the Presence of S. Pullorum Infection

The Relative Values of Man, Mouse, and Domestic Fowl as Experimental Hosts for the Bed‐Bug, Cimex lectularius L.

Summary All immature stages and adults of both sexes of Cimex lectularius L. will feed on man, mouse, and domestic fowl. The insect can be bred to the adult stage on any of these hosts, and such adults will mate and produce fertile eggs. The speed of development from egg to adult is slightly greater on mouse than on man or fowl under the conditions of the experiments. Given equal opportunity for feeding once in every instar, a greater proportion of bugs reach maturity on mouse than on man, the lowest proportion with any of the three hosts occurring on fowl. Facts are brought forward to show that the shorter period for development on mouse is correlated with a relatively heavy blood‐meal. Also, adults bred on mouse are heavier than those bred on fowl or on man. Although bugs fed on fowl develop more quickly than on man, they do not always take heavier meals. Bugs bred on mouse produce more eggs at the first feed than bugs bred on man or fowl. This increased egg‐production is associated with the greater body‐weight of mouse‐bred bugs: but there appears to be also another factor which makes mouse a better host for the production of bed‐bug eggs. Mated adults and 2nd‐instar nymphs, when starved on a single blood‐meal, live longer on man than on either mouse or fowl. This is not obvious on the unmated adults until the variation in length of life associated with weight of meal is eliminated: then it is seen that unmated bugs, too, live longest when fed on mouse. The blood of man, when dried, contains a greater proportion of dry material than the blood of either mouse or fowl, This may account for the longer life of bugs starved on human blood. The differences in the life of bed‐bugs bred on the fowl and on man are small. Those fed on man, however, appear to be slightly better fitted for survival on one meal from the host under the conditions of the experiments than bugs fed on fowl. The aerences in the life of bed‐bugs living on different hosts—man, mouse, and fowl—in nature are more likely to be due, primarily, to differences in the behaviour of the insects in the presence of those hosts rather than to thephysical effects of the meals taken from them. It is thought that the slitly different results with insects fed on the two human hosts may be due rather to differences in feeding behaviour of the insect than to the effects of the two bloods.

PROPERTIES OF THE BLOOD OF THE DOMESTIC FOWL

PROPERTIES OF THE BLOOD OF THE DOMESTIC FOWL

Precipitation Test for the Sexes of Fowl Blood Serum, with Special Reference to Egg-Laying

IV. Summary Injecting the rabbits with the fowl blood sera, the sex tests of the blood sera were made by means of precipitin reaction, with special reference to egg-laying, and the results are as follows: The blood serum of the laying hen can not be distinguished from that of the cock or of the non-laying hen with the corresponding antiserum. However, by specialization of the antiserum, the former is capable of being clearly distinguished from the two latter with the absorbed antiserum for the blood of the laying hen, a specific reaction for the homologous serum being given; whereas sera of the cock and the non-laying hen are not distinguishable from each other with the corresponding absorbed antisera.The blood serum of the pullet gives similar results with that of the cock or of the non-laying hen. Therefore, the blood sera of immature fowl, namely, pullet, and those of mature ones, excepting the laying hen, can not be distinguished mutually.The antiserum for laying hen's blood serum contains specific precipitin for egg-laying not for sex.

The Persistence of Pasteurella Avicida in the Blood and Organs of Fowls with Spontaneous Fowl Cholera

The Persistence of Pasteurella Avicida in the Blood and Organs of Fowls with Spontaneous Fowl Cholera

Fate of Leucemic Blood of Fowls After Transfusion.

Leucemic blood was transferred into healthy animals and the fate of the immature leucocytes was followed in the circulating blood and in the blood forming organs of the recipient. Such a study might reveal whether leucemia is the result of multiplication of the transfused immature leucocytes in a susceptible host. In addition, the fate of the transmissible agent in the blood of the recipient was studied because it was assumed that if leucosis were secondary to infection, the infective agent might be recovered from fowls that exhibited no leucemic blood changes.The fate of transfused leucemic cells. Six young chickens were transfused with 20 to 35 cc. of the blood of fowls with severe myeloid leucemia, after 13 to 35 cc. of blood had been removed from the circulation of each recipient. Following transfusion, there was an immediate increase of the leucocyte count. Leucocyte counts of the blood of donors and recipients, mixed in vitro in proportions estimated to be those in the recipients, gave values from 2...

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE RESPIRATION OF ERYTHROCYTES

1. The respiration of the reticulocytes of the rabbit has been measured during the period of an anemia produced by phenylhydrazine. Though the respiration increased greatly during the phase of regeneration, the oxygen consumption per billion reticulocytes throughout the period remained approximately the same. 2. The respiration of the reticulocytes was affected by changes in the reaction of the medium in which they were suspended, and was at its maximum about a pH of 8, with a probable intracorpuscular pH of about 7.75. 3. Variations in the tonicity of the suspending medium did not produce any great change in the respiration of the reticulocytes. 4. The presence of glycine, alanine, and glucose in the suspending medium resulted in no acceleration in the respiration of the cells. At higher concentrations glucose tended to depress the respiration. The material oxidized appears to be mainly or entirely contained in the corpuscles at the time they are liberated from the marrow. 5. A comparison is made of the respiration of the reticulated nucleated red cells present in the blood of anemic fowls and the non-nucleated reticulated red cells of rabbits. On the basis of equal volumes of cells, the respiration of the former is about twice that of the latter, while this in turn is about six times as great as the nucleated but non-reticulated normal red cells of the fowl.

On the fate of fowl's blood corpuscles in diverses organes when injected in rabbit, especially on the influence of the thyroid gland.

On the fate of fowl's blood corpuscles in diverses organes when injected in rabbit, especially on the influence of the thyroid gland.

A Small Animal Cage with Sanitary Features

Direct evidence is given which shows that the uric acid occurring in fowl's blood is in a specially soluble form.

Comparison of Modified Antigens for the Avoidance of Cloudy Reactions in Agglutination Tests on Fowl Blood Serum

Various studies have been published suggesting modifications of technique for the avoidance of the cloudy reaction in conducting agglutination tests for carriers of Bacillary White Diarrhea. It therefore seemed desirable to undertake comparative tests of the modified antigens suggested to determine which would most regularly give clear cut positive or negative agglutination reactions without the interference of nonspecific precipitations. This paper gives the results of these studies.According to Hektoen1 some of the earliest reported observations regarding non-specific precipitations when fowl serum is used in sereologic tests were made by Sutherland and Mitra in 1914. These men were using fowl serum in the precipitin reaction and arrived at the opinion that avoiding freezing of the serum would serve as a means of preventing such non-specific precipitations.Hektoen (1918) doing similar work found the freezing of fowl serum was not wholly responsible for the non-specific precipitation, but he also suggests avoidance .