Forward Extraction Research Articles

Protein Extraction from Grape Seeds by Reverse Micelles: Optimization of the Forward Extraction

The optimization of the reverse micelles extraction of protein from grape seeds was carried out using response surface methodology (RSM). Based on the Plackett-Burman design and steepest ascent, CTAB concentration, pH, NaCl concentration and crude protein concentration were selected as the most extract conditions. Subsequently, the optimum combination of the selected factors was investigated by the Box-Behnken design. The final condition of extraction optimized with RSM was CTAB concentration 39 mmol/L, pH 5.6, NaCl concentration 0.01 mol/L, and crude protein concentration 2.1 mg/mL. The forward extraction yield of 82.3% in triplicate under optimal extraction condition was obtained.

Forward Velocity Extraction From UAV Raw SAR Data Based on Adaptive Notch Filtering

Forward velocity extraction is a very important process for obtaining a high-quality unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image. Because of the constraints of low flying altitude and small platform size, the flight path of the UAV is easily disturbed by the atmospheric turbulence. The complex motion error of the UAV's flight path makes the forward velocity difficult to be extracted from raw SAR data. To address this problem, an adaptive notch filtering (ANF)-based approach for forward velocity extraction is proposed. Based on the kinetic characteristics of the UAV, the variation of Doppler centroid frequency is analyzed and exploited to remove most components of the cross-track acceleration in the low-frequency range. Then, by regarding the forward velocity component as a narrow-band component, ANF processing is employed to extract it from the estimated Doppler rate. Comparing with the methods reported in the literature, the ANF method can achieve higher accuracy and efficiency due to its excellent notching performance and strong suppression for narrow-band signals. Promising results from raw data experiments are presented to demonstrate the validity and superiority of the proposed method.

High extraction ability and selectivity of a tripodal pivalamide derivative for Pt(IV) from hydrochloric acid solutions

ABSTRACTSecondary pivalamide derivatives of the tripodal compound and the corresponding monopodal analogue have been prepared and these extraction and separation ability for platinum group metals from base metals in chloride media have been studied. The extractability of Pt(IV) with the tripodal extractant was extremely higher than that with the corresponding monopodal one. The extraction equilibrium equation of Pt(II) with the tripodal extractant was determined from slope analysis. To separate Pt(IV) and Pd(II) over base metals, the forward extraction in the metal coexisting system and the stripping from the metal loaded organic phase were carried out.

Primary recovery of miraculin from miracle fruit, Synsepalum dulcificum by AOT reverse micellar system

Miracle fruit, Synsepalum dulcificum, contains a glycoprotein known as miraculin. After consuming this glycoprotein, sour foods taste sweet and the effect lasts for up to 4 h. With increasing demand for natural and “low-calorie” sweeteners, the use of miraculin as an additive is increasing enormously in the food, medicine and cosmetic industries. In this study, we used reverse micelles formed from a sodium di (2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT)/isooctane system to purify miraculin from S. dulcificum. We studied factors affecting purification performance, such as surfactant (AOT) concentration and the pH of the crude during forward extraction. During backward extraction, we examined the effects of NaCl concentration, the pH of the aqueous phase and addition of isopropanol. We found that 0.1 mol/L AOT/isooctane solution mixed with crude extract at pH 8 during the forward extraction stage and 0.5 mol/L NaCl solution at pH 11 during the backward stripping stage were optimal purification conditions, from which 22% miraculin was recovered with a purity of 94.8%.

