Fourier Transform Infrared Analysis Research Articles

Chitosan Extracted from the Biomass of Tenebrio molitor Larvae as a Sustainable Packaging Film.

Waste from non-degradable packaging materials poses a serious environmental risk and has led to interest in developing sustainable bio-based packaging materials. Sustainable packaging materials have been made from diverse naturally derived materials such as bamboo, sugarcane, and corn starch. In this study, we made a sustainable packaging film using chitosan extracted from the biomass of yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) shell waste. The extracted chitosan was used to create films, cross-linked with citric acid (CA) and with the addition of glycerol to impart flexibility, using the solvent casting method. The successful cross-linking was evaluated using Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis. The CA cross-linked mealworm chitosan (CAMC) films exhibited improved water resistance with moisture content reduced from 19.9 to 14.5%. Improved barrier properties were also noted, with a 28.7% and 10.2% decrease in vapor permeability and vapor transmission rate, respectively. Bananas were selected for food preservation, and significant changes were observed over a duration of 10 days. Compared to the control sample, bananas packaged in CAMC pouches exhibited a lesser loss in weight because of excellent barrier properties against water vapor. Moreover, the quality and texture of bananas packaged in CAMC pouch remained intact over the duration of the experiment. This indicates that adding citric acid and glycerol to the chitosan structure holds promise for effective food wrapping and contributes to the enhancement of banana shelf life. Through this study, we concluded that chitosan film derived from mealworm biomass has potential as a valuable resource for sustainable packaging solutions, promoting the adoption of environmentally friendly practices in the food industry.

Additive-Assisted Forming High-Quality Thin Films of Sn-Oxo Cluster for Nanopatterning.

Recently, metal-oxo clusters (MOCs) have attracted significant interest in fabricating nanoscale patterns in semiconductors via lithography. However, many MOCs are highly crystalline, making it difficult for them to form films and hindering subsequent nanopatterning processes. In this study, we developed a novel and simple method to enhance the film-forming ability of aromatic tetranuclear Sn-oxo clusters by adding additives. Theoretical calculations and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) analysis revealed the formation of intermolecular hydrogen bonds between the Sn-oxo clusters and additives, which induced a crystal-gel phase transition at -20 °C, thereby inhibiting the easy crystallization of the Sn-oxo clusters. High-quality and uniform thin films with surface roughness below 0.3 nm were prepared via spin coating. The obtained thin films exhibited good lithographic performance under deep ultraviolet (DUV), electron beam, and extreme-ultraviolet irradiation without a photo acid generator/photoinitiator, and 13- and 21 nm-wide line patterns were obtained on the films via electron-beam and extreme-ultraviolet lithographies. This study will pave the way for the further investigation of novel MOCs for advanced lithography and other thin-film applications.

Synthesis of silver (Ag) nano/micro-particles via green process using Andrographis paniculata leaf extract as a bio-reducing agent

In this work silver nano/micro-particles have been synthesized using sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata) plant extract as a bio-reducing agent. The effects of different plant extract concentrations, AgNO3 precursor concentrations, and reaction time on the synthesized silver nano/micro-particles were investigated. The silver nano/micro-particles samples were then analyzed using UV-Vis spectrophotometer (UV-Vis), X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Particle Size Analyzer (PSA), and Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectroscopy. The UV-Vis absorbance spectrum of the colloid silver nano/micro-particles exhibited that all samples had absorbance peaks at a wavelength around 450 nm, confirming the formation of silver nano/micro-particles. It was also found that the UV-Vis absorbance peak of the silver nano/micro-particles inversely increased with decreasing AgNO3 solution concentration. Whereas, the higher the sambiloto extract concentration the higher the UV-Vis absorbance peaks. The UV-Vis absorbance peak increased with increasing synthesis time, suggesting that silver nano/micro-particles became more prominent. The UV-Vis absorbance peaks of the silver nano/micro-particles were about 0.0462, 0.0637, 0.0729, and 0.0936 at reaction time of 5, 10, 20, and 40 min, respectively. The XRD analysis result confirmed that the synthesized silver nano/micro-particles were in the form of nanocrystals with a face-centered cubic centered without any impurities. Additionally, the FESEM images showed that the silver nano/micro-particles had the primary particle size of 150-300 nm. There was the formation of some secondary particles with the size of about 0.7-1.5?m due to the agglomeration of primary particles. The particle size distribution analysis further confirmed the presence of primary and secondary particles. Meanwhile, the FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of four main peaks, linked to functional groups in the sambiloto extract and involved in the creation of silver nano/micro-particles.

