Foundation Wall Research Articles

Research on polychromies from the medieval period in the archcatedral basilica in Przemysl

The article presents two important strands of research: the preserved paintings in the present attic of the Latin Rite Archcathedral Basilica in Przemyśl and the polychromy on the stone blocks in the foundation part of this temple. The existing paintings of significant cultural value were made in the late medieval period, an era when the Przemyśl Cathedral had Gothic forms, and the existing paintings circled the walls of the temple below the Gothic wooden ceiling. Based on the current state of research and the extent of damage to the paintings, it was only possible to interpret and read the paintings piecemeal. The article includes their photographs and discusses the painted scenes and ornamentation along with their psychological context. Polychromes in part of the foundation walls of the chancel of the Przemyśl basilica were also studied. The results of the research could confirm the reuse of stone blocks for the construction of the walls of the cathedral’s chancel. In addition, the chemical composition of the mortar structures and polychrome was given. The data provided insight into the mortar and paint technologies used in the medieval era in Przemyśl.

Vibration analysis of tanks resting on Winkler and Pasternak foundations

This article presents an analytical technique for determining the free vibration response of a rectangular tank. It is assumed that this structure has a flexible foundation and rigid walls. The effects of beneath soil are considered by using Winkler and Pasternak foundations. To verify the authors’ responses, the finite element solutions are also compared with the analytical results. Additionally, a closed-form approximate relationship is provided in this research work to determine the first natural frequency of the tank resting on a deformable foundation. In order to find the effect of various parameters, such as the stiffness of the elastic foundation and tank dimensions, on the natural frequencies of this system, a sensitivity analysis is also carried out.

Thermal performance of wedge pile slab foundation without frost protection insulation and highly insulated slab on ground floor – first year measurements

In the Nordic countries frost insulation is necessary if the foundation is above the frost-free depth. The thermal performance of the pile foundations is between a shallow ground foundation and a frost wall foundation. The pile ends extend below the frost line to help insulate the ground beneath a building’s foundation. The ends of the piles extend below the frost line to prevent the foundation of the building from frost heaving. However, there may be a risk that the ground below the slab on ground may freeze and frost heaving may occur there. The risk of frost below the slab on ground floor and/or basement increases because increasing thickness of floor insulation remarkable influences frost insulation dimensioning. In this study a 6.5 × 17-meter size uninsulated wedge pile slab foundation with highly insulated (U=0.07 W/(m2·K)) slab on ground floor was constructed for a heated building and equipped with temperature, soil moisture, relative humidity, and heat flux sensors. Seven temperature measurement piles below the building and one for reference 8 meters far from the building reached a depth of up to 3.2 meters, which is deeper than the usual 1.4 m depth to avoid freezing in foundation design. In three places, the temperature below the insulation of slab on the ground is measured at 0.5 meters step up to 3 meters from the outer wall of the building. The first-year measurement results showed that temperature did not drop below the zero degree below the foundation and floor. Even though during winter the daily average absolute minimum temperature was -24 °C the sum of degree hours below the zero degree was -7300 °Ch. The historic 50-year absolute sum of minimum degree hours below the zero degree was -28600 °Ch. In addition to real measurement results this three-dimensional temperature sensor field helps to calibrate and validate dynamic model for temperature simulation of thermal performance of wedge pile slab foundation without frost protection insulation and highly insulated slab on ground floor.

Numerical study on the group wall effect of nodular diaphragm wall foundation in high-rise buildings

Abstract As a new type of foundation, the nodular diaphragm wall (N-D wall) has large transverse stiffness and high bearing capacity, with low noise and low vibration, which is suitable for high-rise buildings in cities with limited land area. The reduction coefficient of each load composition under the same displacement conditions and the ABAQUS finite element numerical analysis software are introduced to analyze the group effect of N-D wall foundations. The results show that the compressive group wall effect coefficient is greater than 1, while the uplift group wall effect coefficient is less than 1. Under the same displacement condition, the group effect of the compressive wall is more obvious than that of the uplift wall, and the group effect of the middle wall is more obvious than that of the sidewall. The wall group effect gradually develops downward with the increase in displacement. The ultimate compressive capacity is mainly controlled by the friction resistance, which is especially obvious in the sidewall. The cap resistance load-sharing ratio decreases first and then increases with the settlement. The cap resistance is not evenly distributed, the stress at the corner is the lowest, and the stress is mainly concentrated in the middle. The influence of wall spacing, length, and width on the uplift bearing capacity is highly significant, while the influence of nodular part angle is slightly significant. The influence of wall width, length, and spacing on compressive bearing capacity is highly significant, while the influence of nodular part angle is weak. The influence of nodular part angle on the uplift bearing capacity of group wall foundation is stronger than that of the compressive bearing capacity.