Studies on Extraction Behaviour of Reserpineduring Reverse Micellar Extraction fromRauwolfia Vomitoria

Reserpine a well known phytochemical molecule found in the dried roots of plants such as Rauwolfia Serpentina and Rauwolfia Vomitoria. It is a hypertension drug molecule used in drug formulation. Reserpine ranks as one of the most complex natural product of its size and contains 21 skeletal atoms compactly arranged in five rings. The stereo chemical complexity and biological significance of Reserpine have made it a fascinating target for evaluation of new strategies that are conceived upon emergence of new methods for processing, since the conventional methods of extraction like HPLC, two phase extraction are not economical and efficient. Reverse micellar extraction, a novel method for separation of natural drug molecule has been explored for the purpose based on its success in isolating and separating other bio molecules like matrine and enzymes. Reverse micellar extraction adopts micro emulsions as a media of separation. The present work focuses on use of micro emulsions to enhance the rate of separation and extract Reserpine. The extraction behavior of Reserpine was investigated using reverse micellar extraction. It is found that during the forward extraction fractions of the Reserpine did not vary considerably with an increase in Aerosol OT concentration in the organic phase. However the backward extraction of Reserpine increased by 13% with increasing in concentration of cyclohexane in the stripping aqueous phase. The concentration of Reserpine obtained was analyzed in a UV-Vis spectrophotometer.

Kinetics of gadolinium extraction with D2EHPA and Cyanex301 using single drop column

The extraction kinetics of Gd(III) from the nitric acid medium using bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) dithiophosphinic acid (Cyanex301) and 2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) in kerosene solution were measured by the single drop technique. The influences of hydrogen ion concentration, gadolinium ion concentration, extractant concentration, column height, and nozzle diameter on the extraction rate were investigated. The forward rate equations for the gadolinium extraction with D2EHPA and Cyanex301 were obtained. Based on the experimental results, the forward extraction rate constant was calculated. With the increase of D2EHPA or Cyanex301 concentration, the drop rising diameter and the value of interfacial tension decrease in the studied system, which shows that D2EHPA or Cyanex301 has interfacial activity as a kind of surfactant. Also, the droplet diameter and interfacial tension decrease with the increase of aqueous solution acidity. The experimental results show that the D2EHPA extractant provides faster extraction rate in comparison with Cyanex301 extractant, and it would be useful in industrial continuous extraction process.

アクチノイドと核分裂生成物の一括抽出および逆抽出による相互分離を基礎とする単サイクルプロセスの検討

アクチノイドと核分裂生成物の一括抽出および逆抽出による相互分離を基礎とする単サイクルプロセスの検討

Extraction Kinetics of Phosphoric Acid from the Phosphoric Acid—Calcium Chloride Solution by Tri-n-butyl Phosphate

The design and enlargement of extraction equipment require kinetic data on the extraction system. In this study, the extraction kinetics of phosphoric acid from the phosphoric acid—calcium chloride solution by tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP) was investigated using a constant-interfacial-area cell with laminar flow. The extracted complexes were demonstrated to be H3PO4·TBP, H3PO4·2TBP, and H3PO4·3TBP by equilibrium studies. The effects of stirring speed, temperature, and interfacial area on the extraction rate were investigated. The results indicate that the extraction process is under mixed control by the extraction reaction at the interface and the diffusion of the reactant in the aqueous phase. The extraction rate is first-order with respect to H3PO4 and TBP with a rate constant of 10–5.34 L·mol–1·s–1. A mixed-control regime model is proposed. The forward extraction rate constant and the diffusion coefficient of the reactant in the aqueous phase were calculated to be 6.86 × 10–6 and 6.47 × 10–5 L·mol–1·s–1, respectively.

Relationship between chemical structure and extraction efficiency toward palladium with ketonic derivatives of p-tert-octylcalix[4]arene in nitric acid media

A p-tert-octylcalix[4]arene derivative with four phenyl ketonic side arms has been synthesized as a solvent extraction reagent for precious metal ions in order to compare the extraction behavior with that of the corresponding methyl ketonic derivative of p-tert-octylcalix[4]arene in nitric acid media. The extraction efficiency of the phenyl ketonic derivative for palladium was superior to that of the methyl ketonic one over the whole nitric acid concentration range. Silver and platinum were also moderately extracted by the phenyl ketonic derivative in low nitric acid concentration. The results demonstrated that the extraction behavior of the ligands towards precious metals is related to several structural factors, such as the flexibility of the side arms, the electric charge on the carbonyl oxygen atoms and the lipophilic properties. This work also determined the extraction mechanism of palladium with the phenyl ketonic derivative of p-tert-octylcalix[4]arene based on slope analysis and the peak shift for the FT-IR spectra of the ligand before and after the metal loading. Stripping from the organic phase after forward extraction was performed to separate palladium and silver.