Sustainable Light‐Assisted 3D Printing of Bio‐Based Microwave‐Functionalized Gallic Acid

AbstractThe development of 3D printing technologies and the requirement for more sustainable 3D printing materials is constantly growing. However, ensuring both sustainability and performance of the new materials is crucial to replace current fossil‐based polymers. Here, a bio‐based UV‐curable resin is produced in high yield from gallic acid (GA), a natural polyphenolic compound, by means of rapid and efficient microwave‐assisted methacrylation (5 min heating time and 10 min at 130 °C). The successful microwave‐assisted methacrylation with a high degree of substitution is confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The radical UV‐photopolymerization of the methacrylated gallic acid (MGA) is further investigated by real‐time FTIR and differential scanning photo calorimetry (photo‐DSC) analyses, clearly demonstrating the high photo‐reactivity of MGA. Moreover, the %gel assessment demonstrates the formation of highly insoluble fractions after the UV‐curing, with 98% gel content. The photo‐rheology and rheology support the suitability of MGA for light‐assisted 3D printing. Indeed, a honeycomb and a hollow cube are 3D printed by means of the digital light processing 3D printing technique with high accuracy in a small scale. Finally, the cured‐MGA illustrates high Tg and thermal stability.

Insecticidal Properties and Chemical Characterization of Laurus nobilis L. Essential Oils from Two Regions of Morocco against Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchinae)

Morocco is a significant botanical reservoir that boasts a wealth of raw materials with promising applications across various industrial sectors, notably in pharmaceuticals and food. The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of essential oils (EOs) derived from Laurus nobilis L. leaves originating from the Tanger (EOT) and Meknes (EOM) regions in combating Callosobruchus maculatus infection. The chemical compositions of these oils were examined using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The biological activity of the EOs was evaluated via repulsion and fumigation tests against C. maculatus at varying concentrations. FTIR analysis revealed distinct vibrational bands indicative of various chemical compounds. GC-MS analysis was used to delineate the major chemical constituents of the EOs. The three predominant compounds in the EOT were 1,8-cineole (37.64%), linalool (16.40%), and adamantane (12.00%), whereas 1,8-cineole (47.84%), toluene (17.60%), and α-phellandrene (8.44%) were the most abundant in the EOM. Notably, the EOs exhibited significant repellent activity against C. maculatus, with repulsion percentages ranging from 51.11 to 90.00% in Tanger and 67.78 to 93.33% in Meknes. Mortality rates varied from 0 to 100% depending on the treatment. However, the mean concentrations showed mortality rates ranging from 29.44 to 65.56% for the EOT and from 21.11 to 67.78% for the EOM, with LD50 values of 11.96 μL/L and 5.22 μL/L. Docking studies revealed that 1,8-cineole had the highest binding affinity for the active site of acetylcholinesterase, thus confirming its toxic activity against C. maculatus. The findings of this study highlight the ability of EOs extracted from L. nobilis in the Moroccan regions of Tanger and Meknes to act as effective insecticides and repellents against C. maculatus, thereby highlighting avenues for further exploration of pest management and agricultural practices.

