Foundations Of Theory Research Articles

On Non-Random Mating, Adaptive Evolution, and Information Theory

Population genetics describes evolutionary processes, focusing on the variation within and between species and the forces shaping this diversity. Evolution reflects information accumulated in genomes, enhancing organisms’ adaptation to their environment. In this paper, I propose a model that begins with the distribution of mating based on mutual fitness and progresses to viable adult genotype distribution. At each stage, the changes result in different measures of information. The evolutionary dynamics at each stage of the model correspond to certain aspects of interest, such as the type of mating, the distribution of genotypes in regard to mating, and the distribution of genotypes and haplotypes in the next generation. Changes to these distributions are caused by variations in fitness and result in Jeffrey’s divergence values other than zero. As an example, a model of hybrid sterility is developed of a biallelic locus, comparing the information indices associated with each stage of the evolutionary process. In conclusion, the informational perspective seems to facilitate the connection between cause and effect and allows the development of statistical tests to perform hypothesis testing against zero-information null models (random mating, no selection, etc.). The informational perspective could contribute to clarify, deepen, and expand the mathematical foundations of evolutionary theory.

Cognitive Spontaneous Beliefs, and Reliability within the System. Book Review: BonJour L. The Structure of Empirical Knowledge. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1985. (Chapters 5–6)

The key point of Laurence BonJour’s coherentist conception of the justification of empirical knowledge is the coherentist concept of observation, which (a) postulates that there is a special class of cognitively spontaneous beliefs with which the system’s beliefs must cohere in order to be considered justified; (b) their reliability is determined within the system as a consequence of our generalization on a set of facts when a belief appears, and it is highly likely to be true, and it is likely to appear in a situation in which it will be true; and (c) the subject has the ability to reflexively grasp the approximate content of his own belief system. Among the main sources of inspiration used by L. BonJour, one can find the conceptions of “language-entry transition” by W. Sellars and “truth-sufficiency” by W. Alston. Much of the material is devoted to arguing for the final argument for cognitively spontaneous beliefs. The review is a detailed analysis of the second part of L. BonJour’s book «The Structure of Empirical Knowledge» (chapters 5–6), dedicated to foundations for a coherentist theory of justification of empirical knowledge.

The category of iterative sets in homotopy type theory and univalent foundations

Abstract When working in homotopy type theory and univalent foundations, the traditional role of the category of sets, $\mathcal{Set}$ , is replaced by the category $\mathcal{hSet}$ of homotopy sets (h-sets); types with h-propositional identity types. Many of the properties of $\mathcal{Set}$ hold for $\mathcal{hSet}$ ((co)completeness, exactness, local cartesian closure, etc.). Notably, however, the univalence axiom implies that $\mathsf{Ob}\,\mathcal{hSet}$ is not itself an h-set, but an h-groupoid. This is expected in univalent foundations, but it is sometimes useful to also have a stricter universe of sets, for example, when constructing internal models of type theory. In this work, we equip the type of iterative sets $\mathsf{V}^0$ , due to Gylterud ((2018). The Journal of Symbolic Logic83 (3) 1132–1146) as a refinement of the pioneering work of Aczel ((1978). Logic Colloquium’77, Studies in Logic and the Foundations of Mathematics, vol. 96, Elsevier, 55–66.) on universes of sets in type theory, with the structure of a Tarski universe and show that it satisfies many of the good properties of h-sets. In particular, we organize $\mathsf{V}^0$ into a (non-univalent strict) category and prove that it is locally cartesian closed. This enables us to organize it into a category with families with the structure necessary to model extensional type theory internally in HoTT/UF. We do this in a rather minimal univalent type theory with W-types, in particular we do not rely on any HITs, or other complex extensions of type theory. Furthermore, the construction of $\mathsf{V}^0$ and the model is fully constructive and predicative, while still being very convenient to work with as the decoding from $\mathsf{V}^0$ into h-sets commutes definitionally for all type constructors. Almost all of the paper has been formalized in $\texttt{Agda}$ using the $\texttt{agda}$ - $\texttt{unimath}$ library of univalent mathematics.

