Foundation For Cooperation Research Articles

Diverse ontogenies of reciprocal and prosocial behavior: cooperative development in Fiji and the United States.

Contingent reciprocity is an important foundation of human cooperation, but we know little about how reciprocal behavior develops across diverse societies, nor about how the development of reciprocal behavior is related to the development of prosocial behavior more broadly. Three- to 16-year-old children were presented with the opportunity to control the allocation of real food rewards in a binary-choice cooperative dilemma. Within dyads children alternated making choices across multiple trials, and reciprocal behavior emerged in three diverse populations (rural Fijian villages, and urban communities in both Fiji and the United States) by age 7-8. There was more societal variation in prosocial behavior than in reciprocal behavior, and there were more substantial differences between Fijians and Americans than between rural and urban populations. This suggests that the development of prosocial behavior is not driven entirely by the development of reciprocity, and differences in prosocial behavior across rural Fijians and urban Americans may not be due only to differences across rural and urban populations.

IMPLEMENTASI PENGEMBANGAN EKOWISATA BERBASIS MASYARAKAT DI HUTAN LINDUNG GUNUNG SIRIMAU KOTA AMBON

Longterm goals to be achieved from this study was to determine the benefitts of ecotourism activities for the improvement of public welfare and conservation of natural resources in the protected forests of Mount Sirimau. Specific targets to be achieved is to know the tourism development strategy by focusing on real public participation through community participation in the entire ecotourism activities ranging from planning to evaluation monitoring.Metode research used survey method by observation, interviews and focus group discussions between groups of conscious travel, community and government Hukurila country. FGD conducted modified from the PRA method with the process includes the formulation of the problem, identification of alternative problem-solving and implementation. Cooperation with stakeholders through a partnership approach. Data were analyzed qualitative descriptive to describe implimentasi community-based ecotourism development. The results showed that the group of tourism awareness “Nine” into institutional forum in the village who managed Hukurila ecotourism in the country. Activities include participatory community activities in terms of return decisions, participation in the implementation of activities such as a tour guide providers, providers of food and beverage services, environmental cleanup and promotion of tourist sites and providers of travel and participation and maintenance of facilities and infrastructure. While the partnership approach includes the development of local human resources such as training Website creatio cooperation aware group travel with community organizations, counseling with the theme “Precious Hukurila” about the introduction of the surrounding environment. Cooperation Foundation Heka Leka, YES (Youth Exchanges and Study USA).

Integration of Multiple Analytical and Computational Tools for the Discovery of High-Potency Enzyme Inhibitors from Herbal Medicines.

Herbal medicines (HMs) are an important source of drugs. In this study, an efficient strategy integrating ultrafiltration LC-MS, microplate bioassays, and molecular docking was proposed to screen high-potency enzyme inhibitors from HMs. Using this strategy, the structure-activity relationships (SARs) including binding-affinity-based SAR, enzymatic-activity-based SAR, and structural-complementarity-based SAR of compounds in an HM can be analyzed to provide abundant information for drug discovery. A prominent advantage of the approach is that it offers a multidimensional perspective to understand enzyme-ligand interactions, which could help to avoid false-positive screening results brought by a single method. By using xanthine oxidase (XOD) as an illustrative case, two types of potent XOD inhibitors, including flavones and coumarins, were successfully screened out from an HM of Ginkgo biloba. The study is expected to set a solid foundation for multidisciplinary cooperation in drug discovery.

History of international legal regulation of the issues related to the use of computer technologies