Enhance PD/A biofilm formation via a novel biochar/tourmaline modified-biocarriers to treat low-strength contaminated surface water: Initial adhesion and high-substrate microenvironment

In this work, a novel polyurethane carrier modified with biochar and tourmaline/zeolite powder at ratio of 1:1 and 1:2 was developed to promote the formation of biofilms and the synergy of overall bacterial activity for Partial Denitrification/Anammox to treat low-nitrogen contaminated surface water. Based on the batch experiment, the modified biocarrier, BTP2 (biochar: tourmaline = 2: 1), exhibited the highest total nitrogen removal efficiency (83.63%) under influent total nitrogen of 15 mg/L and COD/NO3− of 3. The dense biofilm was formed in inner side of biocarrier owing to the increased surface roughness and various functional groups suggested by scanning electron microscopy and Fourier-transform infrared analysis. The EPS content increased from 200.15 to 220.26 mg/g VSS in BTP2 system. Besides, the rapid NH4+ capture and organics release of the modified carrier fueled the growth of anammox and denitrification bacteria, with the activity of 2.13 ± 0.52 mg N/gVSS/h and 6.70 ± 0.52 mg N/gVSS/h (BTP2). High-throughput sequencing unraveled the increased abundances of Candidatus_Competibacter (0.82%), Thauera (0.60%) and Candidatus_Brocadia (0.55%) which was responsible for the synergy of incomplete reduction of NO3− to NO2− and NH4+ oxidation. Overall, this study provided a valid and simple-control guide for biofilm formation towards rapid enrichment and great collaboration of Anammox and denitrification bacteria.

Unlocking the potential of Spirulina microalgae: Cultivating in wastewater treatment for sustainable biofuel production

Municipal wastewater, known for its high nitrogen and phosphorus levels, disrupts natural biogeochemical cycles. However, these nutrients are vital for cultivating green algae, which show potential as a sustainable energy source. In this study, Spirulina microalgae biomass was cultivated from diluted municipal wastewater and converted into biofuel to assess its compatibility with conventional diesel applications. Algae growth rate, nutrient removal from wastewater, and proximate and ultimate analyses of the biomass were conducted. Elemental, functional group, and chemical analyses of the biodiesel were also performed using an elemental analyzer, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), respectively. Results showed effective removal of calcium, magnesium, potassium, and nitrogen nutrients by 44.7%, 71.7%, 50%, and 55.6%, respectively, through algae cultivation. Proximate and ultimate analyses confirmed the biomass's energy content and efficiency for energy production. Elemental analysis of biodiesel revealed significant contributions of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, while FTIR and GC-MS analyses identified carbon-based components and methyl esters as major constituents, respectively. Physicochemical properties of algae biodiesel met ASTM D6751 limits. This comprehensive assessment suggests that Spirulina algae from wastewater treatment holds promise as a viable energy source for diesel applications.

Advances in plastic mycoremediation: Focus on the isoenzymes of the lignin degradation complex

This study investigates P. ostreatus and A. bisporus biodegradation capacity of low density polyethylene (LDPE) oxidised to simulate environmental weathering. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to analyse the degradation of LDPE treated with fungal cultures. Molecular implications of LDPE degradation by P. ostreatus and A. bisporus were evaluated by Reverse transcription followed by quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) of lac, mnp and lip genes expression. After 90 days of incubation, FT-IR analysis showed, for both fungal treatments, an increasing in the intensity of peaks related to the asymmetric C-C-O stretching (1160 to 1000 cm−1) and the -OH stretching (3700 to 3200 cm−1) due to the formation of alcohols and carboxylic acid, indicating depolymerisation of LDPE. This was confirmed by the SEM analysis, where a widespread alteration of the surface morphology was observed for treated LDPE fragments. Results revealed that the exposure of P. ostreatus to oxidised LDPE treatment led to a significant increase in the expression of the lac6, lac7, lac9, lac10 and mnp2 genes, while A. bisporus showed an over-expression in lac2 and lac12 genes. The obtained results offer new perspectives for a biotechnological use of P. ostreatus and A. bisporus for plastic bioremediation.

Co/Ni/Cu-NH2BDC MOF@natural Egyptian zeolite ore nanocomposite for calcium ion removal in water softening applications.

