Four-component Model Research Articles

First encounters with the automated vehicle: Development and evaluation of a tutorial concept to support users of partial and conditional driving automation

With automated driving functions entering the market the need for user education of these functions arises. Education during the first automated drive is a time-efficient approach with the potential to foster engagement in learning content on the automated vehicle. To evaluate this approach, we developed a tutorial concept based on the four-component instructional design model that supports drivers during their first drive with a combined Level 2/Level 3 automated vehicle. In a driving simulator study with 32 participants, we compared the tutorial concept to the presentation of the identical information before the drive. The study consisted of two drives: A learning drive, in which half of the participants were supported by the tutorial concept, whereas the other half served as a comparison group which was instructed prior to the drive. After three weeks, participants completed a test drive without any support. Results indicate that both instructional approaches provided participants with adequate mental models and fostered trust in the automated vehicle. In addition, the tutorial concept enhanced acceptance of the automated vehicle and supported the performance of participants when they encountered a silent system failure. Taken together, instructing drivers during the automated drive is a promising approach for user education in automated driving.

Precipitation of Pt, Pd, Rh, and Ru Nanoparticles with Non-Precious Metals from Model and Real Multicomponent Solutions.

This article presents studies on the precipitation of Pt, Pd, Rh, and Ru nanoparticles (NPs) from model and real multicomponent solutions using sodium borohydride, ascorbic acid, sodium formate, and formic acid as reducing agents and polyvinylpyrrolidone as a stabilizing agent. As was expected, apart from PGMs, non-precious metals were coprecipitated. The influence of the addition of non-precious metal ions into the feed solution on the precipitation yield and catalytic properties of the obtained precipitates was studied. A strong reducing agent, NaBH4 precipitates Pt, Pd, Rh, Fe and Cu NPs in most cases with an efficiency greater than 80% from three- and four-component model solutions. The morphology of the PGMs nanoparticles was analyzed via SEM-EDS and TEM. The size of a single nanoparticle of each precipitated metal was not larger than 5 nm. The catalytic properties of the obtained nanomaterials were confirmed via the reaction of the reduction of 4-nitrophenol (NPh) to 4-aminophenol (NAf). Nanocatalysts containing Pt/Pd/Fe NPs obtained from a real solution (produced as a result of the leaching of spent automotive catalysts) showed high catalytic activity (86% NPh conversion after 30 min of reaction at pH 11 with 3 mg of the nanocatalyst).

Понятие "воровство": стратегия номинации в кельтском ареале

The work concerns itself with studying the way the notions thief and theft, which the author considers to be rather late and secondary, are realized in Celtic languages in diachronic perspective. The author constructs the original four-component model of the contemporary notion theft, and traces, on the basis of comparative material, the development of the original notions the model is based on (a secret action, deprivation through the distancing stage, doing harm, agence’s personal interest). Those notions prove to be basic for the emergence and development of corresponding terms during linguistic and social evolution. The verbal use of the tablets against thieves from Roman Bath is analyzed and a new interpretation of the French voler fly - voler steal is geven. The work also suggests the novel etymology for the main verb for stealing in Modern Irish – goid, based on early uses of the verb meaning “distancing” and later – “deprivation”. Examples from the Life of Saint Brigit gives the possibility to see the difference of contextual use and meaning changes of the term used by the same author. At the same time late poetry could give examples of the use of Nomen agentis in the meaning not "thief' but depriver. gaduidhe na geamhoidhche - (17 c.) is not a person who stels something but rather a man who deprives a winter night from its coldness and darkness. The author suppose, it is not a metaphor but an old meaning of the stem. The new etymology of Irish verb to steal is supported by comparison with Old Greek verb and also Chek verb otchugdit in the meaning the steal, jus from the supposed lexeme - thujoj (an early borrowing in Slavonic from a Germanic language). At the same time, the semantic shift could be universal.

Full implicit simulator of hydrate (FISH) and analysis on hydrate dissociation in porous media in the cubic hydrate simulator

Natural gas hydrate is a promising strategic energy resource in marine and permafrost sediments. To precisely characterize the coupled Thermal-Hydraulic-Chemical (THC) process in hydrate reservoirs, a bona fide mathematical model with improved key parameters is needed. We developed a Full Implicit Simulator of Hydrate (FISH), a three-phase, four-component mathematical model, to simulate gas recovery from hydrate reservoirs. The experiment of methane hydrate formation and dissociation under depressurization via a single vertical well was executed in the Cubic Hydrate Simulator (CHS). FISH was employed to reproduce the experiment of hydrate dissociation in quartz sands. This study successfully obtains unified parameters that are suitable for the entire hydrate dissociation process. Simulation results of gas and aqueous production profiles and the temperature distribution agreed well with that in the experiment. The Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of the simulated volume of gas produced was 2.845%. The mass conservation in the pressure vessel was confirmed by both experimental data and numerical simulation results. This numerical simulator can be applied to predict the behavior of hydrate-bearing-sediments in the laboratory or to evaluate the gas production potential from the marine or permafrost hydrate reservoirs.