The article studies the genesis of legal regulation of cybersecurity in international law, the definition of the place of the problem in relations between subjects of international law. Examples of high-profile cyberattacks that took place internationally are shown. In recent years, human dependence on new technologies has grown rapidly. However, the use of such technologies also opens new ways to abuse via the Internet. With the development of new technologies cyberspace becomes as important space as land, air, water or space in which states compete for ensuring their national interests. Such space also attracts the attention of international terrorist groups, transnational organized crime etc. A number of scientists devoted their papers to the subject of cybersecurity, among them A. Pazyuk, D. Dubov, A. Merezhko. Much more attention on the issue of cybersecurity research in international law was paid by foreign experts, including M. N. Schmitt, W. Heintschel von Heinegg, V. Boothby.The article shows examples of international norms in cyberspace. Accordingly the foundations for further cooperation among the States were laid by the number of Resolutions of the General Assembly of the United Nations. One of the main documents in this field within the Council of Europe is ratified by 49 states Convention on Cybercrime in 2001 and Optional Protocol to the Convention of 2003. Within the EU the first document regulating cyberspace is Directive 95/46 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 October 1995 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data. In 2016 EU has adopted the EU Network and Information Security (NIS) Directive. As an example of doctrinal codification the Tallinn Manual on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Warfare was issued in 2013.It is also mentioned in the article that states are actively working on preparing national legislation and adopting strategies for cybersecurityIt is noted that the issue of cybersecurity is becoming more acute problem not only at the national level and therefore requires expansion of international legal cooperation between subjects of international law to maintain peace and prevent solving cyber warfare, which may be accompanied by kinetic.

Cooperation in a Peer Production Economy Experimental Evidence from Wikipedia.

The impressive success of peer production – a large-scale collaborative model of production primarily based on voluntary contributions – is difficult to explain through the assumptions of standard economic theory. The aim of this paper is to study the prosocial foundations of cooperation in this new peer production economy. We provide the first field test of existing economic theories of prosocial motives for contributing to real-world public goods. We use an online experiment coupled with observational data to elicit social preferences within a diverse sample of 850 Wikipedia contributors, and seek to use to those measures to predict subjects’ field contributions to the Wikipedia project. We find that subjects’ field contributions to Wikipedia are strongly related to their level of reciprocity in a conditional Public Goods game and in a Trust game and to their revealed preference for social image within the Wikipedia community, but not to their level of altruism either in a standard or in a directed Dictator game. Our results have important theoretical and practical implications, as we show that reciprocity and social image are both strong motives for sustaining cooperation in peer production environments, while altruism is not.

Cognitive Load Does Not Affect the Behavioral and Cognitive Foundations of Social Cooperation.

The present study serves to test whether the cognitive mechanisms underlying social cooperation are affected by cognitive load. Participants interacted with trustworthy-looking and untrustworthy-looking partners in a sequential Prisoner’s Dilemma Game. Facial trustworthiness was manipulated to stimulate expectations about the future behavior of the partners which were either violated or confirmed by the partners’ cheating or cooperation during the game. In a source memory test, participants were required to recognize the partners and to classify them as cheaters or cooperators. A multinomial model was used to disentangle item memory, source memory and guessing processes. We found an expectancy-congruent bias toward guessing that trustworthy-looking partners were more likely to be associated with cooperation than untrustworthy-looking partners. Source memory was enhanced for cheating that violated the participants’ positive expectations about trustworthy-looking partners. We were interested in whether or not this expectancy-violation effect—that helps to revise unjustified expectations about trustworthy-looking partners—depends on cognitive load induced via a secondary continuous reaction time task. Although this secondary task interfered with working memory processes in a validation study, both the expectancy-congruent guessing bias as well as the expectancy-violation effect were obtained with and without cognitive load. These findings support the hypothesis that the expectancy-violation effect is due to a simple mechanism that does not rely on demanding elaborative processes. We conclude that most cognitive mechanisms underlying social cooperation presumably operate automatically so that they remain unaffected by cognitive load.

Pairing Mismatched ssDNA to dsDNA Studied with Reflectometric Interference Spectroscopy Sensor**Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No 61378083, the International Cooperation Foundation of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China under Grant No 2011DFA12220, the Major Research Plan of National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No 91123030, the Natural Science Foundation of

The interaction between two single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) molecules as pairing to a double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) molecule is studied by the reflectometric interference spectroscopy (RIFS) technology. A nano-porous anode alumina membrane coated an Au layer is employed as the sensor substrate. The results indicate that when there are mismatched nucleotide bases, the effective optical thicknesses (OTeff) have obvious difference, and the changes of OTeff are connected with the sensor layer thickness and the effective refractive index. It is also demonstrated that the RIFS technique can be used to precisely detect the ssDNA molecules with individual base mismatched as pairing to dsDNA.