Water softening is a treatment process required to remove calcium (Ca(II)) and magnesium (Mg(II)) cations from water streams. Nanocomposites can provide solutions for such multiple challenges and have high performance and low application costs. In this work, a multimetallic cobalt, nickel, and copper 2-aminoterephthalic acid metal-organic framework ((Co/Ni/Cu-NH2BDC) MOF) was synthesized by a simple solvothermal technique. This MOF was supported on an Egyptian natural zeolite ore and was used for the adsorption of Ca(II) ions for water-softening applications. The adsorbent was characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms, and zeta potential measurements. The adsorption isotherm data for the prepared adsorbent toward Ca(II) were best fit using the Redlich-Peterson model and showed a maximum adsorption capacity of 88.1 mg/g. The adsorption kinetics revealed an equilibrium time of 10 min, which was best fit using the Avrami model. The intermolecular interactions of Ca(II) ions with zeolite and MOF were investigated by Monte Carlo simulations, molecular dynamics simulations, and FTIR and XRD analyses. The adsorption sites in the zeolite structure were oxygen atoms, while those in the MOF structure were amine nitrogen atoms. The Ca(II) ions are coordinated with the solvent molecules in both structures. Finally, the in vitro cytotoxicity of this nanocomposite was assessed, revealing viability levels of 74.57 ± 2.1% and 21 ± 2.79% for Vero and African green monkey kidney and human liver (HepG2) cells, respectively. Cytotoxicity assays help assess the environmental impact of these materials, ensuring that they do not harm aquatic organisms or disrupt ecosystems. Thus, this study demonstrated the valorization of MOF/zeolite as a valuable and industry-ready adsorbent that can appropriate Ca(II) contaminants from aqueous streams.

Preparation, optimization, and characterization of genistein-ginseng long-acting polymeric gel as a breast cancer treatment alternative

To address the prevalent genistein (GST) metabolism and inadequate intestinal absorption, an oral long-acting and gastric in-situ gelling gel was designed to encapsulate and localize the intestinal release of the loaded genistein-ginseng (GST-GNS) solid dispersion. Because of the high breast perfusion of GST upon oral absorption, the GST-GNS solid dispersion was developed to enhance GST's dissolution and penetration while offering a synergistic impact against breast cancer (BC). Physiochemical analysis of the GST-GNS solid dispersion, release analysis, gel characterizations, storage stability, penetration, and in vitro cytotoxicity studies were carried out. GST-GNS solid dispersion showed improved dissolution and penetration as compared to raw GST. GST-GNS solid dispersion homogenous shape particles and hydrophilic contacts were revealed by scanning electron microscopy and Fourier Transform-Infrared analysis, respectively. GST-GNS solid dispersion’s diffractogram shows the amorphous character. A second modification involved creating a gastric in-situ gelling system loaded with GST-GNS solid dispersion. This system demonstrated improved GST penetration employing the solid dispersion, as well as the localizing of the GST release at the intestinal media and antitumor synergism against BC. For a better therapeutic approach for BC, the innovative oral GST long-acting gel encasing the GST-GNS solid dispersion would be recommended.Graphical

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Senna alexandrina leaf extracts and their antibacterial, larvicidal, nanotoxicity and photocatalytic activity