Estimation of the possibility of recovering residual reserves under the influence of polymer solutions at the final stage of oil field development

A two-phase four-component calculation model of filtration, which allows to estimate the possibility of extracting residual reserves when exposed to polymer solutions at the final stage of oil field development is suggested. On its basis, by reducing the degree of mineralization of the water entering the polymer solution to the degree of mineralization of formation water, by directing its flow to the parts of the collector that are well wetted by water, due to the closure of these parts, the possibility of ensuring the complete displacement of oil reserves and intensification of production was defined.

ESPEG model and corporate governance system for ensuring sustainable development of enterprises

In 2023, there is a pressing requirement to promote enterprise growth and guarantee enduring sustainability, therefore, it is timely to craft an effective model for sustainable progress and establish a corporate governance framework. The aim of the research was to develop innovative approaches to ensure the sustainable development of enterprises through the development of a sustainable development model and corporate governance system. The essence of the concepts of “corporate governance” and “corporate management” is also defined in the article using the categorical method of two-level triadic decoding. The research is based on the principles of sustainable development, systemic and holistic approaches. The article proposes a four-component model of the enterprise sustainable development concept (ESPEG model), which reflects the hierarchical arrangement of the environmental (E), socio-political (SP), economic (E), and governance (G) spheres of the enterprise. This model identifies the directions for the application of management tools to influence specific interacting spheres. The result of the work is an improved model of enterprise sustainable development that enables the structuring of the key components of the concept to ensure effective management of the enterprise based on the balance of its key elements. The model of corporate governance system has been improved, incorporating the paradigm of sustainable development and considering the necessity of integrating various management subsystems within the company. The proposed corporate governance system identifies the control loop of corporate management and defines the governing and controlled subsystems along with their components. It has been established that a corporate governance system built on the principles of sustainable development will contribute to achieving positive results in the company’s development, ensuring the sustainability of its social, environmental, and economic aspects. The implementation of the proposed corporate governance system will facilitate further research into its essence and application specifics in modern companies

Data-driven multi-valley dark solitons of multi-component Manakov Model using Physics-Informed Neural Networks

In this paper, we employ a Deep Learning technique, namely Physics-Informed Neural Network for solving multi-component Manakov models. In particular, we consider three and four-coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equations. We show that in the former case, one of the components and two others can carry, respectively, a double valley dark soliton and asymmetric bright solitons. In the four-component Manakov model, all four components are predicted by PINN with high accuracy in which the first component is shown to be a triple-valley dark soliton. We compare the results with the exact solutions and bring out the ability of Deep Learning in solving coupled systems of nonlinear partial differential equations with high accuracy. The performance of the PINN in approximating the solutions is estimated by taking the squared difference between the exact and predicted squared magnitude of the solutions. We have also computed the L2-norm errors for real, imaginary and absolute-value components of the solutions to emphasize the accuracy of PINN.

Using cognitive load theory to develop an emergency airway management curriculum: the Queen's University Mastery Airway Course (QUMAC).

Emergency airway management requires the simultaneous coordination of clinical reasoning and therapeutic interventions in the complex and time-sensitive setting of emergency resuscitation. The cognitive demand associated with these situations is invariably high and must be taken into consideration when designing training programs for this core professional competency. The four-component instructional design model (4C/ID), based on cognitive load theory, was used to develop a 1-year longitudinal airway management curriculum for Emergency Medicine residents. The simulation-based curriculum was designed with the goal of facilitating the construction and automation of schemas by individual residents in preparation for the high cognitive demand associated with emergency airway management in the clinical environment.

Four-component Model of Professional Training of Psychologists-consultants

The article is devoted to the analysis of the formation of the professional identity of psychologists-consultants in the process of professional training at the university. The need for changes in the existing training system, determined by the transformation of modern requirements for consultant psychologists, is indicated. The importance of personal maturity of a specialist in psychological counseling for the effectiveness of activities is noted. The analysis of the specifics of the formation of the professional identity of a psychologist-consultant was carried out, the main areas for the development of professional identity were identified: the formation of an idea of oneself as a professional; formation of professional skills and attitudes; inclusion in the professional community. The main approaches to the inclusion of personal therapy and supervision in the educational process in the Russian and foreign systems of training specialists in psychological counseling are analyzed. A four-component educational model for the training of psychologists-consultants (theory – practice – personal therapy – supervision) is presented, which contributes to solving the problems of training specialists. The possibilities of organizing this model within the framework of academic training at the university are considered.