The foundress’s dilemma: group selection for cooperation among queens of the harvester ant, Pogonomyrmex californicus

The evolution of cooperation is a fundamental problem in biology, especially for non-relatives, where indirect fitness benefits cannot counter within-group inequalities. Multilevel selection models show how cooperation can evolve if it generates a group-level advantage, even when cooperators are disadvantaged within their group. This allows the possibility of group selection, but few examples have been described in nature. Here we show that group selection can explain the evolution of cooperative nest founding in the harvester ant Pogonomyrmex californicus. Through most of this species’ range, colonies are founded by single queens, but in some populations nests are instead founded by cooperative groups of unrelated queens. In mixed groups of cooperative and single-founding queens, we found that aggressive individuals had a survival advantage within their nest, but foundress groups with such non-cooperators died out more often than those with only cooperative members. An agent-based model shows that the between-group advantage of the cooperative phenotype drives it to fixation, despite its within-group disadvantage, but only when population density is high enough to make between-group competition intense. Field data show higher nest density in a population where cooperative founding is common, consistent with greater density driving the evolution of cooperative foundation through group selection.

Turkey–Cyprus–Israel relations and the Cyprus conflict

The discovery of natural gas and oil reserves in Israel and Cyprus’s adjoining Exclusive Economic Zones laid the foundations for wide-ranging cooperation between Tel Aviv and Nicosia in the areas of economy, energy and defence. But it also unveiled big challenges. The Cyprus problem became entangled in the broader international discord over both offshore energy and the increase in Israeli–Turkish tensions. Renewed negotiations between the Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot communities, first in February 2014 and then in April 2015, were mainly driven by the discovery of natural gas reserves off Cyprus and the wish of the EU and USA to reconcile the Republic of Cyprus with Turkey and facilitate a Turkey–Israel rapprochement, as the latter might be vital for a ’pro-western’ method of exploitation of the natural wealth. This article, however (relying on primary sources: archives and interviews from Israel, Turkey, Greece, Cyprus, Lebanon and United Kingdom), studying the background of the Turkish–Cypriot–Israeli relationship as well as certain political and economic parameters of the geopolitical complex in the Eastern Mediterranean, questions the feasibility of this option in the foreseeable future.

Direct observation of λ-DNA molecule reversal movement within microfluidic channels under electric field with single molecule imaging technique**Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 61378083), the International Cooperation Foundation of the National Science and Technology Major Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (Grant No. 2011DFA12220), the Major Research Plan of National

The electrodynamic characteristics of single DNA molecules moving within micro-/nano-fluidic channels are important in the design of biomedical chips and bimolecular sensors. In this study, the dynamic properties of λ-DNA molecules transferring along the microchannels driven by the external electrickinetic force were systemically investigated with the single molecule fluorescence imaging technique. The experimental results indicated that the velocity of DNA molecules was strictly dependent on the value of the applied electric field and the diameter of the channel. The larger the external electric field, the larger the velocity, and the more significant deformation of DNA molecules. More meaningfully, it was found that the moving directions of DNA molecules had two completely different directions: (i) along the direction of the external electric field, when the electric field intensity was smaller than a certain threshold value; (ii) opposite to the direction of the external electric field, when the electric field intensity was greater than the threshold electric field intensity. The reversal movement of DNA molecules was mainly determined by the competition between the electrophoresis force and the influence of electro-osmosis flow. These new findings will theoretically guide the practical application of fluidic channel sensors and lab-on-chips for precisely manipulating single DNA molecules.

Identity-Driven Cooperation versus Competition

This paper seeks to extend the domain of identity economics by exploring motivational foundations of in-group cooperation and out-group competition. On this basis, we explore the reflexive interaction between individual economic decisions and social identities in response to technological change in market economies. Our analysis explores how technological change falling on marketable goods and services, rather than non-market caring relationships, leads to a restructuring of identities, which increases the scope of individualism and promotes positional competition at the expense of caring activities. Since positional competition generates negative externalities while caring activities create positive ones, these developments have important welfare implications.