Gaze-action coupling, gaze-gesture coupling, and exogenous attraction of gaze in dyadic interactions.

In human interactions, gaze may be used to acquire information for goal-directed actions, to acquire information related to the interacting partner's actions, and in the context of multimodal communication. At present, there are no models of gaze behavior in the context of vision that adequately incorporate these three components. In this study, we aimed to uncover and quantify patterns of within-person gaze-action coupling, gaze-gesture and gaze-speech coupling, and coupling between one person's gaze and another person's manual actions, gestures, or speech (or exogenous attraction of gaze) during dyadic collaboration. We showed that in the context of a collaborative Lego Duplo-model copying task, within-person gaze-action coupling is strongest, followed by within-person gaze-gesture coupling, and coupling between gaze and another person's actions. When trying to infer gaze location from one's own manual actions, gestures, or speech or that of the other person, only one's own manual actions were found to lead to better inference compared to a baseline model. The improvement in inferring gaze location was limited, contrary to what might be expected based on previous research. We suggest that inferring gaze location may be most effective for constrained tasks in which different manual actions follow in a quick sequence, while gaze-gesture and gaze-speech coupling may be stronger in unconstrained conversational settings or when the collaboration requires more negotiation. Our findings may serve as an empirical foundation for future theory and model development, and may further be relevant in the context of action/intention prediction for (social) robotics and effective human-robot interaction.

The Influence of Supportive Organizational Climate on Employees’ Innovation Behavior: The Mediating Role of Team Engagement and Work Engagement

This study aims to explore, in the Chinese software and information technology services industry, whether a supportive organizational climate will directly affect employees’ innovation behavior and indirectly affect it through employees’ team engagement and work engagement. So, this study used quantitative research methods, collected 613 questionnaires in six provinces and cities in China, and analyzed data using SPSS26.0 and AMOS23.0. Finally, the result shows that a supportive organizational climate has a direct positive influence on employees’ innovation behavior, and has a positive indirect influence on employees’ innovation behavior through team engagement and work engagement, and the mediating effect is more than a direct effect. This article not only further reinforces the foundations of social cognitive theory and self-determination theory, but also fills the research gap on employees’ innovation behavior in the Chinese software and information technology service industry: provides leaders with support on how to create a supportive organizational climate to promote employees’ innovation behavior, and assists employees in understanding how to stimulate their innovation behavior.

Quantum Stream Cipher Based on Holevo–Yuen Theory: Part II

This paper discusses the foundation of security theory for the Quantum stream cipher based on the Holevo–Yuen theory, which allows the use of “optical amplifiers”. This type of cipher is a technology that provides information-theoretic security (ITS) to optical data transmission by randomizing ultrafast optical communication signals with quantum noise. In general, the quantitative security of ITS is evaluated in terms of the unicity distance in Shannon theory. However, the quantum version requires modeling beyond the Shannon model of a random cipher to utilize the characteristics of the physical layer. Therefore, as the first step, one has to develop a generalized unicity distance theory and apply it to the evaluation of security. Although a complete theoretical formulation has not yet been established, this paper explains a primitive structure of a generalization of the Shannon random cipher and shows that the realization of this is the generalized quantum stream cipher. In addition, we present several implementation methods of generalized quantum stream ciphers and their security.

The danger theory of immunity revisited.