The Role of Civic Identity, Religiosity, Sex, and Education in Young People's Commitment to Various Forms of Social Activity

The problem of social activity of young people is in the field of research attention of psychology, sociology, law, pedagogy and other sciences. The social activity of young people is an important basis for the dynamic and innovative development of society. Studying the factor structure and the role of socio-psychological characteristics in integral (combined) forms of social activity is an important task of modern social psychology. The aim of the study is to investigate the structure of social activity of young people and, based on a path analysis, to determine the role of civic identity, religiosity, sex, and education in commitment to various (combined) forms of social activity. The study involved 305 people aged M = 21.2; SD = 2.95 (men - 35.4%), 17.4% of the participants were married. A questionnaire aimed at fixing socio-demographic characteristics, civic identity, religiosity, attitudes of social activity, and developed scales aimed at measuring commitment to various types of social activity were used. To assess this commitment, previously developed scales were used. Civil identity was determined using A.N. Tatarko’s scale. Descriptive statistics methods, factorial, correlation, regression and path analyses were also applied. It has been shown that the four-component (civil-political, protest-subcultural, spiritual-educational, leisure) factor model of forms of social activity is acceptable for all the analyzed dimensions. As a result of modeling, a direct relationship between gender and education is established with the manifestations of educational-developing, civil-political and leisure, educational-developing activity respectively. Civil identity is a positive factor in civil-political activity and a negative factor in protest-subcultural activity. At the center of the model is the commitment to spiritual and educational activity, which contributes to the prediction of all the other forms of activity, i.e., civil-political and leisure (directly), and protest-subcultural (indirectly). The facilitating or hindering and mediating role of civic identity, religiosity, gender, and education in commitment to various forms of social activity can be used in organizing social activity of young people as well as in developing “guided” socialization programs.

On distinguishing the direct causal effect of an intervention from its efficiency-enhancing effects

This paper proposes an innovative methodology for handling endogeneity issues in the evaluation of policy performance. By estimating a regression discontinuity design with a four-component stochastic frontier panel data model, we estimate the causal impact of a policy intervention on the outcome variable, whenever the treatment status depends on an exogenous threshold. We distinguish between (i) the direct effect of the intervention, (ii) the efficiency-enhancing effect, or (iii) their combination. Moreover, we distinguish between persistent (time-invariant) and transient (time-varying) inefficiency components while accounting for unobserved heterogeneity, which is important for policy implications. We showcase the practical usefulness of the proposed approach by estimating the effect of providing additional resources on schools that exceed an exogenously set share of disadvantaged students in secondary schools in Flanders, Belgium. We also demonstrate the trade-off between balance of the covariates in the treated and control group and statistical power. Thus, despite insignificant effects in a balanced but smaller sample close to the discontinuity, the results become significant in the unbalanced sample with more statistical power. In both samples, we observe that the policy had an effect on the outcome mostly through the efficiency-enhancing channel. To this extent, we show that the model specification including both direct and indirect effects outperforms the other two specifications and it offers a more exhaustive perspective from a policy view point.

SMCG research on electromagnetic scattering in arid area

Abstract This article is devoted to the study of electromagnetic scattering characteristics in arid areas, and proposes environmental monitoring and improvement methods. A four-component soil dielectric model was established to study the relationship of soil dielectric constant with soil moisture and frequency. As the Monte Carlo Method combined with Gaussian spectral function was used to simulate the actual dry ground, the Sparse Matrix/Canonical Grid (SMCG) algorithm model based on the surface current equation was established to calculate the electromagnetic scattering coefficient of arid areas. To verify the correctness of the proposed algorithm, the results obtained by SMCG was compared with those calculated by Method of Moments (MOM), which showed great consistency. Many results were obtained by using the algorithm in this paper, based on the measured soil data in the southeastern area of Ejin Banner, Inner Mongolia. It was found that soil moisture content, area roughness and incident electromagnetic wave segment had influence on the scattering echo and showed regular change. The results of this paper are of guiding significance for soil moisture monitoring, desertification control and agricultural planting in arid areas.

