Form Of Servitude Research Articles

Women Traficking and the Legal Provisions in India

Human trafficking, especially the exploitation of women, continues to be a severe violation of human rights both in India and across the globe. This issue involves deceptive and coercive practices that exploit women, often forcing them into various forms of servitude, including sexual exploitation. Although legal safeguards, such as Article 23 of the Indian Constitution, which bans trafficking, and various national laws intended to combat this issue, exist, human trafficking continues to thrive. Contributing factors include economic vulnerability, inadequate law enforcement, and entrenched social stigmas. This paper investigates the current situation of women's trafficking in India, highlighting important laws like the Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act (ITPA) and the Suppression of Immoral Traffic in Women and Girls Act (SITA). It also examines the deficiencies in the legal framework, the cycle of exploitation that perpetuates trafficking, and the critical need for stronger and more comprehensive approaches. Through an analysis of research, judicial decisions, and legal measures, this study seeks to offer an in-depth understanding of the issue and propose effective solutions to address the trafficking of women.

Bondage by Degree: From Chattel to Wage Slavery in Seventeenth-Century English Thought

ABSTRACT This paper seeks to provide a framework to understand how institutions of bondage were perceived in the seventeenth century, focusing centrally on the ambiguities and nascent distinctions that arose in the wage-labour discourse. Many assumed that the emergence of wage labour was simply a novel reiteration of classical institutions of bondage. While there was a great deal of ambiguity around how institutions of domination were characterised, there was widespread agreement that wage-compensated labour was a form of bondage. There were meaningful differences to be made between captive slavery and wage labour, but these were almost universally understood to be differences in degree rather than in kind. This paper identifies three interrelated literatures that help to illuminate how wage labour was perceived in this period: texts on political economy and legal treatises; servant manuals and devotional literature, and finally, natural law theory. These discourses help to show that wage-compensated labour was understood to be a lesser form of bondage, one bound by different terms and conditions than captive slavery. Despite its differences to other forms of servitude, wage labour was clearly located on the same spectrum of bondage by degree.

A Study on Work-Life Quality of Female Domestic Workers

Abstract: Domestic workers are regarded as an important source of income for millions of women worldwide. This sector has existed for centuries, as evidenced by the histories of slavery, colonialism, and other forms of servitude. In today's society, the contribution of domestic work is vital for the economy. They have become increasingly in demand around the world in recent decades. Domestic workers are not normally considered workers, and their working conditions remain unregulated. Their employment situation is considered outside the general framework of existing employment laws. This is mainly because most of the work done is generally invisible. Women domestic workers account for a large part of India's unorganized labor force. Though men do this type of work, there is a trend toward the feminization of domestic work. People from lower socioeconomic backgrounds are primarily involved in this work. The increase in the number of domestic workers in India is attributed to an increase in affluent sections' per capita income, increased female labor participation, the disintegration of joint families, and an increase in life expectancy with an increase in ill health levels. Therefore, their daily struggle for survival has yet to capture the attention of the government. Thus, this study is entitled “A Study on Work-Life Quality of Female Domestic Workers.” This helps to understand the major factors responsible for the low economic status of women domestic workers. The study will also highlight the issues and problems of these women domestic workers and various measures that can be taken for the welfare of this sector. Key Words: Quality of Work Life, Women, and Domestic Workers.

Tracing Historical Forms of Servitude: Introductory Remarks and Elementary Reflections

ABSTRACT History of domestic service in South Asia is beginning to attract scholars but a rich historiography around it is still distant and difficult. The forms of servitude are different across different times, places and contexts. The sources available to scholars for specific sites and moments in history are marked by extreme diversity of language, genre, concerns, and vantage points. Studies based on exploration of particular kinds of texts across dissimilar contexts make for a good beginning. Using insights from apparently disjointed explorations of servitude in uneven locales, we sketch a tentative template to study changing patterns of service relations and their articulations in the long duration beginning with the early modern period and reaching up to our own times. The study of domestic service yields empathetic vignettes of lives of domestic servants. They also yield insights on various forms of servitude and their centrality to social and economic relationships in a manner that can potentially upset the set historiographic paradigms of work, leisure, household, labour and ‘labour laws’ in the early modern and modern periods.

