Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Characterization Research Articles

FTIR characterization of Sahara honey and propolis and evaluation of its anticandidal potentials

Abstract Antifungal of bee products have been shown to be protective against microbial biofilms invasion Sahara honey and propolis were applied as an antimicrobial in treatment for many infections in Algeria. In this study, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis was utilized to characterize the chemical structures and functional groups. In addition, in this study, we determined the anti-candida activity of honey used alone or in combination with propolis. Proteins, carbohydrates, carboxylic acids, free amino acids, cellulose and lipids, ketones and phenol compounds were identified by FTIR analysis. Combination of Sahara honey and propolis increased antifungal efficacy, compared to compounds tested alone. Propolis increased the anti-candidal effect of Sahara honey. In addition, the treatment of Sahara honey and Propolis-Sahara honey catheters with a Candida albicans biofilms reduced biofilm formation after 24 and 48-h exposure period. The results provide evidence that honey/propolis combination may help in designing a more potent novel, natural antibiofilm blend at sufficiently low concentrations in medical domain.

Synthesis and FTIR Characterization of Mg-Hydroxylapatite Derived from Dolostone with High Dolomite Mineral Content

We present the synthesis of magnesium-substituted hydroxylapatite starting from locally available dolostone. The apatite was prepared by a reaction between heat pre-treated dolostone powder with phosphoric acid, maintained at the pH of 12.5 using sodium hydroxide. The resultant material was then calcined at 500 °C, 600 °C, 700 °C, 800 °C and 900 °C. The precursor dolostone was characterized by organic elemental analyser (CHNS-O analyser), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), while the synthesized material was characterized by using FTIR. Results indicated that the dominant mineral in the carbonate rock materials was near-stoichiometric dolomite, while the synthesized material was found to be (carbonate, magnesium)-substituted hydroxylapatite. The synthesized material did not exhibit hydroxylapatite diagnostic peaks until after being calcined at 600 °C. The peaks became more distinct with increase in calcination temperature. The prepared material exhibited a low degree of crystallinity and low conversion temperature to beta-tricalcium phosphate, 700–800 °C. These characteristics are typical of a magnesium-substituted hydroxylapatite (Mg-substituted β-tricalcium phosphate). This work has demonstrated the feasibility of synthesizing magnesium-substituted hydroxylapatite (Mg-HA), with potential applications in water purification, using dolostone as a calcium/magnesium source.
 Keywords: Dolostone; crystallinity; magnesium-substituted hydroxylapatite; magnesium-substituted beta-tricalcium phosphate;

The Coated Salted Paper Prints from the Eduard Isaac Asser Collection at the Rijksmuseum: FTIR and OCT Identification and Characterization

ABSTRACT The Rijksmuseum holds four valuable albums with 187 photographs made by Eduard Isaac Asser (1809–1894), one of the first figures in photography in the Netherlands. Based on visual examination, most of these prints have been identified as salted paper prints with a coating, but they can be hard to distinguish from matte or glossy albumen prints, especially where the coating is thick. In order to be more accurate in our descriptions and to better understand Asser’s technique, a technical study of his work was conducted. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) helped us to identify, to a certain extent, the nature of the coatings. Before the analysis, the prints had been described either as “shellac coated” or as “waxed,” based on their varying degree of sheen. FTIR identified a larger number of substances in the coatings: gum, protein, natural resin, and possibly starch. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) was also used to study the coatings. Because OCT has limitations when dealing with very thin layers, it was not always suitable for distinguishing coated salted paper prints from coated albumen prints. However, it did turn out to be a useful tool to explore the topography and structure of the paper supports and the coatings.

