Forms Of Social Interaction Research Articles

Islands of Encounter: A Reflection on the Place of Psychoanalysis

ABSTRACTWhat is an encounter? What is an island? How can discourses on islands speak to our understanding of the place of practice and the placing of affect in the psychoanalytic encounter? Using notions of the island in philosophy and Caribbean Studies, this essay offers a brief reflection on the psychoanalytic encounter as an islanded field of interaction. The psychoanalytic frame islands analyst and analysand, setting the experience in the consulting room off as different from other forms of social interaction. But this is a dyadic island in an archipelago of relations, where overlapping and interlapping waves of relation keep shifting the frame.

Social Defeat Stress, Sex, and Addiction-Like Behaviors.

Social confrontation is a form of social interaction in animals where two conspecific individuals confront each other in dispute over territory, during the formation of hierarchies, and during breeding seasons. Typically, a social confrontation involves a prevailing individual and a yielding individual. The prevailing individual often exhibits aggressive postures and launches attacks, whereas the yielding individual often adopts postures of defeat. The yielding or defeated animals experience a phenomenon known as social defeat stress, in which they show exaggerated stress as well as autonomic and endocrine responses that cause impairment of both the brain and body. In laboratory settings, one can reliably generate social defeat stress by allowing a naïve (or already defeated) animal to intrude into a home cage in which its resident has already established a territory or is nursing. This resident-intruder paradigm has been widely used in both males and females to study mechanisms in the brain that underlie the stress responses. Stress has profound effects on drug reward for cocaine, methamphetamine, alcohol, and opioids. Particularly, previous experiences with social defeat can exaggerate subsequent addiction-like behaviors. The extent of these addiction-like behaviors depends on the intensity, duration, frequency, and intermittency of the confrontation episodes. This chapter describes four types of social defeat stress: acute, repeated, intermittent, and chronic. Specifically, it focuses on social defeat stress models used in laboratories to study individual, sex, and animal strain differences in addiction-like behaviors.

СОЦІАЛЬНА ВЗАЄМОДІЯ І ВІДНОСИНИ ІНДИВІДІВ У СКЛАДІ ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ

The purpose of the article is to reveal technology as a human activity in which people engage in such interaction with each other and build such relationships and social ties that are mediated by technical means and ensures success in the process of realizing a common goal. To overcome the limitations of narrowly specialized ideas about technology, the research is based on the scientific methods and theoretical principles of social philosophy. This approach allows us to understand technology as a universal principle of social practice, not just production. The need for a philosophical reflection of the immanent connection that exists between technology and sociality is proved by the author. Therefore, the author offers understanding of technology as unity of scientific and technical means and forms of social interactions in subjective practice and objectification human intentions and goals. The results of such research contribute to the establishment of the scientific and theoretical foundations of the practice of management of innovations and technologies with the purpose of conscious humanistic direction of scientific and technological progress.

The importance of social interaction activities in the teaching-learning process of English as a Foreign Language

Este estudo foi realizado em uma escola estadual de Goiânia, em Goiás, Brasil, com quinze alunos de um grupo de terceiro ano do ensino médio, em 2014. As principais ideias que conduziram este estudo giram em torno da importância da interação no processo de ensino-aprendizagem de língua inglesa, a presença do outro e autonomia/autorregulação dos alunos. A base teórica da pesquisa provém do dialogismo bakhtiniano (BAKHTIN, 1993, 2003; BARROS, 1997; BRAIT, 2005), do sociointeracionismo vigotskiano (VYGOTSKY, 1978; MOLL, 1990; LANTOLF; APPEL, 1994; REGO, 1995) e dos pensamentos freireanos (FREIRE, 1996, 2005) que dizem respeito ao posicionamento dos estudantes como agentes de sua própria aprendizagem. Os objetivos gerais foram: averiguar as percepções dos aprendizes-participantes em relação ao processo de ensino-aprendizagem de inglês, antes e depois das intervenções; observar como diferentes formas de interação social (P-A, P-As, A-P, A-A, As-As, As-P) podem interferir em aulas de inglês de um grupo do terceiro ano de uma escola estadual; e descrever como a professora-pesquisadora percebe a experiência de ensinar inglês com seu foco voltado para a interação social. A metodologia usada é a pesquisa-ação qualitativa (THIOLLENT, 1986; ENGEL, 2000; MELLO; REES, 2011) e os instrumentos utilizados para gerar os dados foram questionários, notas de campo e entrevistas. Os resultados mostram que os alunos puderam perceber o inglês como língua possível de ser apropriada por eles, usada para comunicar, e também puderam reconhecer a importância do outro no processo de ensino-aprendizagem. Ademais, a professora-pesquisadora pôde perceber que aulas interativas e efetivas foram possíveis naquela escola pública.