Nelinearno ponašanje spremnika za ukapljeni prirodni plin s različitim sustavima potresne izolacije

This study determines the effects of different types of base isolator systems on the seismic performance of liquefied natural gas (LNG) storage tanks. Nonlinear time-history analyses of the non-isolated and three different isolated models were performed for the average acceleration of seven ground motions scaled to achieve a specified safe shutdown earthquake. The ANSYS Workbench program was used in the modelling studies of the LNG liquid, inner steel tank, outer shell, ring beam, roof and concrete foundation and side wall insulation. The LS-DYNA program was used for the nonlinear analyses of the LNG liquid, inner steel tank and concrete foundation. The results of the total base shear force, sloshing height, steel tank stresses and lateral deflection were compared. The results indicated that there was no difference between the convective and impulsive modes for the LNG tanks with isolators. It was concluded that the wave motion of the liquid was different from the oscillation of the structure and the earthquake isolation times did not affect the sloshing motion. In the non-isolated system, the stress reached 400 MPa, whereas it was 350 MPa on average in the LNG tanks with isolators.

Numerical modelling of skirted foundations under vertical loads

In the construction of civil structures, the strength of the foundation is of high importance. Thus, engineers face many challenges, such as bearing capacity, settlement and high groundwater level, particularly if the structure is on sandy soil. To deal with these problems, solutions have been proposed, one of which is the use of skirted foundations. In this method, walls skirt the surface foundation and are buried deep in the soil. In this study, numerical analysis, taking into account the parameters of different lengths of skirted foundation walls, different percentages of soil densities and wall thickness, has been used to investigate skirted foundations under static loads. On the basis of the obtained results, a series of charts are presented for estimating bearing capacity improvement. Skirted foundations resting on denser sand provide better results in terms of bearing capacity than foundations resting on medium and loose sand.

Piling Data-Driven Framework for Optimized Pile Structures Based on Minimizing the Expected Total Cost

The use of data in the construction industry is growing rapidly. However, projects that do not have multiple stages, such as pile foundation and cantilever wall construction, are difficult to reinforce based on the data of observation. It cannot be said that the design–build construction process is optimized by piling data and active learning. In this paper, a new data-driven framework is proposed so that it can be used even for construction under single-stage conditions. The proposed method adopts a lower safety factor (SF) in the preliminary design than that in the conventional methods, and checks the performance after the building using piling data. Countermeasures are conducted to satisfy the target reliability, if necessary. Focusing on the expected total cost, the parametric studies reveal that the proposed method can reduce the expected total cost under specific conditions, such as lower countermeasure cost, higher failure cost, and higher relative costs of safety measures. Furthermore, our method exhibits robustness, as even with low initial safety factors, the expected total cost does not become excessively larger compared to the conventional methods. The findings highlight the potential benefits of piling data for optimizing construction projects under single-stage conditions.

OBSERVASI DIAPHRAGM WALL METODE CUT OFF WALL SEBAGAI PENANGANAN REMBESAN WILAYAH WADUK CENGKLIK.