The Same in All but Name? The Intersections of Marriage and Slavery in Sierra Leone, 1890–1930

ABSTRACT In the historical records of the late nineteenth and early twentieth-century Sierra Leone, there is uncertainty regarding the classification of women as either wives or enslaved people. This was not simply a product of colonial biases and misconceptions. Colonial agents strategically invoked distinctions between marriage and slavery to mask the continued legality of slavery which was only abolished in 1928. In the archival record, the uncertainty over the relationship between marriage and slavery also points to tensions over reproductive and productive labour control. Slavery was not necessarily a separate identity from other forms of servitude, but instead needs to be understood in terms of household dynamics which saw marriage and slavery intersect in different ways. The ‘household’ was more than a physical space where individuals lived and are critical to analysing how gender relationships were reinforced and challenged as colonial rule expanded. While it is possible to draw a conceptual distinction between marriage and slavery, relationships viewed in a historical context often fell along a continuum, making differences harder to discern for external observers. Different actors and institutions would attempt to manipulate these areas of overlap and uncertainty between slavery and marriage to advance their interests.

Slavery’s Archive and the Matter of Black Atlantic Lives

Slavery’s Archive and the Matter of Black Atlantic Lives

Racial Slurs and Whispers in Situated Testimonies of Dutch Imperial Fiction

Storytelling brings into vivid focus the emotions and affects that different classes and races of people experienced in the imperial Dutch Indies island worlds. The storyteller explored in this article is Maria Dermoût (1888–1962), a mixed-race Dutch woman (Indo) who was born and raised on Java in the Dutch East Indies and who spent more than thirty years there. This article argues that Dermoût is a key writer for understanding affective economies, because she devotes significant time and effort in her fiction to fleshing out Native characters, something that few writers of her time did. The novella Toetie, one of Dermoût’s last works, uncovers Indies and Dutch attitudes toward race and color, moving her work from the genre of Indies Letters, or Dutch colonial literature, to that of postcolonial critique, with an exploration of forms of servitude, affect, and the social relations of her time.

Da servidão irrestrita à simpatia cooperante: reflexões a partir de Georg Herbert Mead e Monteiro Lobato

Resumo O ensaio aborda o problema da formação social do self. Dividindo-se em quatro passos, reconstrói, no primeiro, aspectos da teoria interacionista da educação de Mead, enfatizando sua dimensão social-intersubjetiva. No segundo passo recorre ao conto “Negrinha”, de Monteiro Lobato, para mostrar, à contrapelo, como a ação humana pode descambar facilmente para a obediência irrestrita e o quanto isso marca destrutivamente as formas de vida. Confronta, no terceiro passo, o conto de Monteiro Lobato por meio de aspectos da teoria da ação de Mead, evidenciando a tensão constitutiva da formação humana como autoformação. Por fim, reconstrói, no quarto passo, um traço da formação como autoformação, herdado por Mead da Modernidade, que o auxilia a colocar a simpatia cooperante como núcleo ético da formação do si-mesmo. O ensaio conclui afirmando que perspectivas intersubjetivas são mais apropriadas, em contextos sociais plurais, para livrar o ser humano de suas diferentes formas de servidão.

How exploiters dominate

This paper argues that exploitation is a form of domination, domination for self-enrichment. In a slogan, exploitation is a dividend of servitude—a benefit the powerful extract by converting the vulnerable into their servants. The paper argues that what makes exploitation wrong is that it constitutes domination-induced unilateral service to others; that this form of servitude is necessarily cashed out in terms of labour time or effort; that competing accounts of exploitation fail to do justice to the servitude dimension; and that what distinguishes capitalism historically is the way it reproduces a structural dilemma between dominated work and no work.

The White Tiger, The Black Humor: Representation of class Struggle and the Sentiment of Servitude in Arvind Adiga's Text

Although bonded labor is outlawed in India, but in practice, it is far from over. Be it agricultural work, household or any other chore, the Indian society is still clearly stratified in classes. Now, the division of the society in India dates back to time immemorial where the society was divided among sections. The basis of these division was work allocation. Slowly with time, the divisions became sacrosanct and rigid, which led to social evils such as untouchability, bonded labor, semi bonded labor and other ghastly forms of servitude. The upper strata (or castes) of the society became affluent with time by possessing more and more land and the lower strata was “trained” to serve. The servitude is effectively perpetual, often going on for generations. Bring up the subject with the elite or the middle class and they would argue totally against its existence in any form. The White Tiger in a sincere attempt brought about a storm in the tea cup of the Indian elite; and thereby drew some serious criticism for portraying the dark side of a fast developing Indian society-nevertheless, the author won a Man Booker prize. For a fiction, the storyline is not very fictitious-it is believable and sadly true. The ordeal of the protagonist is something one reads about in statistics of development surveys. The best form of literature on human rights is considered the one which comes from someone who has been through it and then expresses the same. At any point, Adiga (who comes from an affluent Indian upper middle class), does not overshadow the raw narrative of BalramHalwai. The text is nowhere artificial or decorated. To the very best of its ability, Adiga successfully shows an open wound to the Indian elite think tank.