Le libre arbitre artificiel : expérimentations sur la patience et l’impatience des robots

ObjectiveThis article describes experimentation on intuitive social interactions with Japanese anthropomorphic robots. MethodThe article starts from descriptions of observations of interactions between humans and robots in the laboratory, mainly based on the expectations of researchers and those of robots. ResultsThis study describes the importance of certain pacificatory movements or behaviors linked to stress, based on the translation into acts of sensorimotor, corporeal or gestural invariants, such as tics or disturbed behaviors, resembling an association of unconscious physical and psychological signs and symptoms in the robots. DiscussionWhile the face-to-face between humans is a type of interaction that has been widely studied, how should we view the conditions of emergence of certain forms of social interactions with anthropomorphic robots? ConclusionIt is noted that without potential intentionality or the ability to simulate a certain form of free will or awareness, it is unlikely that social robots will be able to enter into an intersubjective relationship.

Fashionable Diseases in Georgian Bath: Fiction and the Emergence of a British Model of Spa Sociability

AbstractPublished at different times, Christopher Anstey's The New Bath Guide (1766), Tobias Smollett's The Expedition of Humphry Clinker (1771) and Jane Austen's Persuasion (1818) testify to the emergence of new forms of social interaction, particularly on display in spas. Their apprehension of the role of illness, a major agent of sociability in Bath, varies considerably. This essay interrogates the function of fashionable diseases in three literary genres: the satirical epistle, the epistolary novel and the novel of sensibility. Most particularly, it examines the way these genres negotiate the construction or the destruction of a specific model of spa sociability.

Event-related potentials during individual, cooperative, and competitive task performance differ in subjects with analytic vs. holistic thinking

It has been presented that Western cultures (USA, Western Europe) are mostly characterized by competitive forms of social interaction, whereas Eastern cultures (Japan, China, Russia) are mostly characterized by cooperative forms. It has also been stated that thinking in Eastern countries is predominantly holistic and in Western countries analytic. Based on this, we hypothesized that subjects with analytic vs. holistic thinking styles show differences in decision making in different types of social interaction conditions. We investigated behavioural and brain-activity differences between subjects with analytic and holistic thinking during a choice reaction time (ChRT) task, wherein the subjects either cooperated, competed (in pairs), or performed the task without interaction with other participants. Healthy Russian subjects (N=78) were divided into two groups based on having analytic or holistic thinking as determined with an established questionnaire. We measured reaction times as well as event-related brain potentials. There were significant differences between the interaction conditions in task performance between subjects with analytic and holistic thinking. Both behavioral performance and physiological measures exhibited higher variance in holistic than in analytic subjects. Differences in amplitude and P300 latency suggest that decision making was easier for the holistic subjects in the cooperation condition, in contrast to analytic subjects for whom decision making based on these measures seemed to be easier in the competition condition. The P300 amplitude was higher in the individual condition as compared with the collective conditions. Overall, our results support the notion that the brains of analytic and holistic subjects work differently in different types of social interaction conditions.