Biological synthesis of metal nanoparticles has been discovered in recent years, and they have been effectively manufactured and studied from diverse plant extracts. Recent research has shown that nanoparticles have extremely promising antibacterial, larvicidal and anticancer effects. The current study aimed to synthesize Senna alexandrina leaf extract-mediated silver nanoparticles (SA-AgNPs) as are reducing and capping agent. The produced SA-AgNPs were characterized by using UV–visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Field emission scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (FESEM-EDS). The result showed synthesized SA-AgNPs were confirmed by UV–visible spectroscopy with 440 nm absorption. FT-IR analysis shows the presence of phosphine, primary amines, carboxylic acids, ether, and alkyl halides biomolecules in both plant extract and SA-AgNPs. XRD findings revealed the crystalline structures of produced SA-AgNPs. The spherical shape of SA-AgNPs with an average size of 20–35 nm was confirmed using FESEM. The SA-AgNPs show better antibacterial activity against E. coli (18.0 ± 0.25 mm), S. aureus (17.2 ± 0.36 mm), P. aeruginosa (16.8 ± 0.12 mm), and leaf extract of S. alexandrina showed minimal antibacterial activity. The SA-AgNPs show 100 % mortality for both Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae. aegypti after 48 hrs. The brine shrimp lethal assay of the SA-AgNPs shows 100 % at 30 µg after 24 hrs of brine shrimp which indicated the presence of cytotoxicity this suggests that produced SA-AgNPs are slightly toxic. The photocatalytic activity was also tested using reactive orange 16 (RO16) and phenol red (PR) with the percentage of degradation being about 93.95 % and 92.91 % respectively. These results suggest that biosynthesized SA-AgNPs have promising properties that can be used as an effective biomedical and environmental protectant.

Monitoring the Bioprotective Potential of Lactiplantibacillus pentosus Culture on Pathogen Survival and the Shelf-Life of Fresh Ready-to-Eat Salads Stored under Modified Atmosphere Packaging.

Globally, fresh vegetables or minimally processed salads have been implicated in several foodborne disease outbreaks. This work studied the effect of Lactiplantibacillus pentosus FMCC-B281 cells (F) and its supernatant (S) on spoilage and on the fate of Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli O157:H7 on fresh-cut ready-to-eat (RTE) salads during storage. Also, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and multispectral imaging (MSI) analysis were used as rapid and non-destructive techniques to estimate the microbiological status of the samples. Fresh romaine lettuce, rocket cabbage, and white cabbage were used in the present study and were inoculated with L. pentosus and the two pathogens. The strains were grown at 37 °C for 24 h in MRS and BHI broths, respectively, and then were centrifuged to collect the supernatant and the pellet (cells). Cells (F, ~5 log CFU/g), the supernatant (S), and a control (C, broth) were used to spray the leaves of each fresh vegetable that had been previously contaminated (sprayed) with the pathogen (3 log CFU/g). Subsequently, the salads were packed under modified atmosphere packaging (10%CO2/10%O2/80%N2) and stored at 4 and 10 °C until spoilage. During storage, microbiological counts and pH were monitored in parallel with FTIR and MSI analyses. The results showed that during storage, the population of the pathogens increased for lettuce and rocket independent of the treatment. For cabbage, pathogen populations remained stable throughout storage. Regarding the spoilage microbiota, the Pseudomonas population was lower in the F samples, while no differences in the populations of Enterobacteriaceae and yeasts/molds were observed for the C, F, and S samples stored at 4 °C. According to sensory evaluation, the shelf-life was shorter for the control samples in contrast to the S and F samples, where their shelf-life was elongated by 1-2 days. Initial pH values were ca. 6.0 for the three leafy vegetables. An increase in the pH of ca. 0.5 values was recorded until the end of storage at both temperatures for all cases of leafy vegetables. FTIR and MSI analyses did not satisfactorily lead to the estimation of the microbiological quality of salads. In conclusion, the applied bioprotective strain (L. pentosus) can elongate the shelf-life of the RTE salads without an effect on pathogen growth.

