Abstract
A completely new method of extraction of amoxicillin using solubilisation by mixed reverse micelles was proposed and the optimal conditions for the process were found. Mixed AOT-TWEEN 85 reverse micelles were used for the first time as a new approach for extraction of amoxicillin. The effects of different process variables such as AOT-TWEEN 85 molar fractions, total surfactant concentration, pH of aqueous feed solution and potassium chloride concentration during forward extraction; stripping aqueous phase pH, potassium chloride (KCl) concentration and extraction time during backward extraction were investigated and the optimal conditions were found for all mentioned parameters. With the aid of response surface methodology, the optimum conditions for forward extraction are identified as (i) 5.5:1 molar ratio of AOT/TWEEN 85, (ii) total surfactant concentration 102.57g/L, (ii) pH 1.90, and (vi) KCl concentration 8.54g/L. The percentage of amoxicillin solubilised in isooctane was 95.54% under these optimal conditions. On the other hand, the optimum conditions for backward extraction are identified as (i) stripping aqueous phase pH 6.58, (ii) KCl concentration 11.02g/L, and (iii) extraction time 15min. Under these optimal conditions, the percentage of amoxicillin recovered was 90.79%. AOT/TWEEN 85 mixed surfactant system shows a significant advantage of saving the amount of surfactant for forward extraction. The addition of non-ionic surfactant helps to preserve natural function/activity of antibiotics as compared with a pure AOT surfactant used. The optimum conditions were also found for a backward recovery of amoxicillin.
Highlights
During backward extraction using an anionic AOT surfactant-based reversed micelle, the aqueous phase pH should be elevated above the pI to recover the amoxicillin in backward extraction process. It is the reason why we investigated below the influence of pH on the backward extraction of amoxicillin using the mixed micellar system under consideration
We investigated influence of added alcohol on backward extraction of amoxicillin using mixed AOT/TWEEN 85 system. 5% v/v hexanol was added into aqueous solution with 10 g/L KCl at different pH
Experimental results showed that mixed surfactant system gives better forward extraction efficiency compared to single AOT or TWEEN 85 systems
Summary
S.C. Chuo et al / Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects 460 (2014) 137–144 by Gram-positive and many Gram-negative [1]. Aspects 460 (2014) 137–144 by Gram-positive and many Gram-negative [1] It is regularly combined with -lactamase inhibitor Clavulanic Acid for oral antibacterial medicine and better protection against infections of intra-abdominal [2]. Amoxicillin is presently produced through a chemical coupling process by using a lactam nucleus and appropriate acyl donors. Chemical coupling of amoxicillin involves the reaction of an amino -lactam such as 6aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA) usually having its carboxyl group protected with an activated side-chain derivative, where the protecting group is removed through hydrolysis [3]
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