Removal and Recovery of Acid Azo Dyes by Solvent Extraction using Cetyltrimethylammonium Chloride

Synthetic organic dyes contained in industrial effluents should be removed to avoid health hazards and destruction of the ecosystem. In this study, the extraction of acidic azo dyes to cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC)/1-hexanol/isooctane solution was investigated. It was found that acidic dyes were extracted to the organic solution by electrostatic interaction between sulfo group of dyes and CTAC. The extraction ratio of dyes increased with an increase in CTAC concentration and with a decrease in NaCl concentration, and generally was not affected by dye concentration and pH. The extraction of acidic dyes by CTAC was explained by ion-exchange mechanism and the extraction equilibrium constants were estimated from the experimental data. AR13 and AR27 extracted to CTAC organic solution were recovered into stripping solution of high NaCl concentration, and AO52 was recovered into that of low pH. There was no deterioration of the forward and backward extraction behavior by the reused CTAC organic solution.

Extraction kinetics of niobium by tertiary amine N235 using Lewis cell

The kinetics of the forward extraction of NbO(C2O4)33− by N235 was investigated using a Lewis cell. Different parameters such as the niobium concentration, oxalic acid concentration, hydrogen ion concentration, and R3N concentration, as well as extracting temperature were studied separately to examine their effect on the extraction rate of NbO(C2O4)33−, and a rate equation was deduced based on the analysis. The experimental results demonstrate that the rate of NbO(C2O4)33− extraction is controlled by a chemical reaction at the interface rather than in the bulk phase. Further analysis suggests that the NbO(C2O4)33− extraction rate is first order with respect to hydrogen ion concentration, niobium concentration, and R3N concentration, and zero order with respect to oxalic acid concentration. The mechanism of NbO(C2O4)33− extraction is controlled by the slow distribution of the R3NH+ at the interface to form NbO(C2O4)3⋅R3NH2− between the liquid phase and the interface.

Separation of Peanut Protein by Reverse Micelles: Optimization of the Forward Extraction

Bis(2-ethylhexyl) sodium sulfosuccinate (AOT) reverse micelles were applied to extract the protein from peanut cake. In this study, the effect of temperature, amounts of peanut cake flour, particle size of peanut cake flour, pH, water content (W0), KCl concentration and time on the forward extraction efficiency of peanut protein were investigated. The main influencing factors were optimized using a three-factor five-level quadratic general rotary unitized (QGRU) in order to effectively extract protein, and the interactions among main factors were determined. After statistical analysis and process optimization, the results showed that the highest forward extraction efficiency of peanut protein achieved 88.12% under pH 7, W0 18 and KCl concentration 0.05 M. Practical Applications Reverse micelle is a novel bioseparation method, and can simultaneously separate the oil and proteins from oil crops. The knowledge provided by this work may promote the application of reverse micelles in the food industry.

Reverse micellar extraction of lectin from black turtle bean (Phaseolus vulgaris): Optimisation of extraction conditions by response surface methodology

Lectin from black turtle bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) was extracted and purified by reverse micellar extraction (RME) method. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimise the processing parameters for both forward and backward extraction. Hemagglutinating activity analysis, SDS–PAGE, RP-HPLC and FTIR techniques were used to characterise the lectin. The optimum extraction conditions were determined as 77.59mM NaCl, pH 5.65, AOT 127.44mM sodium bis (2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT) for the forward extraction; and 592.97mM KCl, pH 8.01 for the backward extraction. The yield was 63.21±2.35mg protein/g bean meal with a purification factor of 8.81±0.17. The efficiency of RME was confirmed by SDS–PAGE and RP-HPLC, respectively. FTIR analysis indicated there were no significant changes in the secondary protein structure. Comparison with conventional chromatographic method confirmed that the RME method could be used for the purification of lectin from the crude extract.