Modern Trafficking, Slavery, and Other Forms of Servitude

The claim that there has been a remarkable revival of slavery, other forms of forced labor, and human trafficking in our times has inspired widespread activism and a vast body of popular and academic works. Although the conflation of terms, exaggerated empirical claims, and a shortage of evidence-based work have prompted legitimate scholarly skepticism, modern trafficking and forms of servitude do present urgent problems for researchers, lawmakers and reformers. We first clarify the most basic terms in the field—servitude, forced labor, slavery, trafficking, and smuggling—then examine all forms of servitude and evaluate the degree to which they properly amount to slavery or result from trafficking. This is followed by an examination of methodological problems in the measurement of types of servitude and a brief analysis of the factors accounting for its contemporary revival. We aim to encourage more scholarly enquiries from sociologists who are uniquely qualified to explore this problem.

Slavery, ‘respectability,’ and being ‘freeborn’ on the shores of nineteenth-century Lake Tanganyika

ABSTRACTConcepts of slavery and freedom dominate the historiography of labour and social relations in nineteenth-century East and Central Africa. This article argues that such concepts oversimplify the complexity of other forms of servitude. It does so by analysing the position of people who referred to themselves as ngwana on the shores of Lake Tanganyika. Ngwana translates from Swahili as ‘gentlemen,’ and it implies ‘respectability’ and ‘freeborn’ status. Yet most ngwana could not claim to be free, even if they had ceased being slaves. Rather than freedom, ngwana sought ‘respect,’ and in so doing blurred the lines between slavery and freedom.

Freedom and Servitude in Heidegger’s Dasein and Luther’s Christian

Heidegger scholarship has done an admirable job accounting for Luther’s influence on key Heideggerian concepts such as his method of destruction and anxiety. Yet given Heidegger’s statements concerning Luther’s immense personal and philosophical importance, it is likely that Luther’s influence extends further and deeper than might first appear. I argue that this influence also manifests in Heidegger’s concept of authentic existence. In particular, I argue that Luther’s understanding of Christian freedom and servitude form ontic material from which Heidegger draws to come to his general ontological understanding of Dasein’s freedom as power over its existence and servitude to its communal involvements. As Luther understands the freedom of a Christian, everything comes to aid the Christian in salvation, much like Dasein gains power over its existential possibilities in coming to authenticity. Yet this newly created freedom also creates additional ontological or existential connections with one’s community. The consequence of such connections is the addition of new responsibilities, or form of servitude, to one’s community wherein one aids others in coming to faith or authenticity, respectively.

<em>Bayonetta</em>: A Journey through Time and Space

<em>Bayonetta</em>: A Journey through Time and Space

Indian Ocean Networks and the Transmutations of Servitude: The Protector of Indian Immigrants and the Administration of Freed Slaves and Indentured Labourers in Durban in the 1870s

Focusing on Durban and its harbour, the article discusses the importation of different kinds of transnational bonded labour into Natal in the last half of the 19th century, and examines the ways in which Southern African and Indian Ocean histories were intertwined in the processes that built the colonial state. The institution of the Protector of Indian Immigrants is highlighted as a central ingredient in state building, which served to give legitimacy in regulating the supply of labour. The early history of the Protector’s work in the 1870s is given special attention as regards the introduction into Natal of freed slaves from the Indian Ocean coast, of indentured labourers from India, and of ‘Amatonga’ migrant workers from Mozambique. An 1877 murder case is discussed, which led to the forced resignation of a Protector, as it threatened to undermine the respectability of the institution. The article shows the continuities that existed between forms of servitude from slavery and forced labour through the recruitment of ‘liberated Africans’ and indentured Indians to more recent types of migrant and voluntary wage labour.

I—The Presidential Address Freedom and Nature: A Spinozist Invitation

Can we deal with environmental risks without giving up a significant degree of freedom? The answer is often thought to be no, but in this lecture I sketch a Spinozist invitation to view the matter in a different light. Spinoza’s conception of liberty is fundamentally a republican one, but, unlike other defenders of this tradition, he argues that we can be made unfree by non-human things such as viruses or weather patterns. In so far as we are subject to their arbitrary power, we are already in a condition of servitude. If we adopt this Spinozist diagnosis of our condition, the problem we confront is not so much whether we are willing to give up existing freedoms as whether we can find the means to overcome existing forms of servitude.