Development of the Ordering System by CMOS

To change for the better of the menu board which is not applied ICT technology, we present automatic ordering system using by CMOS touch technology. Optical touch can be an ambiguous term because there are several different methods of using light to detect touch. The progress that has been made in CMOS technology over the past decade has made it the preferred technology for high speed inspection. CMOS infrared (IR) cameras are placed on top of a display, looking across the surface of the display in order to detect the presence of a touching object. In this paper, we present the process of choosing the menu by the CMOS infrared technology, and the communication with the sever(POS in this case) using WIFI. The propsed system included 5 parts: hardware part, touch technology part, presentation of menu part, Received (February 22, 2016), Review Result (March 8, 2016) Accepted (March 15, 2016), Published (April 30, 2016) Dept. Information and Communications Engineering, Daejeon University, 62 Daehak-ro, Dong-gu, Daejeon, Korea email: sskang@dju.kr (Corresponding Author) Dept.. Fire & Disaster Prevention Engineering, Daejeon University, 62, DaeHackRoo, Dongu, Daejeon, Korea, email: chojo@dju.kr AVONNE lnc., 307, 3 floor, UDIP, Daejeon Univ. Industry-Academic Cooperation Foundation, Daejeon Korea email: ceo@avonne.kr Development of the Ordering System by CMOS Copyright c 2016 HSST 64 controlling the device part, and ordering commnunication part. The advantage of the proposed system is that lower cost by using LED instead of electronic display and energy efficient.

“Chipping Away at the Issues”

Disputants might resolve their disagreements in a piecemeal fashion, addressing a subset of the issues at a time. How viable is such a strategy? I argue that partial settlements signal the desire to resolve disagreements and can lay the foundation for additional cooperation by building trust and/or demonstrating the benefits of dispute resolution. As a result, partial settlements should be associated with the resolution of remaining disagreements. Yet, scholars have questioned whether pursuing a piecemeal approach may be more harmful than helpful, and a systematic empirical test of these competing predictions is necessary. Using data from worldwide territorial claims between 1919 and 2001, I find a strong positive correlation between partial settlements and comprehensive dispute resolution. In the shorter run, partial settlements are also associated with an increased likelihood for peaceful negotiations, but there is only limited evidence that they reduce conflict before all aspects of the claim are resolved.

Indo-Brazil Remote Sensing Agreement: Policy Perspectives and Implications for India

Capabilities in space technology are turning into a corner stone of emergence of developing countries such as India and China. In a string of agreements for cooperation in outer space, India has developed several cooperation mechanisms with international partners to harness the benefits of space technology for mutual benefits. India has recently signed a multitude of cooperative agreements in outer space and these instruments of cooperation have advanced the space based capabilities and have mutually benefitted the partners. In one such recent engagement, India has signed a bilateral cooperation Memorandum of Understanding with Brazil in the implementation of an arrangement establishing cooperation in the augmentation of a Brazilian Earth station for receiving and processing the data from Indian Remote Sensing satellite. The agreement has been based on the interest of Brazil to receive the Resourcesat-2 data for natural resources management, but not limited to it. In the backdrop of the agreement between India and Brazil, the present work presents an analysis of the state of capacities for these countries and an overview of policy implications for India. In a foreign policy perspective, the Indo-Brazil agreement has been timed at a stage when the Sino-Brazil cooperation is faced with a challenge of recent failure and is set to provide India a push into a better South–South cooperation. The agreement has provided India an added location to downlink its satellite data and may well lay a foundation for future cooperation with other Latin American States and for further global strengthening of ties in forums such as the IBSA.