Россия в контексте пространственного развития: взгляд с периферии Ближнего Севера


 Анатолий Васильевич Дмитриев – член-корреспондент РАН, доктор философских наук, профессор, главный научный сотрудник, руководитель группы конфликтогенности миграции Отдела этнической социологии, Институт социологии РАН. Адрес: 117218, Москва, ул. Кржижановского, 24/35, к. 5, офис 107. Е-mail: mig@isras.ru
 Виктор Васильевич Воронов – доктор социологических наук, профессор, ведущий научный сотрудник Центра региональной социологии и конфликтологии, Институт социологии РАН. Адрес: 117218, Москва, ул. Кржижановского, 24/35, к. 5, офис 509; ведущий исследователь Центра социальных исследований Института гуманитарных и социальных наук, Даугавпилсский университет. Е-mail: viktor.voronov@du.lv
 Цитирование: Дмитриев А.В., Воронов В.В. (2017) Россия в контексте пространственного развития: взгляд с периферии Ближнего Севера // Мир России. Т. 26. № 4. С. 169–181. DOI: 10.17323/1811-038X-2017-26-4-169-181
 
 Более 15 лет в Мантуровском районе Костромской области развивается Угорский проект – объединение на основе Сообщества профессиональных социологов под руководством профессора Н.Е. Покровского и ведущих специалистов совместно с научной молодежью, представляющих разные отрасли социальных наук: демографию, социологию, социальную биологию, социальную географию, экономику и другие. В ходе полевых исследований, апробации их результатов на научно-практических конференциях, в преподавательской практике и публикациях участники проекта сформулировали обобщенную теоретическую модель («клеточная» глобализация) и эмпирическую методологию. Это позволило проводить комплексные междисциплинарные исследования разнородных процессов и явлений, характерных для российского социума Ближнего Севера, дать им научное объяснение и наметить возможные сценарии развития региона.В рецензии анализируются представленные в трех коллективных монографиях результаты комплексного междисциплинарного исследования большого коллектива ученых об особенностях пространственного развития периферийных территорий Ближнего Севера в европейской части России в различных аспектах: социально-экономическом, социально-географическом, экологическом, социокультурном и демографическом. Рассматриваются вопросы деградации («социальное опустынивание») сельских сообществ Нечерноземья вследствие резкого сжатия сельскохозяйственного производства и разрушения социально-экономической, социокультурной и административной инфраструктуры сельских поселений, которые порождают кризис идентичности и социальный пессимизм у местных жителей.Анализируются предложенные авторами для преодоления деградации сельских сообществ новые экономические паттерны, обладающие определенными инновационными характеристиками (очаговая сельскохозяйственная экономика, современное отходничество), новые социальные явления и формы взаимодействий (фрилансеры, удаленная работа, мобильная медицина и другое), а также возможности их развития в современных условиях.

Social Interaction of Street Vendor in Makassar, South Sulawesi Province

This study was conducted at Losari Beach Makassar South Sulawesi province with the objective to analyze the social interaction of the street vendor in Losari Beach, which is associative and dissociative.This research was a case study (case study) arguing that this research was specific to describe clearly the meaning of phenomena that occurs. This study also used naturalistic paradigm approach (qualitative) to analyze and to construct the street vendors as an actor directed social interaction to get data from the street vendors who are associative and dissociative based on empirical facts in Losari Beach Makassar. Data analysis was performed with data reduction that is focused on the election, simplification, abstract, and transformation of raw data from field notes, followed by the presentation of the data and drawing conclusions. Research showed that social interaction of the street vendor at Losari Beach, which is associative is manifested in the form of cooperation, accommodation and assimilation. Social interaction of the street vendor at Losari Beach, which is dissociative is a form of social interaction are embodied in social processes between individuals or groups of street vendors with buyers or consumers, between the vendors with coastal managers of Losari Beach. Social interaction dissociative includes competition, contention (conflict), and contravention. The social interaction that is dissociative at Losari Beach in the form of competition is a social process that arises as a result of price competition, the quality of goods or merchandise, cleanliness, and others to attract interested visitors or customers at Losari Beach. It can be said that social interaction is increasingly open to serve as a place of business that can provide economic benefits for street vendors (PKL) at Losari Beach in Makassar South Sulawesi province.