The danger theory of immunity, introduced by Polly Matzinger in 1994, posits that tissue stress, damage or infection has a decisive role in determining immune responses. Since then, a growing body of evidence has supported the idea that the capacity to elicit cognate immune responses (immunogenicity) relies on the combination of antigenicity (the ability to be recognized by T cell receptors or antibodies) and adjuvanticity (additional signals arising owing to tissue damage). Here, we discuss the molecular foundations of the danger theory while focusing on immunologically relevant damage-associated molecular patterns, microorganism-associated molecular patterns, andneuroendocrine stress-associated immunomodulatory molecules, as well as on their receptors. We critically evaluate patient-relevant evidence, examining how cancer cells and pathogenic viruses suppress damage-associated molecular patterns to evade immune recognition, how intestinal dysbiosis can reduce immunostimulatory microorganism-associated molecular patterns and compromise immune responses, and which hereditary immune defects support the validity of the danger theory. Furthermore, we incorporate the danger hypothesis into a close-to-fail-safe hierarchy of immunological tolerance mechanisms that also involve the clonal deletion and inactivation of immune cells.

Contributions of directors trained by the (former) Soviet Union to Vietnamese drama

The later directors who were trained in the former Soviet Union or studied in socialist countries such as Bulgaria and Romania had a solid foundation in theatrical theory and in the organization of performances according to the Stanislavsky system, a scientifi c theatrical theory system, an advanced and very valuable artistic method, of world stature. After having professional directors, the Vietnamese drama theater has undergone great changes. The directors have matured, and today's performances are much diff erent from the past. There is no longer a state of arbitrariness on theater, the actors have a full sense of responsibility towards the audience and towards the image of the character they play. The art of directing has had good achievements with the success of plays that have been widely welcomed by audience and recognized by people in the industry.

Towards a probabilistic foundation of relativistic quantum theory: the one-body Born rule in curved spacetime

In this work, we establish a novel approach to the foundations of relativistic quantum theory, which is based on generalizing the quantum-mechanical Born rule for determining particle position probabilities to curved spacetime. A principal motivator for this research has been to overcome internal mathematical problems of relativistic quantum field theory (QFT) such as the ‘problem of infinities’ (renormalization), which axiomatic approaches to QFT have shown to be not only of mathematical but also of conceptual nature. The approach presented here is probabilistic by construction, can accommodate a wide array of dynamical models, does not rely on the symmetries of Minkowski spacetime, and respects the general principle of relativity. In the analytical part of this work, we consider the 1-body case under the assumption of smoothness of the mathematical quantities involved. This is identified as a special case of the theory of the general-relativistic continuity equation. While related approaches to the relativistic generalization of the Born rule assume the hypersurfaces of interest to be spacelike and the spacetime to be globally hyperbolic, we employ prior contributions by C. Eckart and J. Ehlers to show that the former condition is naturally replaced by a transversality condition and that the latter one is obsolete. We discuss two distinct formulations of the 1-body case, which, borrowing terminology from the non-relativistic analog, we term the Lagrangian and Eulerian pictures. We provide a comprehensive treatment of both. The main contribution of this work to the mathematical physics literature is the development of the Lagrangian picture. The Langrangian picture shows how one can address the ‘problem of time’ in this approach and, therefore, serves as a blueprint for the generalization to many bodies and the case that the number of bodies is not conserved. We also provide an example to illustrate how this approach can in principle be employed to model particle creation and annihilation.

Mean Value Theorem and the Inverse Problem

The mean value theorem of differentiation is the core theorem of differential calculus. It’s an important tool for studying functions, and a bridge between functions and derivatives. This paper briefly reviews the mean value theorem for differentiation. The Lagrange mean value theorem is the core, Rolle theorem is a special case, and the Cauchy theorem is an extension. It’s the foundation of calculus theory and crucial for function research. The paper introduces the specific contents, proof methods, and applicable examples of these theorems. This paper also discusses their inverse problems with proofs. The mean value theorem has a profound impact on academic development, laying the foundation, promoting analysis, and expanding the research field. The theorem can be applied not only in functional analysis but also in biomathematics. It also nurtures scientific thinking, provides problem-solving ideas, and stimulates innovation. Finally, it’s hoped that its application fields will expand, not just in math but also in other disciplines.