Kinetics of Forward Extraction of Boric Acid from Salt Lake Brine by 2-Ethyl-1,3-hexanediol in Toluene Using Single Drop Technique

The kinetics of forward extraction of boric acid from salt lake brine by 2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol in toluene was investigated using the single drop technique. The factors affecting the extraction rate include interfacial area between aqueous phase and organic phase, initial concentration of boric acid in aqueous phase, initial concentration of 2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol in organic phase, and extraction temperature. The experimental results show that the extraction rate increases with the increase of the initial concentration of boric acid and 2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol, interfacial area of two phases, and temperature. With the temperature-dependence study, it is showed that the extraction is a diffusion-controlled process. The kinetic equation is presented for pH 1.0 in the aqueous phase and temperature of 318 K.

A new method of extraction of amoxicillin using mixed reverse micelles

A completely new method of extraction of amoxicillin using solubilisation by mixed reverse micelles was proposed and the optimal conditions for the process were found. Mixed AOT-TWEEN 85 reverse micelles were used for the first time as a new approach for extraction of amoxicillin. The effects of different process variables such as AOT-TWEEN 85 molar fractions, total surfactant concentration, pH of aqueous feed solution and potassium chloride concentration during forward extraction; stripping aqueous phase pH, potassium chloride (KCl) concentration and extraction time during backward extraction were investigated and the optimal conditions were found for all mentioned parameters. With the aid of response surface methodology, the optimum conditions for forward extraction are identified as (i) 5.5:1 molar ratio of AOT/TWEEN 85, (ii) total surfactant concentration 102.57g/L, (ii) pH 1.90, and (vi) KCl concentration 8.54g/L. The percentage of amoxicillin solubilised in isooctane was 95.54% under these optimal conditions. On the other hand, the optimum conditions for backward extraction are identified as (i) stripping aqueous phase pH 6.58, (ii) KCl concentration 11.02g/L, and (iii) extraction time 15min. Under these optimal conditions, the percentage of amoxicillin recovered was 90.79%. AOT/TWEEN 85 mixed surfactant system shows a significant advantage of saving the amount of surfactant for forward extraction. The addition of non-ionic surfactant helps to preserve natural function/activity of antibiotics as compared with a pure AOT surfactant used. The optimum conditions were also found for a backward recovery of amoxicillin.

Process optimization for reverse micellar extraction of stem bromelain with a focus on back extraction

In the current study, reverse micellar extraction (RME) for the purification of stem bromelain was successfully achieved using the sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT)/isooctane system. A maximum forward extraction efficiency of 58.0% was obtained at 100 mM AOT concentration, aqueous phase pH of 8.0 and 0.2 M NaCl. Back extraction studies on altering stripping phase pH and KCl concentration, addition of counter-ion and iso-propyl alcohol (IPA) and mechanical agitation with glass beads indicated that IPA addition and agitation with glass beads have significant effects on extraction efficiency. The protein extraction was higher (51.9%) in case of the IPA (10% v/v) added system during back extraction as compared to a cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (100 mM) added system (9.42%). The central composite design technique was used to optimize the back extraction conditions further. Concentration of IPA, amount of glass beads, mixing time, and agitation speed (in rpm) were the variables selected. IPA concentration of 8.5% (v/v), glass bead concentration of 0.6 (w/v), and mixing time of 45 min at 400 rpm resulted in higher back extraction efficiency of 45.6% and activity recovery of 88.8% with purification of 3.04-fold. The study indicated that mechanical agitation using glass beads could be used for destabilizing the reverse micelles and release of bromelain back into the fresh aqueous phase.