Cengklik Reservoir is one of the tourist attractions in the Boyolali area. Functionally, the Cengklik reservoir is used as a water reservoir or storage area as well as a source of water for the needs of the surrounding community and to supply rice fields. Based on observations, the reservoir has decreased in function, namely seepage is found. One of the methods applied for the handling of seepage is the foundation structure in the form of a diaphragm wall. Observations were started by collecting data (pumping test data and drawings of the diaphragm wall structure). The results obtained for the total diaphragm wall foundation with a depth of 16 m with a depth of excavated soil of 16 m. Specifications for the diaphragm wall plan with a land area of 375m. Diaphragma wall (slurry wall) is a type of plastic concrete retaining wall with a foundation that has very strong rigidity, low vibration during construction, and has a waterproof function. Diaphragama wall provides less seepage effect than other methods such as secant pile. The secant pile only has the same use but differs in area. Cut off wall is a method of excavation work, surrounded by excavated land such as a guide wall. Insulation or retaining water flow on large dam foundations is usually done by the Cut of wall method. This method is suitable for excavation work which is quite deep and dense soil area

Insulated concrete form foundation wall as solar thermal energy storage for Cold-Climate building heating system

Employing green energies for building energy sector decarbonization has captured the world’s attention in the current century. However, the imbalance between energy demand and availability necessitates designing reliable and cost-effective energy storage systems. The present study aims to propose an innovative building-integrated solar thermal storage method using insulated concrete form (ICF) foundation walls for residential buildings in cold climates such as that of Canada. Surplus solar thermal energy is stored inside the ICF wall, which has a high thermal capacity and mass and is integrated into the building envelope. The ICF wall and solar thermal collectors are coupled with a water-to-water heat pump to meet building space heating load and domestic hot water demand. Different configurations integrating the ICF wall are modeled and simulated in TRNSYS software to perform a yearly transient analysis. It is shown that a system with ICF walls has an 11% higher solar fraction (SF) than a similar system with a large water thermal storage tank. By replacing the solar thermal collector with a hybrid photovoltaic/thermal collector, the overall system solar fraction can increase to 20% above that of a similar system with a large water thermal storage tank system. An ICF-based system with a 16 m2 solar collector can completely cover nine months of space heating and domestic hot water load for a single-family house in London, Ontario. A detailed sensitivity analysis shows that the proposed ICF-based systems achieve an optimum solar fraction at high tilt angles (65-70°), unlike a similar design with an extensive water thermal storage tank system. Because of their ability to achieve a high SF at high tilt angles, ICF systems are suitable for vertically mounted solar systems typically required by high-rise buildings due to limited roof area. As part of the building envelope, ICF foundation walls have no additional cost and can be considered a feasible strategy for reducing the residential sector’s carbon footprint..

СТРІЧКОВИЙ ФУНДАМЕНТ З ПОВЗДОВЖНІМ ВИРІЗОМ ПО ПІДОШВІ МАСИВНОЇ ПІДПІРНОЇ СТІНИ

The paper analyzes the designs of traditional strip foundations with a flat bottom, the load from which causes the plane strain stress state of the soil base, and other variations of conventionally strip (continuous) foundations, which due to their shape (configuration) of the contact area with the base change its stress state, which enables designing more sustainable foundations for continuous buildings and structures. Proceeding from the solutions to the mixed problem of the theory of elasticity and plasticity using the Mohr-Coulomb criterion strength criterion, analytical studies of the development of plastic zones in the base of a strip foundation with a longitudinal cut-out have been conducted, which show that the limit state always occurs first in the foundation’s edge zones, that is, underneath the outer edges of the foundation. It is also noted, however, that the design resistance of soil decreases when there is no additional load in the area of the cut-out; therefore, a patented design has been proposed of a strip foundation with a longitudinal cut-out in the bottom, where the cut-out with the height is filled with low-modulus material to improve the design resistance of soil. Based on experimental and theoretical studies, methods have been proposed for calculating the soil base (design resistance , settlement and inclination ) for a strip foundation of a massive retaining wall with a longitudinal cut-out in the bottom. A real example shows that the total width of the strip foundation with a cut-out is shorter by 1.5 m in comparison with the continuous shape of the bottom of the foundation, which has a significant economic effect on every linear meter of the wall foundation. Overall, the proposed methods make it possible to reasonably design effective eccentrically loaded foundations with cut-outs in the bottom and to improve the permissible vertical pressure on the base in comparison with a continuous bottom, all other things being equal. Keywords: strip foundation, massive retaining wall, eccentricity, bottom, cut-out, soil base, calculation procedure.