A Manifesto Against Failures of Understanding: Ian McEwan’s Atonement

ABSTRACTIn this article I will explore the ways in which Ian McEwan’s novel Atonement (2001) engages with contemporary scientific and philosophical theories of intersubjectivity. Recent cognitive and philosophical approaches to intersubjectivity deem as reductive an understanding of social interactions solely in terms of “theory of mind,” i.e., as inferential and observational processes, and provide instead a multilayered account of intersubjectivity incorporating the embodied and affective coupling between self and others (primary intersubjectivity), the capacity to participate in cooperative projects (secondary intersubjectivity), and narrative competences/practices. Through a close reading of how McEwan stages and reflects on the complex interplay between understanding and misunderstanding lying at the heart of social interaction, I will argue that Atonement can be read as a critique of complex forms of social interaction (including storytelling), advocating instead a reliance on embodied, affective, and collaborative forms of intersubjectivity.

Verdeckte Autorität. Moderne Gefühlsdynamiken

AbstractThe authors argue that modernity can be defined by a critique of political and social authority. Authority may be described as a form of power; it cannot be understood as an attribute of individuals, but as a form of social interaction, a clear model of which can be found in the relationship between teacher and student. Authority in this sense can be viewed as a way of giving and receiving orientation. It comes in degrees, as part of an ongoing social process of ascription, driven by emotional dynamics such as respect, esteem, admiration, fear and shame. Authority in the modern sense is not only less hierarchical than in the case of classical stereotypes, but also less dependent on traditional male images. The price paid by modern authority, however, is that it is a less visible form of authority, one that has little representation in the popular imagination.

Older, sociable capuchins (Cebus capucinus) invent more social behaviors, but younger monkeys innovate more in other contexts

An important extension to our understanding of evolutionary processes has been the discovery of the roles that individual and social learning play in creating recurring phenotypes on which selection can act. Cultural change occurs chiefly through invention of new behavioral variants combined with social transmission of the novel behaviors to new practitioners. Therefore, understanding what makes some individuals more likely to innovate and/or transmit new behaviors is critical for creating realistic models of culture change. The difficulty in identifying what behaviors qualify as new in wild animal populations has inhibited researchers from understanding the characteristics of behavioral innovations and innovators. Here, we present the findings of a long-term, systematic study of innovation (10 y, 10 groups, and 234 individuals) in wild capuchin monkeys (Cebus capucinus) in Lomas Barbudal, Costa Rica. Our methodology explicitly seeks novel behaviors, requiring their absence during the first 5 y of the study to qualify as novel in the second 5 y of the study. Only about 20% of 187 innovations identified were retained in innovators’ individual behavioral repertoires, and 22% were subsequently seen in other group members. Older, more social monkeys were more likely to invent new forms of social interaction, whereas younger monkeys were more likely to innovate in other behavioral domains (foraging, investigative, and self-directed behaviors). Sex and rank had little effect on innovative tendencies. Relative to apes, capuchins devote more of their innovations repertoire to investigative behaviors and social bonding behaviors and less to foraging and comfort behaviors.