Numerical simulation of gas extraction from marine hydrate sediments using sodium chloride injection

The inhibitor injection method is an important method for natural gas hydrate development and sodium chloride (NaCl) is a cheap and clean inhibitor. In this study, a new three-dimensional three-phase, four-component numerical model is developed to consider the effect of inhibitors. The focus is on the production dynamics of hydrate development by using inhibitor injection method, and the effects of different injection salt mass fraction, temperatures, and pressures are investigated. The results show that the inhibitor injection method has higher gas production rates, higher peak gas production, and shorter extraction development period compared to conventional extraction methods in challenging hydrate reservoirs. In addition, higher inhibitor concentrations increase peak gas production rates and shorten the development period. Injected pressure at 20 MPa is reasonable. The results of the global sensitivity analysis of the production parameters indicate that the mass fraction of salt in the injected water has a significant positive effect on extraction. In summary, the inhibitor injection method can be an effective method for developing challenging hydrate-bearing sediments

Модели управления сельским хозяйством

The article indicates that, depending on whose interests are put at the forefront, it is possible to talk about political-conjunctural, economic-centric, ecological-centric and homocentric models of agricultural management. In the absence of a comprehensive management model, it is necessary to state numerous and acute conflicts of interests - the state’s goal of increasing agricultural production may meet resistance from environmental organizations, the interest of agricultural workers in wage growth is not expected to find a response in terms of commercial goals of agricultural producers, because it leads to an increase in costs, etc. The target settings of each interested group should be considered not in isolation, but in a comprehensive manner, within the framework of the four-component management model proposed by the authors, implemented not only on the internal management circuit (micro-level, regional agrosystems), but also on the external management circuit (meso-level – agriculture of the country, macro-level – global agrosystems). The alignment and coordination of the interests of all parties is proposed to be achieved through the implementation of a program of public investment in the country’s agriculture.

Scattering Characteristic-Aware Fully Polarized SAR Ship Detection Network Based on a Four-Component Decomposition Model

Scattering Characteristic-Aware Fully Polarized SAR Ship Detection Network Based on a Four-Component Decomposition Model

Typological Analysis of Young People Health Behavior: on Specifics of the Four-Component Model Realization

The article deals with the methodical problems of the typological analysis of young people on health-saving behavior. Methodical solutions are proposed for the formation of a system of classification characteristics in the form of logical indices that allow for multidimensional classifications. The procedure for imputation of missing data that occurs when using the proposed indices for the purpose of young people typologization is described. The results of a comparative analysis of cluster profiles for three age groups among young people are presented. The conclusion is substantiated that the heuristic potential of indicators of health-saving behavior as basic type-forming attributes in these groups is different.

ВЛИЯНИЕ РОСТА СКЕЛЕТНО-МЫШЕЧНОЙ МАССЫ НА ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ ОБМЕНА ЖЕЛЕЗА У ВОЕННОСЛУЖАЩИХ ПО ПРИЗЫВУ В ПЕРИОД АДАПТАЦИИ К УСЛОВИЯМ ВОЕННОЙ СЛУЖБЫ

Thousands of young men are conscripted for military service with various nutritional status and physical fitness condition every year. The adaptation of conscripted soldiers to the factors of military service occurs at three levels: physiological, psychological and social. The purpose of the study was to assess the dynamic changes of body structure parameters in conscripted soldiers during 6 months of service by conscription and to determine the effect of skeletal muscle mass growth on iron metabolism during adaptation to military service conditions. A prospective observational study involved 145 conscripted soldiers from one of the military units after informed consent. The study was performed from the moment of conscription for military service in 3 stages with an interval of 3 months using a four-component model of body structure and a four-component model of iron metabolism. The skeletal muscle mass and adipose tissue mass and were determined caliperometrically. Hematological and biochemical parameters of iron metabolism were assessed. Dynamic changes and types of growth of the skeletal muscle mass, as well as changes in the parameters of iron metabolism have been obtained. The body weight of conscripted soldiers changes slightly within 6 months from the moment of conscription. At the same time internal changes occurred in the structure of the body of conscripted soldiers due to an increase in skeletal muscle mass and a decrease in the mass of adipose tissues. The types of skeletal muscle mass growth were determined among conscripted soldiers. There were an increase in skeletal muscle mass and hemoglobin fund to provide them oxygen by the influence of increased physical loading. It led to a decrease in iron stores, estimated by serum ferritin, and signs became more pronounced of iron deficiency erythropoiesis, which were determined in erythrocyte indexes. These combined changes can be assessed as functional iron deficiency or iron deficiency without anemia.