Depositions of airborne microplastics during the wet and dry seasons in Pathum Thani, Thailand

In this study, microplastics were monitored separately in the wet and dry deposition in the peri-urban area of Thailand. Over eighteen weeks from September 2021 to January 2022, rainwater (wet deposition) and settled microplastics (dry deposition) were systematically collected. Subsequent analyses involved the extraction, quantification, and identification of microplastics through wet peroxide oxidation, density separation, stereomicroscopic visual inspection and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) analysis. The results show that the wet deposition flux of microplastics was averaged at 285 numbers/m2/day while the dry deposition flux of microplastics was averaged at 199 numbers/m2/day, contributing to a total deposition flux (dry + wet) of 325 numbers/m2/day. Comparative assessments with prior studies from different locations demonstrated similarities in microplastic numbers, color and polymer types. Notably, this study found a higher microplastic deposition flux during the period when wet deposition existed than the flux during the period with only dry deposition, underscoring the important role of rainfall in adding more removal of microplastics from the atmosphere. These findings provide crucial insights into the dynamics of microplastic deposition in outdoor settings, significantly contributing to understanding the microplastic pollution cycle in the environment.

An Investigation into the Additional Potential of Iron-Reducing Bacteria Harnessed for Gold Nanoparticle Synthesis

Introduction: Soil bacteria that synthesize varying metallic NPs are underreported, even though there is a promising mechanism in the bio-reduction of gold salts and the synthesis of gold nanoparticles by different bacterial species. Objective: This study aimed to explore the ancillary potential of some soil microbes obtained from a metal fabricating workshop for gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) synthesis. Methods: To evaluate the usefulness of these soil microbes, 1mM chloroauric acid (HAuCl4.4H2O) was bio-reduced using the wet biomass of these bacterial cells and characterized with UV-Vis spectrophotometer, Fourier Transform Infra-red (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope [SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), and X-ray Diffractometer (XRD). Results: The study findings showed that the studied bacterial isolates synthesized AuNPs with absorbance peaks within the range of 500 and 600 nm. The FTIR analysis showed the involvement of O-H, N-H, and C=O stretch of alcohol, amine, and amide groups, respectively. The SEM images analyzed with Image J reported a mean area size between 17-184 nm. The EDX showed Klebsiella africana (C11), and Bacillus subtilis (A12) had the lowest (7.32%) and highest (51.26 %) weight percentages of AuNPs, respectively. Conclusion: Gold nanoparticles have been found most appropriate for several novel applications, and this work has provided further understanding of the capacity of naturally occurring bacteria to be non-selective in the bio-reduction of gold salts, hence expanding their potential uses.

Synthesis of Intrinsically-Fluorescent Aliphatic Tautomeric Polymers for Proton-Conductivity, Dual-State Emission, and Sensing/Oxidation-Reduction of Metal Ions.

Herein, fluorescent conducting tautomeric polymers (FCTPs) are developed by polymerizing 2-methylprop-2-enoic acid (MPEA), methyl-2-methylpropenoate (MMP), N-(propan-2-yl)prop-2-enamide (PPE), and in situ-anchored 3-(N-(propan-2-yl)prop-2-enamido)-2-methylpropanoic acid (PPEMPA). Among as-synthesized FCTPs, the most promising characteristics in FCTP3 are confirmed by NMR and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopies, luminescence enhancements, and computational studies. In FCTP3, ─C(═O)NH─, -C(═O)N<, ─C(═O)OH, and ─C(═O)OCH3 subluminophores are identified by theoretical calculations and experimental analyses. These subluminophores facilitate redox characteristics, solid state emissions, aggregation-enhanced emissions (AEEs), excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT), and conductivities in FCTP3. The ESIPT-associated dual emission/AEEs of FCTP3 are elucidated by time correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) investigation, solvent polarity effects, concentration-dependent emissions, dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements, field emission scanning electron microscopy images, and computational calculations. The cyclic voltammetry measurements of FCTP3 indicate cumulative redox efficacy of ─C(═O)OH, ─C(═O)NH─/-C(═O)N<, ─C(─O─)═NH+─/─C(─O─)═N+, and ─C(═N)OH functionalities. In FCTP3, ESIPT-associated dual-emission enable in the selective detection of Cr(III)/Cu(II) at λem1/λem2 with the limit of detection of 0.0343/0.079 ppb. The preferential interaction of Cr(III)/Cu(II) with FCTP3 (amide)/FCTP3 (imidol) and oxidation/reduction of Cr(III)/Cu(II) to Cr(VI)/Cu(I) are further supported by NMR-titration; FTIR and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses; TCSPC/electrochemical/DLS measurement; alongside theoretical calculations. The proton conductivity of FCTP3 is explored by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and I-V measurements.