Agriculture High-Quality Development and Nutrition

Modern Agricultural production wants to efficiently produce plant products and benefits to meet people's needs. However, because of better plant species and varieties, overuse of fertilizer and overdose of pesticide alters the plant resources relationship, resulting in soil degradation, vegetation decline, and crop failure or waste of resources, which influence the quality of fruit and benefit and are unfavorable for the sustainable utilization of nature resources and crops high-quality development. After a couple of years of study, the results showed that Agricultural development went into agricultural high-quality development in 2017, which is to use effective measures or methods to maximize yield and benefits and meet the need of people's need for better Agricultural produce and a better life. The theory foundation of the sustainable utilization of natural resources and Agriculture high-quality production is the resources use limit by plants, vegetation carrying capacity, and critical period of plant resources relationship regulation. The methods of Agriculture high-quality development are to select excellent plant species or varieties based on site conditions and market needs before planting crop young plants and sowing seeds, adopt appropriate initial planting density when planting crop young plants and sowing seeds, and regulate the relationship between plant growth and resources need in the process of crop production in a timely and appropriate amount, especially the chemical fertilizer and pesticide to obtain the maximum yield and benefits and realize the sustainable utilization of natural resources and achieve agricultural high-quality development.

Research on the Construction and Development of Aesthetic Education Bases in Higher Education Institutions

In order to implement the national aesthetic education policy, it is essential to organically integrate relevant aesthetic education resources, promote interdisciplinary education, and carry out extracurricular practical activities centered on aesthetic education. Strengthening the foundation of aesthetic education theory, addressing practical challenges in the teaching process, and closely linking research with teaching will create a feedback loop that benefits drama education. This article provides an in-depth analysis of the construction strategies, resource advantages and disadvantages, and development of aesthetic education bases, offering countermeasures and suggestions for their construction in universities. It aims to provide a solid research foundation for the growth and development of aesthetic education bases in higher education institutions.

Structural inequality and the protectorate of discrimination law

This article asks whether discrimination law should be symmetrical: whether it should offer the same level of protection to dominant and dominated groups. It articulates a structural inequality theory of the moral foundations of discrimination law and defends it against prominent alternatives, such as the view that discrimination is wrong because it is irrational or disrespectful. The paper then argues that while direct discrimination is symmetrical, indirect discrimination is asymmetrical. It cannot be claimed by those – men, or white persons – who are not at the sharp end of structural inequality. Furthermore, even dominated groups cannot claim to be indirectly discriminated against by just any law that has a disparate impact on them. If the structural inequality view is correct, the protectorate of discrimination law is not as extensive as is commonly assumed.

Navigating Societal Stressors Through Yoga in Korea

Modernization in Korea has led to increased psychological tension driven by changes in societal expectations and social norms. The current study explores the role of yoga in promoting stress-related growth in response to psychological stress and trauma within Korean society. We adopted interpretive phenomenological analysis to explore the lived experiences of 12 adults who practiced yoga regularly through in-depth interviews. Reflexive engagement with the data led to the development of the following themes: a) societal stressors in Korea, b) emotional regulation through the mind-body connection, c) self-care and d) manifestation in other dimensions of life. Building on the theoretical foundation of cognitive appraisal theory, our findings revealed that yoga facilitated a shift in perceptions and ability to manage stress by cultivating mindfulness. This research highlights the multifaceted dynamics of yoga in managing societal expectations in Korea and emphasizes its potential to promote psychological well-being and stress-related growth.

Effective modeling of open quantum systems by low-rank discretization of structured environments.