FORMATION OF A CONCEPT MODEL OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF A VIABLE MOTOR TRANSPORT ENTERPRISE

In the conditions of the modern economic crisis, caused first by the coronavirus pandemic, and then by the military actions in Ukraine, the problem of ensuring the viability of enterprises is actualized, emphasizing the need to use new approaches to the management system of enterprises, based on the paradigm of sustainable development. Thus, there is a need to manage viable road transport enterprises in the conditions of transformation of the business environment based on the paradigm of sustainable development. This actualizes the issue of developing a model of the concept of sustainable development of a viable enterprise. Theoretical studies of existing approaches to models of the concept of sustainable development of enterprises were carried out and their main components or areas were highlighted. It was determined that in the scientific literature, too little attention is paid to the issue of forming a model of the concept of sustainable development of a viable enterprise. The lack of systematicity and completeness of the considered structure of the concept of sustainable development of the enterprise hinders the development of a conceptual model of sustainable development of a viable enterprise.
 The goal of the work is to improve the model of sustainable development of a viable enterprise, which allows to achieve a long-term balance between the main areas of sustainable development of the enterprise. In order to substantiate the model, it is proposed to use the postulates of holistic and systemic approaches, as well as the concept of sustainable development. The article proves that the viability of the enterprise is interconnected with the components of the paradigm of sustainable development. A four-component model of the concept of sustainable development of a viable motor vehicle enterprise is proposed, which presents the hierarchical arrangement of the economic, socio-political, environmental and management spheres of the enterprise, as well as the directions of application of corporate management tools, with the help of which it affects a certain sphere with which it interacts. The formed model is proposed to be called ESPEG, because it involves taking into account four components: environmental (E), socio-political (SP), economic (E), as well as governance (G - governance). The structural elements of the model are also characterized.
 The formed conceptual model of sustainable development of a viable enterprise allows structuring the main components of the concept in order to ensure effective management of a viable enterprise based on the balance of the main components. Together, this will contribute to the development of innovative approaches and methods of managing a viable enterprise, ensuring work efficiency and formation of strategic advantages in competitive markets. The implementation of the model of sustainable development will increase the efficiency of managing the viability of the enterprise. This, in turn, will lead to the formation of the long-term viability of the enterprise on the basis of sustainable development.

Knee adduction moment decomposition: Toward better clinical decision-making.

Knee adduction moment (KAM) is correlated with the progression of medial knee osteoarthritis (OA). Although a generic gait modification can reduce the KAM in some patients, it may have a reverse effect on other patients. We proposed the "decomposed ground reaction vector" (dGRV) model to 1) distinguish between the components of the KAM and their contribution to the first and second peaks and KAM impulse and 2) examine how medial knee OA, gait speed, and a brace influence these components. Using inverse dynamics as the reference, we calculated the KAM of 12 healthy participants and 12 patients with varus deformity and medial knee OA walking with/without a brace and at three speeds. The dGRV model divided the KAM into four components defined by the ground reaction force (GRF) and associated lever arms described with biomechanical factors related to gait modifications. The dGRV model predicted the KAM profile with a coefficient of multiple correlations of 0.98 ± 0.01. The main cause of increased KAM in the medial knee OA group, the second component (generated by the vertical GRF and mediolateral distance between the knee and ankle joint centers), was decreased by the brace in the healthy group. The first peak increased, and KAM impulse decreased with increasing velocity in both groups, while no significant change was observed in the second peak. The four-component dGRV model successfully estimated the KAM in all tested conditions. It explains why similar gait modifications produce different KAM reductions in subjects. Thus, more personalized gait rehabilitation, targeting elevated components, can be considered.

A methodology for teaching database design based on a four-component instructional design model

Based on the analysis of relevant literature, the article highlights the difficulties of teaching a relational database course in higher educational institutions. Such problems are mainly associated with the lack of simple and at the same time formalized methods to teach the basics of this academic discipline. The research illustrates the importance of the correct choice of the instructional design model while developing the course. The article also provides a comparative analysis of the existing instructional design models performed with regard to their application to the development of a database course. The study has revealed the advantages of choosing a four- component model of instructional design (4C/ID). Such a model served as the basis for developing a methodology for teaching database design. On the one hand, this methodology makes it possible to avoid deep immersion in the mathematical foundations of the discipline. On the other hand, it is strictly formalized and fully consistent with these foundations. Formalization has been achieved through a cognitive strategy and cognitive rules that are clearly expressed in natural language. The cognitive strategy and rules are universal for database design in any subject area. The fact that students quickly go on to solve real practical problems in professional activity proves the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.