Combinatorial effects of hydroxyapatite and Tualang honey on medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ): An in vitro study

BackgroundMedication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is a severe complication associated with prolonged bisphosphonate therapy. Increasing evidence shows that mucosal damage plays an important role in the pathogenesis of MRONJ. This study investigates the combinatorial effects of hydroxyapatite with Tualang honey on cell viability and wound healing in MRONJ. Materials and methodsThe incorporation of Tualang honey into hydroxyapatite was assessed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron-energy dispersive X-ray analysis microscopy (FESEM-EDX). The effect of hydroxyapatite combined with Tualang honey on cell viability was determined by WST-1 assay and wound healing was assessed by scratch assay. ResultsThe incorporation of Tualang honey into hydroxyapatite altered the functional groups, structure, size, morphology, and components of the crystal as evidenced by FTIR, XRD and FESEM-EDX analysis. High concentrations of pamidronic acid inhibit oral fibroblast viability and wound healing. Low and high concentrations of hydroxyapatite demonstrate non-toxicity towards fibroblast cells. Furthermore, hydroxyapatite reversed the action of pamidronic acid on the cells; it increased fibroblast viability but did not close the wound. Tualang honey promotes fibroblast viability and wound closure. However, the addition of Tualang honey is unable to overcome the inhibitory effects of pamidronic acid on fibroblasts. The addition of Tualang honey and hydroxyapatite improved the cell viability and accelerated wound closure of fibroblast exposed to pamidronic acid. ConclusionThese findings demonstrated that the combination treatment protects oral fibroblasts by preventing bisphosphonate toxicity.

ELECTROSYNTHESIS OF Cu2O IN THE Cu(s)|CuSO4(aq)|Fe(s) REACTOR AND DEGRADATION POTENT FOR METHYLENE BLUE

Research on Cu synthesis2O uses the electrolysis method in the Cu(s)|CuSO4(aq)|Fe(s) system and degradation tests on methylene blue. Cu2O is a blackish-red solid which has properties as a semiconductor with a band gap of around 2-2.2 eV. These transition metal oxides are widely used as catalysts, solar cell components, and photodetectors. This research aims to synthesize Cu2O with variations in electrolysis time, determine the characteristics of Cu2O using FTIR and XRD, and test the degradation of methylene blue. The method used is electrolysis with a fixed potential and time variations. Research stages include solution preparation, determination of decomposition potential, electrolysis of samples under various conditions, and analysis. The results of determining the decomposition potential are used as the application potential value in the copper electrolysis process, namely 3.25 V. Sample electrolysis was carried out at a potential of 3.25 V, solution pH 4.0 in a volume of 100 mL at 30, 60, 90, and 120 respectively. and 150 minutes. The products obtained were analyzed using Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results of FTIR analysis show that before calcination there is a Cu-O functional group with a wave number of 477.23 cm-1 and after calcination, there is a Cu-O functional group with a wave number of 538.28 cm-1 which indicates the formation of oxide. The results of XRD analysis show that the value of 2θ before calcination is 36.553; 50,481 ; 62.855 which shows the peak of Cu and after calcination 29.928; 36,027 ; 61.568 shows the Cu2O peak. The highest photocatalytic activity test results for Cu2O against methylene blue were 85.96%. The rate of degradation of methylene blue by Cu2O follows the second order reaction rate equation with the R2 value and reaction rate constant being 0.9418 and 0.00769572 L mol-1 s-1, respectively.

HPTLC FINGERPRINTS AND FTIR ANALYSIS FOR AUTHENTICATION AND QUALITY CONTROL OF Holostemma ada-kodien Schult.