Achieving multi-agent Coo^2 using the BDI & SODA methodologies

The design and implementation of hybrid intelligent systems is gaining pace. Intelligent Multi-Agent System (IMASs) are being designed and developed for dynamic and contested environments, allowing systems to exercise and act upon unfamiliar, and at times progressive events. Hybrid and intelligent systems require an I-MAS to support multiple participants, each with its own view of the environment and that has the ability to perceive, decide and act on events. To ensure cohesion and goal-driven behaviours are conducted, Coordination and Cooperation (Coo) techniques need to be revisited. Current Coo techniques fail to recognise the importance of mental modelling and situation assessment of agents. Moreover, cognitive and reasoning architectures, like Observe-Orient-Decide-Act (OODA) and Belief, Desire and Intention (BDI) do not consider how organisational principles, like Coo, can assist in how an agent behaves when dealing with an event. The Agent Coordination and Cooperation Cognitive Model (ACM) is a new generation of agent-based models that will exploit an agent’s cognitive and mental architectures to strengthen Coo. This is achieved by establishing processes that exhibit how an agent’s stimulation, orientation and belief-set is related to its ability to coordinate and be coordinated. ACM also illustrates how decision-making processes and an agent’s ability to act is connected to its desires and intentions. In addition, the relationship between decision and action and desires and intentions provides the foundations for cooperation between agents. Integrating elements within BDI and Stimulate-Orient-Decide-Act (SODA) produces superior and complex Coo techniques. Consequently, by associating beliefs and orientation to coordination, as well as desire, intentions to cooperation will strengthen and improve situation awareness and decision-making, which is critical in dynamic environments.

Role of perception cost in tag-mediated cooperation

Tag-mediated interaction has been known to be an effective means of promoting cooperation in theoretical models. However, most of the previous studies assume that the individuals do not incur any costs for their tag perception, although it is doubtful whether the cognitive effort for tag perception is empirically high. In this paper, we establish a spatial Prisoners dilemma model with tags to investigate the role of perception cost in tag-mediated cooperation. By introducing incomplete perception with perception cost, we find that partial perception can emerge and support cooperation under relatively low perception cost, but perception cost may inhibit the emergence of partial perception and thus is detrimental the evolution of cooperation. Moreover, the dynamics of cooperation level and perception intensity show interesting oscillatory patterns interacting with each other, which resemble those in other tag-based models. From the typical snapshots, we find that the high levels of cooperation can be explained by the clear boundaries between tag-mediated cooperative clusters. These boundaries can resist interactions between clusters and therefore prevent defectors from invading the whole population. Our work should be helpful in understanding the cognitive foundation of tag-mediated cooperation.

Political Competition, Partisanship and Interpersonal Trust in Electoral Democracies

How does democratic politics inform the interdisciplinary debate on the evolution of human co-operation and the social preferences (for example, trust, altruism and reciprocity) that support it? This article advances a theory of partisan trust discrimination in electoral democracies based on social identity, cognitive heuristics and interparty competition. Evidence from behavioral experiments in eight democracies show ‘trust gaps’ between co- and rival partisans are ubiquitous, and larger than trust gaps based on the social identities that undergird the party system. A natural experiment found that partisan trust gaps in the United States disappeared immediately following the killing of Osama bin Laden. But observational data indicate that partisan trust gaps track with perceptions of party polarization in all eight cases. Finally, the effects of partisanship on trust outstrip minimal group treatments, yet minimal-group effects are on par with the effects of most treatments for ascriptive characteristics in the literature. In sum, these findings suggest political competition dramatically shapes the salience of partisanship in interpersonal trust, the foundation of co-operation.

Spatial network of urban tourist flow in Xi’an based on microblog big data

ABSTRACTThe mobile internet and social media have changed people’s travel behavior. During a journey, tourists generate a large amount of ‘digital footprint’ that can be used for studying tourist behavior. Exploring tourist spatial behavior based on social media big data is a new research field. Using the example of Xi’an, this study attempts to reveal the characteristics of tourists’ spatial network of tourist flow behavior rules and the function of travel areas and nodes by analyzing the spatial network of tourist flow using social network analysis and data visualization based on microblog-geotagged big data generated by tourists. Geotagged messages are obtained from the Open API of the Sina Microblog. This study found that tourism development shows characteristic of spatial aggregation. The Bell Tower, Qujiang, and Lintong areas are the most crucial tourism development areas in Xi’an. Furthermore, there are obvious hierarchical characteristics in a tourism spatial network. Travel nodes can be divided into three levels, namely pivotal, important and ordinary nodes. Famous scenic spots and traffic hubs are the most important sites that tourists visit. Moreover, the travel route can be divided into four types: synthetic routes, urban-center routes, the Qujiang travel route, and the Lintong travel route. The findings can provide a foundation for tourism cooperation, tourism planning, accurate marketing, travel route design, and other works.