FTIR Characterization of the Development of Antimicrobial Catheter Coatings Loaded with Fluoroquinolones

The purpose of this paper was to present the development of antimicrobial coatings for different urinary catheters. Antimicrobial catheter coatings were prepared by immobilizing fluoroquinolones either with the use of linkers (covalent binding) or by activating the polymer matrix with iodine/bromine (noncovalent binding). The possibility of the deposition of antimicrobial agent(s) following bromine activation on latex, polyurethane, and silicone was evaluated. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), used to monitor the changes in the catheter’s molecular structure occurring over the course of its multi-stage modification, confirmed the presence of fluoroquinolones in the catheter matrix as well as site-specific reactions. The amounts of drugs embedded in the catheter matrix were determined by the HPLC method. Stability of the drug binding was checked by examining the drug release. The new antimicrobial coatings obtained with the participation of fluoroquinolone antibiotics have the potential to protect the patient against infections during catheterization.

Dual application of Ti-catalyzed Li-RHC composite for H2 purification and CO methanation

2LiH + MgB2 composite doped with TiO2 (Li-RHC-Ti) is employed with a two-fold purpose: hydrogen purification under a H2–CO (0.1 mol%) mixture and CO methanation. Upon dynamic cycling under CO–H2 mixture, hydrogen release curves display a quite stable amount of pure hydrogen of about 10 wt%, short release times of around 60 min, and minor degradation. Gas analysis by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) after a thermal dehydrogenation process of MgH2 and LiBH4 under CO evidence the conversion of CO to CH4. Li-RHC-Ti dehydrogenated under CO shows the simultaneous formation of CH4, CH3OH, and B(CH3)3 in the gas phase. X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and FTIR characterizations of the solid phases of Li-RHC-Ti after both H2–CO mixture and CO interactions demonstrate the formation of MgO, LiBO2, and HCOO− species. Li-RHC-Ti acts as a hydrogen source and promoter for the CO conversion. Reaction pathways are proposed based on experimental results and equilibrium composition calculations.

PHYTOSYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF IRON NANOCOMPOSITES BY IRVINGIA GABONENSIS (OGBONO) AQUEOUS AND ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACTS

The need for emerging materials based on nano-composites from green plants, or non-useful materials for adsorption process is on the increase. The objective of this research was to evaluate the phytosynthesis and characterization of iron nano-composites (Fe.NCs) formed by aqueous and ethanol extracts of Irvingia gabonensis (Ogbono) tree leaves. The composites were characterized by visual observation, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Visual observation of the iron oxide nano-composites synthesized was confirmed by change in colour from yellow to brown within minutes of formation. The FTIR characterization showed that, phenolic groups were involved in the phytosynthesis of the iron nano-composites with the presence of –OH and –NH groups at 3348.54cm-1 and -C-N- group at 1635.69 cm-1 for aqueous extract and broad band of –OH and -NH stretch at 3363.97cm-1 and -C-H-stretch at 2978-2901.04cm-1 attributed to alkanes in alcohol extract. There was also –OH stretch at 2885.60cm-1 and Fe-O group at 671.25cm-1 in Fe. NCs with Fe-O stretch observed at 583.33cm-1 in I. gabonensis iron nano-composite. Cube-like structures, irregular shapes and sizes with individual, spherical particles forming aggregates and chains were revealed by the SEM micrographs, these are recognized attributes of strong magnetic properties of iron. The particle sizes are 30 and 45 nm for aqueous and alcohol extracts respectively, which could provide large surface area for contaminant adsorption. Conclusively, photosynthesis of Fe. NCs using water and ethanol extracts of I. gabonensis (Ogbono leaves) could be an effective one-step pathway for nano-composite production from eco-friendly, safe and less toxic green plant material.

Synthesis of Type A Zeolite from Rice Husk Ash and Its Application as a Builder on Effervescent Tablet Form Detergent