Plant-derived pharmaceuticals are gaining increased acceptance in treating various ailments, but ensuring their quality is crucial. Both conventional and modern techniques are employed to validate the quality. High performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) and Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) analysis were conducted to analyse and identify the various phytoconstituents in serial root extract of Holostemma ada-kodien. The peaks observed in HPTLC fingerprint profile corresponding to different phytoconstituents served as markers for standardizing drug; while FTIR analysis aids in identifying the major functional groups present. Thirteen bands were noted for hexane extract of H. ada-kodien in short UV in track I, while chloroform and methanol extracts showed eight bands each. In track II, the hexane extract exhibited eight bands, while chloroform and methanol extracts showed eleven and eight bands, respectively, under similar conditions. The hexane extract in long UV showed a maximum area of 78.4 and 71.59%, in track 1 and 2, respectively, with respective spanning from Rf 0.61 to 0.75 and 0.51 to 0.73. The methanol extract in visible light in track I showed a maximum area of 46.87%, spanning from Rf 0.73 to 0.98, and in track II, it displayed a maximum area of 36.59%, spanning from Rf 0.75 to 0.96 with 10 µL applied. Methanolic root extract of H. ada-kodien showed clear banding patterns in HPTLC fingerprints which seemed to be a dependable technique to detect adulteration while FTIR technique revealed functional groups of methanol root extracts.

Ultrafast degradation of methylene blue from aqueous media by Fe3O4/rGO/SiO2 magnetic nanocomposite in dark catalyst process

Water pollution by organic dyes has been one of the great challenges in recent days. The application of nanostructure and nanocatalyst for the degradation of organic dyes is a very effective and useful method for the treatment of water and industrial wastewater. In this research, Fe3O4/rGO/SiO2 dark catalyst nanomaterial was used to remove methylene blue dye from aqueous media. The Fe3O4/rGO/SiO2 nanocatalyst was prepared by an ultrasonic probe approach. The physical, chemical, and morphology properties of synthesized Fe3O4/rGO/SiO2 nanocomposites were investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy X-ray dispersion (EDS), Fourier Transform infrared (FT-IR), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), Raman, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. XRD, FT-IR, and Raman analysis results confirmed the successful formation of Fe3O4/rGO/SiO2 structure. VSM analysis results showed that Fe3O4/rGO/SiO2 nanocomposites had good superparamagnetic behavior with a magnetization saturation of 40 emu/g. TEM and FESEM results showed that SiO2 and Fe3O4 were grown on rGO nanosheets, spherically. The Fe3O4/rGO/SiO2 nanocomposites had excellent catalyst activity and methylene blue dye completely degraded in 4 min. The radical scavenger experiment and Zeta potential analysis confirmed that surface electrons of Fe3O4/rGO/SiO2 nanocomposites had an essential role in the dark catalyst activity of Fe3O4/rGO/SiO2 nanocomposite. The experimental results confirmed that Fe3O4/rGO/SiO2 magnetic nanocomposites have good potential to be used as a recyclable and high-performance nanocatalyst for the treatment of water from methylene blue dye.

Development and Evaluation of Polyherbal Phyto-phospholipid Complexes (Phytosomes) for PCOD Treatment

Tolycystic ovary disorder (PCOD) is a common endocrine condition affecting women of reproductive age that is distinguished by hyperandrogenism, ovulatory failure, and polycystic ovaries. It is still not entirely apparent what causes polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and the treatments that are currently available tend to focus more on alleviating symptoms than on addressing the underlying causes. The bioavailability and effectiveness of bioactive chemicals can be improved by the use of phytosomes, which are sophisticated delivery methods. Phytosomes for the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are the primary focus of this study. Materials such as milk thistle (Silybum marianum), curcumin (Curcuma longa), and Ginkgo biloba were utilized with the purpose of highlighting the potential benefits of these substances in the treatment of PCOD. A fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) analysis was carried out, and the results of the ex-vivo analysis confirmed that the formulation PS3 with a ratio of 2:1 exhibited a greater release profile.