Bind Us Apart: How Enlightened Americans Invented Racial Segregation

Nicholas Guyatt's argument in Bind Us Apart is at once simple and far-reaching: the principle of racial separation was originally devised not by enemies of equality after Reconstruction, but rather by friends of equality decades earlier as a means of limiting the practical consequences of egalitarianism. In elegant prose Guyatt traces the justifications for separation in abolitionist literature as well as in texts associated with the nation's management of Indian affairs. In both cases, he shows that early interest in complete integration of nonwhite populations into the political community ultimately gave way to strategies of exclusion. Guyatt's narrative toggles between accounts of slaves and those of native peoples, sometimes to successfully draw incisive parallels (for example, he notes that William Lloyd Garrison saw similarities in the plight of both populations and opposed removal for both), but occasionally in ways that are disruptive to the explication of central arguments. Guyatt does a wonderful job exploring what separation meant for liberals. To some, colonization presented the cleanest solution to the problem of a diversifying polity. Resettlement of slaves or Indians in new lands might ease the tension between constitutional principles and actual experience. Once out of mind, nonwhites would no longer threaten the ideal of self-governing equals. For others, who expected nonwhites to live among white Americans and be taught the ways of self-governance, proequality arguments could be accompanied by sharp denunciations of intermarriage, interbreeding, or other forms of social interaction. Presumably, a major goal of retreating to separationist rhetoric was to blunt a parade of horribles that opponents claimed might be unleashed by slavery's demise. More radical reform proposals, such as one that would have forcibly transported freed female slaves to northern states to promote race mixing, merely heightened fears that emancipation would destroy white civilization.

Software development to increase coping skills in adolescents

Non-suicidal self-injure behavior, depression and anxiety can be reduced by some variables as coping skills; for the treatment based on these skills is proposed the use of a software based on HyperText Markup Language, version 5 for different platforms as mobile systems and personal computers. The software is developed in the form of social interaction, in order to support the assimilation of these cognitive constructs in the adolescent population. Furthermore this program can be used as a teaching instrument for students of psychology which can facilitate understanding of skills and symptoms that the software takes into account. This article describes the development of coping skills enhancement software (SAHA Spanish acronym) based on traditional cognitive behavioral techniques for the reduction of negative thoughts and feelings, increased use of coping strategies focused on the problem, and reduction of thoughts related to Self-harm. The development takes into account review of cognitive behavioral therapy techniques, script, art design, programming, 3d modeling, edition, among other actions. As a result we obtained an application for the increase of coping skills that can be used in different operating systems.

Assessment of social sustainability: a comparative analysis

Sustainable development is a widely used term, which has been discussed thoroughly at environmental, economic and social levels. While prior researches were dominated initially by environmental issues and economic aspects, social dimension had less chance of study. Therefore, the goal of this study is to understand the physical and non-physical aspects of social sustainability and to assess its application in housing developments. In this research, a mixed method approach was used to assess social sustainability in different typologies of housing development. Two residential compounds and its surroundings were investigated. Morphological analysis for the research setting was conducted along with statistical analysis for the collected data from households. As a result, there was a salient difference between compound and its surroundings. This can be seen clearly in the case of serious trial to improve social sustainability represented by providing vital open spaces associated with a well-designed facility. This helps to create various forms of social interaction and boosts a sense of belonging which will affect positively on social sustainability. Meanwhile, poor design creates negative energy due to the absence of social sustainability parameters. So, there is a need to consider the role of social infrastructure in designing and planning residential development.

Опыт анализа дискурсивных практик как форм социального взаимодействия (на материале судебных телешоу)

Опыт анализа дискурсивных практик как форм социального взаимодействия (на материале судебных телешоу)

‘Facing’ Identity in a ‘Faceless’ Society: Physiognomy, Facial Appearance and Identity Perception in Eighteenth-Century London

English men and women confronted many new questions about the relationship between identity and appearance during the eighteenth century. How did the face reveal information about a person’s character, morality, health, class, gender, nationality and race? How should faces be perceived in forms of social interaction? Could appearances be trusted? Through analysis of physiognomic texts, urban literature, aesthetic treatises, conduct books and cosmetic manuals, this article examines the changing social and cultural meanings attached to the face, and developments in the ways contemporary authors advised it should be ‘read’ as a signifier of character, identity and social difference in eighteenth-century London.