Places of worship from the Ottoman Period in Timișoara, Romania

AbstractThis paper deals with Muslim places of worship and their evolution during the 164 years of Ottoman rule in Timișoara (1552–1716). The analysis was carried out on the basis of written historical documentation and archaeological results. It is about religious structures such as mosques (câmii) and other places of worship (mescid), but also about monastic centres of dervishes (tekke, zâviye and türbe). The archaeological research that took place in the last decade in Timișoara offered the chance to bring to light the foundations of three mosques: Ali Bey, Cimcime and Sultan Süleyman. The results of these researches are valuable, especially since no building in Timișoara dating from the Ottoman Period has survived. From an archaeological point of view, it was found that only two of the mosques share similar characteristics. Although at all three of them wooden posts were found at the bottom of the foundation ditch, beaten into the ground, the differences were in the techniques of the foundation construction. At two of the foundation walls, was discovered a reinforcement of wooden beams, fixed with iron nails, over which a mixture of mortar with stone and broken brick was placed. At the third foundation wall, a similar mixture was framed by a row of bricks laid on the edge of the foundation ditch. Moreover, two of the mosques were built according to a rectangular plan, and in the third plan the north side was closed with an apse. Archaeological research also indicated a possible minaret, mihrab, but also parts of the floor of one of the mosques.

Key Techniques for Construction of East Anchorage of the Lingdingyang Bridge on Shenzhen-Zhongshan Link

The Lingdingyang Bridge is a (580+1666+580m) two-tower three-span sea steel box girder suspension bridge. The east anchorage adopts a figure eight-shaped ground connecting wall foundation. The ground connecting wall has a diameter of 107.1m and a width of 65m. The wall thickness is 1.5m. the maximum depth of the wall is 63m, the embedded medium weathered granite depth is 5m. The overburden thickness is nearly 50m, the bedrock depth above 80Mpa is 10m, and the excavation depth of the foundation pit is 42m. The anchor body is a diamond shaped anisotropic anchor body, with a total volume of 93000 m3. The anchorage foundation adopts “locking steel pipe piles + I-shaped sheet piles + parallel wire ropes” combined island-building cofferdam, and the diameter of the island is 150m. There are 79 groove sections in the ground wall. Three-axis mixing piles are used to reinforce the joints and both sides of the groove wall before grooving. The technique of alternately forming grooves by “rotary drilling + groove milling machine” is adopted. The deep foundation pit is unearthed together with the excavation portal frame and the telescopic boom excavator, and the lining is constructed with the hanging form. After the excavation, the waterproof effect of the ground connecting wall is obvious, and the foundation pit is safe and reliable. The anchor body is constructed with a layer of 2m with a large amount of limestone powder concrete, and a 2m post pouring section is set at the same time. The maximum temperature is 65 °C, and the crack control effect is obvious.

Az esztergomi főszékesegyház és egyházkormányzati központ építészeti koncepciójának kialakulása és változásai •

Az esztergomi főszékesegyház és egyházkormányzati központ építészeti koncepciójának kialakulása és változásai •

Case Study of Pumping and Recharging in the Floodplain by Yangtze River in Jiang Bei Nanjing

For a project in Nanjing Jiangbei New Area, after excavation of foundation pit and foundation plate pouring, water inrush between side wall of foundation plate and wall occurred in foundation pit. At this time, the water level of confined water observation wells in 2-4 and 2-5 silty fine sand layers in foundation pit can meet the requirements of safe water level control. According to the analysis, the inrush water is inrush water from 3-4e and 3-4 coarse sand layers in deep layer. It is difficult to treat the floor slab in the pit due to the completion of construction. In order to solve the problem of water inrush in the pit, the measures of precipitation outside the pit are adopted, but precipitation causes rapid settlement of the ground in adjacent areas. In order to reduce the ground settlement, a recharge well is specially designed, the recharge test is organized, the structure of the recharge well is optimized, and the spacing between the two layers is arranged according to the test results. The problem of recirculation between pumping and recharging outside the pit is solved. Finally, settlement was successfully controlled. Without water-stop curtain, the project carries out precipitation and recharge outside the pit at the same time, which not only solves the inrush water, but also controls the settlement. In addition, the foundation pit is deep and inrush water is large. During the process, the analysis is carried out first, and then the test is carried out, so that the purpose of recharge can be achieved. It has reference value, so it is concluded in writing.