Инновaционные проекты междунaродной трaнспортной мaгистрaли вдоль Великого Шелкового пути

In the article authors analyzed the development of infrastructure projects along the Great Silk Road. Projects of Great Silk Road play an important role in laying the foundation for regional cooperation through the creation of political flexibility, improving economic growth, offering trade diversification, investing in logistics, mining and energy. This is a great opportunity for Central Asian countries to become important players in the global economy, because of the fact that many countries in Central Asia have no access to the sea, international trade is the only option in order to maintain economic growth and development.

The Maritime Silk Road and India: The Challenge of Overcoming Cognitive Divergence

The Sino-Indian relationship is the most important major-power relationship in Asia and is also the most subtle and complex. It has a significant impact on Asian geopolitical relations and regional economic development. Border disputes have rendered the relationship delicate and unstable for more than half a century. The One Belt, One Road (OBOR) initiative put forward by the Chinese government is attracting much discussion in the Indian government, think tanks, and media. Indian policymakers will need to determine how to respond to China's grand blueprint for promoting regional economic cooperation in the new era. This essay will examine China's priorities for the maritime component of the OBOR initiative in the Indian Ocean, consider Indian and Chinese concerns about that aspect of the project, and evaluate India's choices with regard to participation.China's Maritime Silk Road: Key PrioritiesWhen Chinese president Xi Jinping visited Indonesia in October 2013, he claimed that Southeast Asia had been a major maritime hub since ancient times and proposed that China and the countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) should jointly build a 21st Century Maritime Silk Road (MSR). The MSR is one component of Xi's OBOR initiative, with the other component being the Silk Road Economic Belt connecting Europe and Asia. Since Xi proposed the OBOR initiative, the Chinese government has strongly embraced the principle of joint construction to meet the interests and development strategies of all states involved. In March 2015, China's State Council issued the document Vision and Actions on Jointly Building Silk Road Economic Belt and 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road, which provides a comprehensive presentation of the OBOR framework.1 It indicates that the MSR initiative will focus on jointly building smooth, secure, and efficient transport routes to connect major sea ports.The long-term blueprint for the project requires careful selection of key countries and entry points before construction begins. Two factors are taken into consideration in choosing countries for the MSR. The first is whether countries are located on maritime trade routes or have marine transportation centers, such as Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Singapore, Myanmar, and Kenya. A second factor is whether states respond positively to the initiative and have a good foundation of economic cooperation with China.The Indian Ocean is a major maritime trade and energy channel for China and is of great strategic significance for the stable development of the Chinese economy. Energy security, in particular, is a key priority. After becoming a net petroleum oil importer in 1993, China became the world's largest oil importer in 2015. In that year, China's imported crude oil reached 335.5 million tons, of which more than 60% was transported via the Indian Ocean. In 2015, imports represented 60.6% of total oil consumption.2 Trade security is also critical. The Indian Ocean is the most important route for imports to East Asia and Southeast Asia and for exports from these regions to Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. The development of port infrastructure in these key regions will not only benefit China's economic development but also greatly facilitate the social and economic development of other countries in East Asia, in Southeast Asia, and around the Indian Ocean rim.Accelerating infrastructure construction is a major factor in encouraging regional economic cooperation. Thus far, the MSR includes joint port construction in Colombo and Hambantota in Sri Lanka, Gwadar in Pakistan, Kyaukpyu in Myanmar, and Chittagong in Bangladesh. Some large Chinese companies are also making investments in ports such as Piraeus in Greece, Said in Egypt. and Antwerp in Belgium in accordance with their own development strategies.MSR Security Issues: Different Concerns between China and IndiaIndia's geographic location and growing economy will have a great influence on the MSR. …