Rescue the Perishing (Trokosi Rescue): A Case of a Heterotopic Diaconia in Ghana

Indeed, much as Christianity was perceived, more or less, as the bedmate of colonialism in the perpetuation of the condemnation of African culture and religion, her social practices, aimed at enhancing the well-being of the people, cannot be underestimated. It is needless to say that some of practices of the indigenous religions of Africa have been very oppressive, and with the intervention of Christianity attempts are being made to rescue the oppressed from the oppressor. This article concerns a Christian social practice that aims at freeing people (especially, female children) who are considered as "slaves of the gods," Trokosi is a 'negative' religious space created for girls (ranging from as young as 5 to about 15 years) who are given out as slaves to the shrine as a ransom for some 'crime' committed by a member of the family. These children, apart from carrying out all forms of servitude, eventually become the wives of the priest of the shrine -who in most cases also abuse them sexually while young. The constitution of Ghana has abolished all forms of slavery but the practice is still being perpetuated. However, some Christian nongovernmental organizations have taken up the challenge to liberate these children and keep them in a created space or safe site since in most cases their families were not willing to accept them back for fear of the 'wrath of the gods.' There, the children are given vocational education skills to help them acquire a trade for an easier integration into the larger society. This article evaluates these social acts in light of Foucault theory of heterotopia, particularly what Wyller refers to as heterotopic diaconia . To what extent can such acts create authentic sites for the restoration of human dignity to the marginalized in a larger Ghanaian or African society in the light of Isin's theory about citizenship?

Книга об одной восточнославянской ветви тоталитаризма

Alexander Gogun in general has high praise for the recent book by Oleksandr Zaitsev, Ukrainian Integral Nationalism (1920s–1930s): Studies in Intellectual History (Kyiv, 2013), albeit dismissing its main conceptual framework. Gogun sees the notion of integral nationalism as redundant, and instead proposes to analyze Ukrainian nationalists of the period as a branch of global totalitarianism. To Gogun, totalitarianism embodies a feudal reaction that seeks to restore forms of servitude. The relatively late abolition of serfdom in East Central Europe was responsible for the powerful totalitarian potential of the East Slavic world in the first half of the twentieth century. In Gogun’s view, only a stylistic difference existed between the Ukrainian nationalists and their Nazi and Stalinist adversaries.

Active methodologies for problem-based learning of Roman Law: inheritance, dowry and economic regime of Roman marriage

With the accomplishment of the writing that follow we pretended to investigate what the current importance of applying the learning through problems in the teaching of Roman Law, against the traditional theoretical and magistral classes. Influencing in the reach of the methodological requirements emerged with the new plans of study Law Degree, under the EHEA; as well, in the development of a set of skills in students, that will be very helpful once time they finish and face the difficulties of today's labor market, because they are the true protagonists of the teaching and learning process. Therefore, with the implementation of this first case about the economic regime of marriage compared with other unmarried partners as concubinage, dowry and the role of women, forms of servitude or inheritance, we approach the students to casuism roman jurisprudence completing the ideas seen in the previous practice; in this way, they will understand that the important thing is not to give the solution to case proposed but legal reasoning, through discussions in groups and personal work, getting a deeper knowledge of applicable rules and institutions.

The First Green Revolution: Debt Peonage and the Making of the Nitrogen Fertilizer Trade, 1840–1930

TO MANY HISTORIANS, SCIENTISTS, AND agricultural experts, the term “Green Revolution” refers to the controversial array of programs and policies that introduced high-yield seeds, intensive irrigation techniques, herbicides, pesticides, mechanization, and petrochemical fertilizers to parts of the developing world during the 1960s and 1970s. Among the most profound consequences of this recent agricultural transformation was a vast increase in the amount of nitrogen available to farmers in Asia and Latin America. Through the application of imported synthetic fertilizers, these cultivators achieved increased yields of staple crops such as corn, rice, and wheat. Numerous scholars have portrayed this twentieth-century intervention in world food production as the first human alteration of the global nitrogen cycle during the modern era.1 Such a depiction is misleading. It obscures an earlier Green Revolution, beginning in the nineteenth century, during which companies and labor contractors transported millions of metric tons of nitrogen fertilizer and more than 100,000 workers across the globe, producing significant shifts in environments and labor conditions throughout the world. A comprehensive understanding of this First Green Revolution fuses two emerging research areas—global environmental history and transnational labor history. An investigation of the relationship between new forms of servitude that emerged in the Age of Abolition and the concurrent development of a worldwide fertilizer trade reveals that the changing nature of work is inextricably intertwined with the work of changing nature.