Abstract The application of phosphate compounds as a builder in a detergent formulation created eutrophication that encouraged industry to produce more eco-friendly detergents. To overcome that problem, phosphate can be substituted by zeolit that is more effective in cleaning and also biodegradable. In this study, zeolite was synthesized from rice husk ash using a melting method followed by hydrothermal processes. Effervescent detergent tablets were prepared with the following formulations: 3 formulations containing zeolite (F1–F3), 3 formulations containing sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP: P1–P3) and 1 control formulation. The synthesized zeolit was analysed by XRD (X-Ray Diffraction), FTIR (Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy), SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) and cation exchange capacity (CEC). Furthermore, all detergent formulas were characterized for flowability, compressibility, compatibility, disintegration time, pH, cleaning action and biodegradability. The results of FTIR, XRD and SEM characterization showed that the synthesized zeolite was an amorphous type-A crystal and the predominance of the amorphous phase with a cubic structure and CEC value of 95.71 cmol(+) kg−1. In this study the formulation F1 with 15-% zeolite was found to be the best formulation with granule flow rate parameters of 13.6 g/s, stationary angle of 22.0°, compressibility of 16.6-%, detergent tablet hardness accounted to 0.81 kgf/cm2, crushed time of tablet detergent of 1.5 min, pH 6.7, and biodegradability value of 70.3-% in BOD5 test. A higher concentration of zeolite provided a better cleaning effect of the detergent tablets.

Preparation of amorphous oil palm frond ash (OPFA) via acid leaching treatment as precursor for silica synthesis

Oil palm frond (OPF) was investigate in this study that aim to establish the potential of OPF as precursor for silica synthesis. OPF is one of abundance biomass produce in oil palm plantation during pruning and replanting phase that usually underutilized comparable to other oil palm-based waste. In this study, OPF was first combusted at 600 ℃ to produce the oil palm frond ash (OPFA) that subsequently followed with acid leaching treatment using 3% citric acid solution. The non-leached ash and leached ash was analysed and characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and AAS Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). Combustion of OPF indicate that it produces approximately of 3.5% of ash out of total weight of OPF. The AAS analysis perform display a significant reduction of metal ions such as K+, Ca+ and Mg+ and total removal of iron from which proven the beneficial of acid leaching treatment in removing the undesired substance from OPFA. FTIR characterization display a significant different in spectra of treated and non-treated ash and it also successfully illustrate that the OPFA produce contain the required silica as well as the acid leached OPFA is in amorphous form due to the absence of band which indicating the presence of tridymite (crystalline phase).

Detailed FTIR spectroscopy characterization of crude oil extracted asphaltenes: Curve resolve of overlapping bands

In recent years, characterization of asphaltenes as an appropriate way to deal with their related problems in the oil industry has been received considerable attention. The Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) analysis, since its appearance in the 1880s, become one of the most applicable techniques to gain the valuable information about characteristics and functional groups of different samples especially petroleum related materials (e.g. asphaltenes). Despite these advantages, this technique suffers from a severe drawback especially in analyzing complex compounds such as asphaltenes. This problem is defined as overlapping related to the functional groups with the near occurrence bands which can hinder thorough qualitative and quantitative analyzing. A considerable number of studies were dedicated to FTIR analysis of asphaltenes, but the curve resolving of petroleum asphaltenes spectra has not yet been extensively studied. In this paper, four asphaltenes extracted from crude oils were analyzed by FTIR and then these spectra were completely resolved. The results, for the first time, provide a deep insight into the functional groups present in asphaltenes and their attaching substitutions. The comprehensive investigation of bands shifting and the relationship of their band area with elemental results reveal that carboxylic acids are linked to both saturate (band at about 1743 cm−1) and aromatic compounds (band at about 1698 cm−1); however, esters and alcohols (e.g., secondary and tertiary alcohols) are attached to saturated compounds in the studied asphaltenes (band at 1743 cm−1 for saturated esters and bands at 1347, 1160 and 1110 cm−1 for saturated alcohols). Ketones occur as diaryl and mixed (1616 and 1685 cm−1 bands), but ethers appear as alkyl/aryl (1018 cm−1). The sulfoxide (1033 cm−1), secondary amides (bands at 3239, 1649, 1575 and 1310 cm−1), polyaromatic (with different substitutions at region below 900 cm−1), phenols (3430 and 1229 cm−1) and aliphatic compounds (such as methyl, methylene, and methine in the 1460 and 1375 cm−1 bands and in the 3850-3000 cm−1 region) are also present in the studied asphaltenes.