Extraction and physicochemical properties of soya bean protein and oil by a new reverse micelle system compared with other extraction methods

SummaryReverse micelle extraction is a novel technology for the separation of plant components such as proteins and oil. In this study, sodium bis(2‐ethylhexyl) sulphosuccinate (AOT) reverse micelle system and AOT/Tween 85 reverse micelle system were used to extract soya bean protein and oil from soya bean flour. The physicochemical properties of the protein and oil extracted were investigated and compared with traditional extraction methods. The results showed that the efficiency of forward extraction of soya bean protein using an AOT/Tween 85 reverse micelle system was superior to that using an AOT reverse micelle system at the optimal extraction conditions. In addition, soya bean proteins extracted using reverse micelle extraction had no unordered structure under Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The acid and peroxide values of oil products from two reverse micelle extractions were lower than that from immersion. The results indicated that AOT/Tween 85 reverse micelle system is effective in extracting soya bean protein and oil.

Extraction of tea polysaccharides (TPS) using anionic reverse micellar system

Reverse micelles extraction technology are efficient and economical alternative for extraction of bioactive molecules due to its high selectivity, fast mass transfer and relatively low cost. In this study, AOT can form wide range of reverse micellar core sizes in organic phase, which has been used to extract tea polysaccharides (TPS) in AOT/heptane reverse micellar system. Process conditions were optimized by pH, types and concentration of salts, types and concentration of alcohols. Chaotropes (GuHCl and urea) were used to improve extraction yield of tea polysaccharides in the system. In forward extraction, low concentration of GuHCl in this AOT/heptane system may influence the TPS structure and suppress its aggregation formation and promote its solubilization into the water cores. Under optimal conditions (pH 4.6, 0.05molL−1 NaCl, 7% [v/v] methanol and 0.06molL−1 GuHCl), the forward extraction recovery reached 34%. In backward extraction, 100% of backward recovery was achieved by adding GuHCl or urea.

Kinetics of Forward Extraction of V(IV) in V(IV)‐SO42−(H+, Na+)‐Cyanex 301–Kerosene System Using the Lewis Cell Technique

ABSTRACTKinetics of the extraction of V(IV) from acidic sulfate medium by Cyanex 301 dissolved in kerosene has been investigated using a constant interfacial area stirred cell with laminar flow (Lewis cell). Reaction orders with respect to different concentration terms, rate constant, activation energy, entropy change in activation, and the enthalpy change in activation have been measured at a phase circulation speed of 3 Hz. The rate equation at 293 K is F (kmol/m2s) = 10−7.02 (1 + 0.025[V(IV)]−1)−1 (1 + 398[H+])−1 (1 + 0.10 [HA]o−1)−1 (1 + 3.16 [SO42−]). Based on the experimental results, the mechanism of extraction has been proposed.

Optimization of Extraction of Bioactive Material-Polysaccharides from the Roots of <i>Taraxacum mongolicum</i> by Box-Behnken Experimental Design

Dandelion (Taraxacum spp) is an medical active materials used in many traditional and modern herbal medical systems, its polysaccharides have many bioactivities. Taraxacum mongolicum is one of the most widely consumed as Chinese herbal medicine and root tea in Changbai Mountains area, Northeast China. In this study, a procedure for the extraction of polysaccharides from the root of T mongolicum(TMRPS) was established. Based on single-variable tests experiment to determine the ranges of the extraction parameters (extraction temperature (X1), extraction time (X2), and ratio of solvent to raw material (X3)), response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize for these extraction parameters (X1, X2, X3) enhancing the forward extraction efficiency of TMRPS by a three-level three-variable Box-Behnken experimental design. The results showed that the ranges of the extraction parameters were determined as 60°C-80°C(X1),1h-3h (X2),20-40(v/m)(X3) by single-variable tests and the maximal yield (9.01%) of TMRPS was reached at extraction temperature 70.2°C, extraction time 1.79 h and ratio of solvent to raw material 28.0 (v):1 (m). Convenient for experiment, appropriate readjustment of these extraction parameters was made. Under these readjusted conditions, the mean extraction yield of TMRPS was 8.85%, which was near to theoretical calculation and indicates that these results were agree closely with model predictions.