The accurate description of the interaction of a quantum system with its environment is a challenging problem ubiquitous across all areas of physics and lies at the foundation of quantum mechanics theory. Here, we pioneer a new strategy to create discrete low-rank models of the system-environment interaction, by exploiting the frequency and time domain information encoded in the fluctuation-dissipation relation connecting the system-bath correlation function and the spectral density. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our methodology by combining it with tensor-network methodologies and simulating the quantum dynamics of complex excitonic systems in a highly structured bosonic environment. The new modeling framework sets the basis for a leap in the analysis of open quantum systems, providing controlled accuracy at significantly reduced computational costs, with benefits in all connected research areas.

A Multilevel, Emergent Journey to Unpack Team Process Dynamics

In this essay, I reflect on my journey as a scientist endeavoring to unpack team processes and effectiveness, offering observations, learning points, and insights I gained along the way. I have organized my journey into three phases; (1) developing multilevel theory as a set of meta-theoretical principles that provide a foundation for theory and research on team processes and effectiveness, (2) substantive theory and research focused on learning, regulation processes, development, adaptation and team leadership, and (3) process theorizing, team dynamics, and computational theorizing and modeling. I close with some recommendations for advancing the science of team process dynamics and effectiveness.

A Study on Benjamin’s Theory of Translation

Walter Benjamin is one of the most creative and important critics of the early 20th century, and his work “The Task of Translation” stands as one of the most influential translation theories. It has greatly influenced the traditional notions of faithfulness and the “original language first” principle, laying the theoretical foundation for deconstructionist translation theory.

Loop corrections versus marginal deformations in celestial holography

Four-dimensional all-loop amplitudes in quantum electrodynamics and gravity exhibit universal IR singularities with a factorization structure. This structure is governed by tree amplitudes and a universal IR-divergent factor representing the exchange of soft particles between external lines. This Letter offers a precise dual interpretation of these universal IR-divergent factors within celestial holography. Considering the tree amplitude as the foundation of the celestial conformal field theory (CCFT), these universal factors correspond to marginal deformations with a construction in the CCFT. Remarkably, a novel geometric representation of these deformations through topological gauging provides an exact description of transitions within bulk vacuum moduli spaces which extends the celestial holography beyond the perturbative level. Our findings establish a concrete dictionary for celestial holography and offer a holographic lens to understand loop corrections in scattering amplitudes. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

The Creative Awareness Theory: A Grounded Theory Study of Inherent Self-Regulation in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine why and how adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) experience variable impairment and identify the processes and strategies adults with ADHD use to develop positive self-regulation skills. Methods: A mixed cohort of 11 participants (6 female and 5 male) from a university, an adult ADHD clinic and an ADHD support group in the UK were interviewed online between September 2021 and February 2022. Data were collected and analysed simultaneously, inspired by a constructivist grounded theory methodology. Results: Participants described a “polar awareness of difference” from others in terms of engagement and ADHD characteristics, and a “polar awareness of consciousness” experienced as the states of chaotic attention and hyperfocus, both of which impact core perceptions of self. Using an infinity paradigm, the results demonstrate unskilled attempts to self-regulate within and between these states using self-absorption or self-transcendence strategies, including their inherent challenges and energetic cost. Our results further indicate that at the centre of this dynamic paradigm, creative awareness strategies exist, which exemplify polarity awareness and the regulation of that awareness supported by an authentic inner compass (AIC). Conclusions: This paper presents the empirical foundation for the ADHD Creative Awareness Theory (CAT)—a new theory for understanding the experience of ADHD consciousness and environmental engagement. Practical implications are explored, and recommendations include use of the CAT as a framework for understanding and development of inherent self-regulation skills for adults with ADHD.

Metatheoretical Foundations of Educational Theory. Selected Aspects

This article presents metatheoretical analyses. Their subject is educational theory, while the aim is to formulate descriptive metatheoretical remarks on selected aspects of the functioning of educational theory as a sub-discipline of pedagogical science. To that end, the article provides terminological, definitional, historical and functional considerations regarding the metatheory and theory of education. In particular, it addresses the difficulties in defining educational theory, its normative and descriptive character and its dependence on worldview and ideological factors.