Imine-Rich Poly( o -phenylenediamine) as High-Capacity Trifunctional Organic Electrode for Alkali-Ion Batteries

Alkali-ion batteries, including potassium-ion batteries, lithium-ion batteries, and sodium-ion batteries are important energy storage devices; however, with the cation size increased, there exists ...

Effect of Ion Irradiation on Vanadium Oxide Thin Films Deposited by Reactive RF Sputtering Technique

Vanadium has many oxides (VO2, V2O3, V2O4, V6O13 and V2O5) due to high oxidation state. Properties of the vanadium oxide thin films can be changed by pressure, doping and strain. Ion irradiation can transform the phase, mix the two solid materials, form epitaxial crystallization and create nanostructure etc. in the materials. Purpose of our study was to observe the effect of swift heavy ions (SHIs) irradiation on vanadium oxide thin films. Thin films of vanadium oxide were deposited on the Si substrate by reactive RF sputtering technique. As-deposited thin films were irradiated by swift heavy ions (100 MeV Ag ions) at different fluences at room temperature. The effect of ions irradiation was studied by using grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and UV-vis-NIR spectrophotometer characterization techniques. GIXRD pattern revealed that swift heavy ions can induce the phase transformation (V6O13 to V2O3) in the films. FTIR characterization showed that δ(V=O) stretching mode at 1020 cm-1 shifted to the lower wave number side. Optical properties showed blue shift in the absorption spectra at the higher fluences. These shifting are due to the lowering of vanadium’s oxidation state in the thin films. This change in oxidation state of vanadium transforms the phase of the films. Irradiation with SHIs can transform the phase along with enhancement in the crystallinity of the vanadium oxide films.

Synthesis and evaluation of amines/phenolics antioxidant for TMPTO base oil

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to synthesize amines/phenolic antioxidants by a new method and to characterize the influence of antioxidants on thermo-oxidative degradation in trimethylolpropane trioleate (TMPTO) base oil.Design/methodology/approachThe molecule structures of antioxidants and lubricants were confirmed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The oxidative stability of antioxidants and lubricants was evaluated by pressurized differential scanning calorimetry (PDSC).FindingsThese findings suggested that butyl-octyl-diphenylamine has obvious advantage on kinematic viscosity inhibition, and amine-phenol combination antioxidant has a slightly better suppression of total acid in TMPTO under thermal oxidation at 200°C for 96 h. The FTIR characterizations showed that all antioxidants could protect the basic structure of TMPTO in the early stage of thermal degradation.Originality/valueUnder the action of butyl-octyl-diphenylamine, the dehydrogenation of TMPTO is easily met with the alkenyl hydrogen = C–H bond in the unsaturated C = C. Meanwhile, as octadecyl 3-(3, 5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate protects TMPTO, the unsaturated C = C bond in the base oil molecule easily breaks down during transition.

Inclusion Complexes between Starch and Vanillin

Vanillin is an additive widely used in foods and beverages. This research focused on formation of inclusion complexes to improve the stability of vanillin. The amylose in starch can act as a host molecule by forming a single helix known as V-amylose which has a hydrophobic channel. In this research, the starch was suspended in water (2.8% (w/v)) and was sonicated for 30 minutes. The mixture was subsequently heated at 180 °C to dissolve starch. Vanillin dissolved in ethanol was then mixed with the starch solution at around 85 °C. The concentration of vanillin was varied at 10%, 30% and 50% (w/w, based on the weight of starch). The resulting inclusion complexes were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). FTIR characterizations were conducted on starch, vanillin, physical mixture of starch-vanillin, and the inclusion complexes. The results showed there were differences on some vibration peaks between the physical mixture of starch-vanillin and the inclusion complex. The XRD results depicted different patterns of the diffraction peaks for the inclusion complexes compared to native starch and vanillin which showed that the starch-vanillin complexes were successfully formed.