Parametric Analysis of Blast Load Effect On Diaphragm Wall In Basement

There are various kinds of loads acting on the basement structure of a building, blast load for an example. In this study, the effect of variation of the structural and soil parameter values on the response of the basement structure due to blast load will be analyzed. Thus, it can be seen the influence of the tested parameters. The deformation of the diaphragm wall will be the focus of this research. This research will be using Midas GTS NX program in modeling the basement structure of the building and the surrounding soil using the finite element method. The analyzed basement structure consists of flat slabs, diaphragm wall, king posts, raft, and pile foundation. The analyzed blast load is a surface blast load of 40000 liters of gasoline that occurs at a distance of 20m from the building and will be analyzed using the time history method. The analysis was carried out on 12 parameters: the void ratio of soil, the density of soil, cohesion, undrained shear strength, elasticity modulus of soil, poisson ratio of soil, porosity, structural damping ratio, damping ratio of soil, shear angle of soil, diaphragm wall’s thickness, and concrete’s quality of the diaphragm wall. From the results of the analysis, it is found that the parameters that affect the deformation of the diaphragm wall are the modulus of elasticity of the soil, density of soil, the poisson ratio of the soil, diaphragm wall’s thickness, and the concrete’s quality of the diaphragm wall. The soil modulus of elasticity has greatest influence on deformation changes, which is 282.27%, while concrete compressive strength of diaphragm wall has smallest influence, which is 0.87%.
 

Methodology for the Study of the Vulnerability of Historic Buildings: The Reconstruction of the Transformation Phases of the Church of the Abbey-Castle of Santo Stefano in Monopoli in Puglia (Italy)

The study presented here concerns an analysis of the structural vulnerability of the arm of the church of the Castello di Santo Stefano Abbey in Monopoli in Puglia (Italy). The ancient monument is located on a small “Peninsula” between two ancient natural harbors, 3 km from Monopoli and 5 km from the archaeological site of Egnazia. Studies on the abbey-castle, have revealed different construction and deconstruction phases relating to historical periods of the Roman age, late antique age, medieval age, modern and contemporary age. The castle is typically attributable to a closed courtyard with four arms. The last one, close to the wall on the port of Tramontana, was added at a contemporary time. The arm of the church is characterized by the crypt with opus reticulatum walls from the two surviving bays of the former Benedictine church, from the residential palace of the 18th century, and from the residential extensions of the 20th century. The north-east and north-west arms, born in the 16th century as defensive earth-filled walls with respective bulwarks (north-east pentagonal and north-west at the tip of a spear), were redeveloped between the 17th and 18th centuries into residential buildings with panoramic loggias and overlooking new ditches enclosed by high walled defenses. The study was conducted with non-invasive methods such as: thermographic surveys; archaeological survey; stratigraphic survey of the walls; stratigraphic survey of plants; photogrammetric survey; 3D returns; Morpho-typological survey of the building material making it possible to acquire data on degradation, on the historicization of instability, on the phases of “growth” of the 18th century and of stylistic “reconstructions” of the 19th century. The data acquired, compared with each other, documented: the deterioration and instability of the foundation wall structures (the crypt) and that of the elevated structures: surviving spans of the church and residential building. Alveolization of the building material, deformations, variations in the geometric shape, lack of resistance of the foundation walls due to the typological and qualitative characteristics of the material (opus reticulatum in soft tuff) with high porosity and problems of the church roof system.

Causes of Landslides in Road Embankment with Retaining Wall and Pile Foundation: A Case Study of National Road Project in Porong-Sidoarjo, Indonesia

This study was conducted to determine the cause of landslides in the toll road embankment of the national road project in the Porong-Sidoarjo area. The landslide was observed only on the north side of the embankment, with a maximum height of 7.8 meters from the subgrade despite the reinforcement with a retaining wall and pile foundation. The land shift and subsidence on the Northside led to a decline in the embankment elevation and the displacement to a maximum depth of 3.50 m. Back analysis through the limit equilibrium method was used to determine the strength of the existing reinforcement against the landslide. The results showed that the heavy rain was indeed one of the causes of landslides in the location, while the main cause was the depth of soft soil, much deeper than those in the surrounding locations. This is why a severe landslide was recorded on one side of the embankment. Moreover, the existing anti-slide pile reinforcement was discovered not to be sufficient due to its shallower length compared to the area of the landslide, and this was associated with the absence of overall stability analysis in this design. The findings showed that it is necessary to conduct a comparative study between the overall stability and the active and passive forces analyses for the soil to produce the safest design required to avoid landslides.

ARCHITECTURAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXPLORATION AT THE STAROSTA CASTLE IN GALICIA

The article introduces the materials of the architectural and archaeological cross-section of the defensive ditch of the Starostyn castle of the 14th - 18th centuries in the town of Halych, Ivano-Frankivsk region. The stratigraphy of the exploration trench is described in detail. Among the discovered immovable objects are a rampart embankment, a two-row palisade, the remains of an internal paving, the foundations of the defensive walls of a log-frame wooden and earthen structure, a stone wall with a drainage hole. The chronology of the archaeological complexes is based on relatively narrowly dated movable artefacts: sleeved crossbow arrowheads of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries; bowl- and pot-shaped tiles of the fifteenth century; fragments of household ceramics, box tiles, and Gothic block bricks of the sixteenth century. Architectural details, building ceramics, iron and glass products of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries; as well as materials of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Finds from the princely period of the eleventh and first half of the fourteenth century and the early Iron Age of the sixteenth century BC were found in a redeposited state. The study of Starostynskyi Castle in the historical aspect makes it possible to identify seven specific construction periods of late medieval and early modern fortifications in the stratigraphic column. On the basis of the results of architectural and archaeological research, a number of hypothetical reconstructions of the development of wooden, earthwork and stone fortifications of the southern spine of Starostyn castle were made. The analysis of stratigraphic sections and the general urban situation prompts the author to put forward a hypothesis about the possible location of the entrance to the castle in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. The archaeological reconnaissance crossing of the fortification line demonstrates a complex and still poorly understood history of the development of the Galician castle fortifications on the Dniester. It shows a promising prospect for both further thorough archaeological research and thoughtful preservation and use of the architectural and archaeological heritage of the unique complex in the future.

Assessment of Compressive Strength Variations of Concrete Poured in-Site of Residential Buildings in Isoko District, Delta State, Nigeria

Concrete with appreciable compressive strength is required for building constructions, to minimize the occurrence of building failures. Determination of the compressive strength of in-situ concrete produced in Isoko region of Nigeria was carried in this study. Concrete used for the construction of foundation wall footings for twenty residential buildings were sampled in the study. The compressive strength of the in-situ concrete was determined in accordance with ASTM standards. Field survey depicted that most (60%) of the concrete quality production process fell below the approved standard of 17 MPa, for residential buildings. The findings of the study revealed that the compressive strength of the in-situ concrete varied between 8.1 MPa and 19.8 MPa. Furthermore, the result of the compressive strength test showed that most (70%) of the in-situ concrete failed to meet the NIS recommended standard. Also, it was observed from the findings that proportionally, the concrete produced by conventional building/construction engineers was of a higher compressive strength, when compared to the concrete produced solely by masons. Based on observations obtained result obtained from this study, it is recommended that the Government should constantly educate building sites managers, on the need to adhere strictly to standard recommendations, in order to improve the quality of in-situ concretes produced.

A Study of New Zealand’s Indigenous Healthcare Model and Its Impact on Curtailing Obesity

The Māori holistic model of healthcare was established by Sir Mason Durie in 1984 to stipulate a Māori perspective on health. This model deals with taking care of all elements of life to maintain sustainable welfare. The four elements and their significance are represented by the wharenui (meeting house). The wharenui's link to the whenua (land) serves as the foundation for other elements, thereby pioneering health and wellbeing of yourself and whanau (family). The Māori holistic model of healthcare draws on strong bonding between the foundation and other walls in case any issues crop up (Health Navigator NZ, 2022). #). The purpose of this research paper is to identify the significance of Māori holistic healthcare framework and analyze how obesity affects the healthcare systems of New Zealand by shedding light on its impact on confronting individuals, families, and primary health-care professionals. Keywords: Māori holistic model, Healthcare, Obesity