Abstract
Abstract The application of phosphate compounds as a builder in a detergent formulation created eutrophication that encouraged industry to produce more eco-friendly detergents. To overcome that problem, phosphate can be substituted by zeolit that is more effective in cleaning and also biodegradable. In this study, zeolite was synthesized from rice husk ash using a melting method followed by hydrothermal processes. Effervescent detergent tablets were prepared with the following formulations: 3 formulations containing zeolite (F1–F3), 3 formulations containing sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP: P1–P3) and 1 control formulation. The synthesized zeolit was analysed by XRD (X-Ray Diffraction), FTIR (Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy), SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) and cation exchange capacity (CEC). Furthermore, all detergent formulas were characterized for flowability, compressibility, compatibility, disintegration time, pH, cleaning action and biodegradability. The results of FTIR, XRD and SEM characterization showed that the synthesized zeolite was an amorphous type-A crystal and the predominance of the amorphous phase with a cubic structure and CEC value of 95.71 cmol(+) kg−1. In this study the formulation F1 with 15-% zeolite was found to be the best formulation with granule flow rate parameters of 13.6 g/s, stationary angle of 22.0°, compressibility of 16.6-%, detergent tablet hardness accounted to 0.81 kgf/cm2, crushed time of tablet detergent of 1.5 min, pH 6.7, and biodegradability value of 70.3-% in BOD5 test. A higher concentration of zeolite provided a better cleaning effect of the detergent tablets.
Highlights
Detergents are compounds that are used as cleaning agents to remove dirt or other foreign matter from material surfaces and they became part of every household in the world
The objective of our work was to develop detergent formulations in tablet form that contain type-A zeolite as a builder that was synthesized from rice husk ash to produce a more ecological detergent
3.1 Characteristics of zeolite synthesized from rice husk ash
Summary
Detergents are compounds that are used as cleaning agents to remove dirt or other foreign matter from material surfaces and they became part of every household in the world. Detergent production in Indonesia is mostly in powder form, cream, and liquid detergents. Compact or tablet form detergent was chosen based on performance and price considerations. Eco-friendly detergents must be considered to minimize environmental impacts. Detergents in tablet form should disintegrate and dissolve immediately upon contact with water. The compact or solid form makes a detergent difficult to disintegrate, in order to overcome this the effervescent system is applied to the detergent formula [1]. The effervescent system can improve the dispersibility of tablet detergent and for that purpose a combination of citric acid and bicarbonate is used in this study [2]
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