ENHANCEMENT OF GLIBENCLAMIDE DISSOLUTION RATE BY SOLID DISPERSION METHOD USING HPMC AND PVP

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of changing in the proportions of the solid dispersion formula on the dissolution rate of glibenclamide.
 Methods: Solid dispersions were prepared by solvent evaporation method by using methanol as solvent, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) as polymers. The prepared product was evaluated by the saturated solubility test and the dissolution rate test. The prepared product was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).
 Results: The result showed solid dispersion with a ratio of glibenclamide: PVP: HPMC (1: 3: 6) has the highest increase in solubility (20 fold) compared to pure glibenclamide. This formula also showed an improvement in dissolution rate from 19.9±1.19% (pure glibenclamide) to 99±1.60% in 60 min. Characterization of FT-IR showed that no chemical reaction occurred in solid dispersion of glibenclamide. The results of X-ray diffraction analysis showed an amorphous form in all solid dispersion formulas. The results of DSC analysis showed that endothermic peak melting point of solid dispersion occurred, and the morphology of solid dispersion was more irregular than pure glibenclamide based on SEM characterization
 Conclusion: The solid dispersion of glibenclamide using PVP: HPMC as carriers can increase the solubility and dissolution rate compared to pure glibenclamide.

Carbazole and fluorene polyaniline derivatives: Synthesis, properties and application as multiple stimuli-responsive fluorescent chemosensor

Development of conjugated polymers with fluorescence sensing characteristics has received close attention from researchers in fields of environmental protection, biosensing and toxins detection on food. In this paper, novel polyaniline derivatives of poly(9-methyl-9H-carbazol-3-amine) and poly(9,9-dihexyl-9H-fluoren-2-amine) are prepared by facile chemical polymerization. Then they are characterized with NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance), GPC (Gel Permeation Chromatography), XRD (X-Ray Diffraction), FT-IR (Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy), FL (Fluorescence spectrometry) and UV-vis (Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy) characterizations and further applied to the fluorescence detection of different acids and amines. Moreover, the obtained poly(9-methyl-9H-carbazol-3-amine) displays excellent fluorescence properties in the detection for both acids and amines. Besides, this poly(9-methyl-9H-carbazol-3-amine) can not only be used for fluorescence detection in solution, but also can be prepared into solid state and applied in the gas phase fluorescence detection. This work has greatly expanded the scope of application to these polyaniline derivatives materials, opening a new path for the researches on multi-functional chemosensor.

Samarium Complexes from 2,6-Naphtalenedicarboxylate: Synthesis, Photocatalytic Properties and Degradation of Methylene Blue

Coordination polymer have been attracting considerable attention and present a great potensial in photocatalytic water treatment, paving the way for buliding efficient and enviromentally friendly photocatalysts. In this work, samarium complexes constructed from 2,6-naphtalenedicarboxylate ligand was successfully synthesized using solvothermal methode. Samarium complexes are characterized by Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Uv-vis Diffuse Reflectance and Cyclic Voltametric. FTIR characterization results indicate peak absence of absorption band arround 1700 cm−1 further confirms that the carboxylate groups in dicarboxylate ligand are completely deprotonated. The value of the band gap obtained from the corresponding transition is 3,1 eV. The LUMO Level reduction potential O2/O2-* is obtained -2.1 volt, this value is more negative than the potential standard O2/O2-* reduction is -0,33 volt, so the ability to form O2-* is greater. Based on the characteristics obtained, this material potential as a semiconductor for photocatalysts methylene blue degradation, where samarium complexes in 240 minutes can degradation methylene blue by 68,6 percent.