Notas sobre as implicações psicossociais da violência na baixa prostituição feminina na cidade de Fortaleza/CE

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1807-1384.2017v14n1p176Este artigo visa problematizar as implicações psicossociais da violência na baixa prostituição na cidade de Fortaleza/CE, buscando analisar as dinâmicas da violência e identificar suas expressões psicossociais no cotidiano das prostitutas. As violências contra prostitutas encontram-se veladas no universo da violência de gênero, reproduzindo a lógica de silenciamento que envolve a violência contra a mulher mesmo ocorrendo comumente no espaço público. A pesquisa teve uma perspectiva etnográfica, contou com a participação de 7 interlocutoras formais e utilizou a Análise de Conteúdo como referência. As análises apontam que a dinâmica da baixa prostituição é atravessada pelos arranjos territoriais, estando os códigos e regras da zona de prostituição em constante disputa com o território. A violência articula-se como uma teia relacional que acaba por impedir o reconhecimento do outro (classe, gênero ou raça/etnia) mediante o uso da força física e/ou simbólica, minando as possibilidades de diálogo, por um lado, e criando outros códigos, formas de interação e performances sociais, por outro.

Counting the pennies: the cultural economy of charity shopping

ABSTRACTThe Understanding Everyday Participation – Articulating Cultural Values (UEP) project is grounded in the belief that the current system for the support of culture promotes and privileges certain practices and activities, tastes, relationships and competences and that, crucially, this system has effects that extend outside of the cultural domain to the economic, political and social spheres. In order to challenge this dominance, UEP sets out to explore the meanings and values people attach to their “everyday participation”, with the aim of re-evaluating current understandings of cultural participation and cultural value [Miles, A., & Gibson, L. (2016). Understanding everyday participation-articulating cultural values. Cultural Trends, 25(3), 151–157]. This article discusses UEP ethnographic research conducted within a charity shop in Manchester/ Salford. The charity shop is found to be a site fundamentally involved in the “cultural economy”, defined broadly to refer to the relations between the cultural and economic values of particular practices and institutions involved in cultural production and consumption. Existing research on consumption have understood the charity shop as a place of cultural consumption, for certain subcultures that make “clever” choices regarding their identities [Gregson, N., & Crewe, L. (2003). Second hand cultures. Oxford: Berg]. This article argues for an understanding of the charity shop as more than simply a place of consumption but as enmeshed within a set of relations between culture, economy and place which has effects in the social sphere. This research identifies a number of forms of participation, including consumption, but also extending to various production practices, and other forms of social interaction, which take place within and through the charity shop. We argue that these different types of participation are bound up in a positioning cultural system that categorises people, places and values within and beyond the sphere of the charity shop.

Internet, Political Socialization, and Youth’s Political Culture in the South of Brazil

From a conventional theoretical perspective on political science, technological media is considered a powerful inductor of young citizen’s attitudes and behavior. The Internet is generating an environment where new forms of social interaction between politics and society take place. These tools were widely used by Brazilian youth in protests against the government in July 2013. Could this be the beginning of a new process of political socialization? I believe that this new media technology is structuring new collective identities and some forms of political sophistication among the youth. I hypothesize that this type of political involvement, taking into account the type of youth’s political culture, does not contribute for the construction of a new sense of citizenship among the young citizens. The main objective of this paper is to evaluate the effect of the use of Internet in the political socialization process of the youth (13 to 24 years old) in the South of Brazil. The data utilized is the result of a survey research conducted from March 2015 to April 2016 with 1964 adolescents in public and private high schools selected through multi- stage probabilistic sampling. The questionnaire consisted of 70% of structured questions and 30% of open questions. The results showed among the young citizens a conformism which results from a feeling of impotence, of not being capable of doing something to change things, and hostility with the political institutions that do not provide equal opportunities for participation for the youth. Furthermore, it is argued that the use of Internet has not had a significant impact in the construction of another type of youth’s political culture.