Transport of Aniline through Bulk Liquid Membrane with Transition Metal Ion As Receiving Phase

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SOLID DOSAGE FORM DEVELOPMENT OF GLIBENCLAMIDE-ASPARTAME COCRYSTAL USING THE SOLVENT EVAPORATION METHOD TO INCREASE THE SOLUBILITY OF GLIBENCLAMIDE

Objective: The solubility of a drug in water plays an important role in the absorption of the drug after oral administration. Cocrystal is one method that improves the solubility of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). The aim of this study was to investigate the formation of a glibenclamide (GCM)-aspartame (APM) cocrystal using the solvent evaporation method and to evaluate its solubility and dissolution rate.
 Methods: Molecular docking of the GCM-APM cocrystal was observed using an in silico method. The GCM-APM cocrystal (1:2) was prepared by using the solvent evaporation method. The cocrystal of GCM-APM was evaluated by the saturated solubility test and the dissolution rate test (USP type 2 apparatus). The solvent evaporation product of GCM-APM was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD).
 Results: In silico study showed that the interaction of GCM-APM has hydrogen bonding and the potential to improve the solubility of GCM. Evaluation of the cocrystal of GCM-APM showed that the solubility and dissolution rate of the cocrystal are significantly increased. Characterization of FT-IR showed that no chemical reaction occurred in the GCM-APM cocrystal. The DSC analysis showed the changes in the melting point of GCM. Measurement of PXRD showed the formation of a new solid crystal phase that is different from GCM and APM.
 Conclusion: GCM-APM has hydrogen bonding can improve the solubility and dissolution rate of GCM.

GC–MS and FTIR analyses of oils from Hibiscus sabdariffa, Stigma maydis and Chromolaena odorata leaf obtained from Malaysia: Potential sources of fatty acids

Abstract Fatty acids are reduced carbon chains mostly found in nature with different usages in the industrial feedstock, pharmaceutical and food industries. Plants are embodiments of substantial amounts of fatty acids. In this study, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis was employed to identify the chemical compositions of oils from Hibiscus sabdariffa flower, Stigma maydis; Chromolaena odorata leaf extracted through microwave-assisted hydrodistillation method. In addition, the oils from the three plant samples were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis to evaluate the fingerprints. A total number of 16, 13 and 13 chemical compounds were identified in the oils from H. sabdariffa flower, S. maydis and C. odorata leaf, respectively. The main identified compounds were fatty acids and esters. Moreover, the FTIR characterization reflected the presence of hydroxyl group, cellulose-fatty acids, methyl carboxylic acid, nucleic acid, and carbohydrate. This finding has fully demonstrated that the oils from H. sabdariffa flower, S. maydis and C. odorata leaf can serve as the potential sources of fatty acids.

The investigation of the role of basic lanthanum (La) species on the improvement of catalytic activity and stability of HZSM-5 material for eliminating methanethiol-(CH3SH)

Lanthanum (La)-doped HZSM-5 and HZSM-5 catalysts were prepared to investigate the natural roles of La addition on the catalytic performance of HZSM-5 for decomposing methanethiol (CH3SH). Compared to HZSM-5, the incorporation of La species into HZSM-5 catalyst not only decreased the intrinsic activation energy (from 51.4 kJ/mol to 40.6 kJ/mol) but also largely improved the stability. Based on the characterizations of X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD), N2 adsorption-desorption, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), temperature-programmed desorption of carbon dioxide (CO2-TPD), temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia (NH3-TPD), and temperature programmed desorption of CH3SH (CH3SH-TPD), the promotional role of La species on the catalytic activity was demonstrated to be the contribution of the surface active oxygen species within lanthanum oxy-carbonates composites, which not only might act as new active sites for converting CH3SH into CO2 but also could decrease the activation temperature for the dehydrogenation of CH3SH into intermediate, dimethyl sulfide (CH3SCH3). The enhanced stability of La doped HZSM-5 was attributed to the synergistic effect of the decrease in the strong acid sites as well as the formed CO2 and surface lanthanum oxy-carbonates layer. The rapid deactivation of HZSM-5 was due to the formation of deposited coke irrespective of deposited sulfur species. The nature, amount and type of deposited coke were investigated in detail via the characterization of FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, temperature programmed oxidation of oxygen (O2-TPO), thermogravmetric analysis (TGA). A facile and rapid regeneration method was used to regenerate spent La doped HZSM-5 and no significant deactivation was observed even after three cycles of deactivation-regeneration.