Forms Of Periodontitis Research Articles

The Influence of Periodontal Treatment on Salivary Visfatin Biomarker levels in Non-obese Indian Population with Different forms of Periodontal Disease- A Clinico-Biochemical Study

The ability to correctly diagnose and institute effective periodontal therapy is essential to control periodontal diseases. Rapid advances in diagnostic research are moving towards methods whereby periodontal disease risk can be identified and quantified by measuring biomarkers. This study investigated the effect of Non-Surgical Periodontal Treatment (NSPT) on clinical indices and salivary levels of visfatin in subjects with increasing severity of the periodontal disease. This interventional clinical trial was performed on 60 systemically healthy male and female subjects (20 to 50 years) who were categorised into Group-1, Twenty subjects with healthy periodontium, Group-2, Twenty subjects with generalized moderate gingivitis, and Group-3 (20 subjects with moderate to severe periodontitis (Stage III according to the new classification of periodontal diseases). The visfatin levels were measured in unstimulated saliva by using standard EnzymeLinked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) technique at baseline and six weeks after NSPT. The salivary visfatin levels were highest in Group-3 (38.22±3.38 ng/ml) followed by Group - 2 (26.66±2.24 ng/ml) and Group-1 (25.60±2.19 ng/ml) at baseline. After NSPT statistically significant reduction in salivary visfatin levels (p<0.001) in Groups -2 and 3 were seen. Visfatin levels at baseline were almost equivocal in normal weight and overweight subjects, irrespective of body mass index and showed a statistically significant reduction in salivary visfatin levels in both groups six weeks after NSPT (p<0.001). The present study suggests that salivary visfatin is a strong contributor in the pathology of periodontal disease and can be used as its diagnostic/therapeutic biomarker.

Association between asthma and periodontitis in the US adult population: A population-based observational epidemiological study.

To examine the association between asthma and periodontitis in a nationally representative sample of adults in the United States. Data obtained from 10,710 adult men and women who participated in National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey from 2009 to 2014 were analysed. Asthma was measured based on self-reported physician diagnosis. Periodontitis was the outcome of interest. It was classified into mild, moderate, and severe periodontitis according to the updated CDC/AAP case definitions. Multivariable models were developed to examine the association of asthma with periodontitis while controlling for age, race/ethnicity, gender, education, income, body mass index, diabetes, and smoking. Odds ratio (OR) and respective 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated. Replication was performed by differently classifying the outcome using another system called periodontal profile class (PPC). Current asthmatics, in reference to never asthmatics, had lower odds of severe periodontitis [(adjusted OR=0.51, 95% CI=0.30-0.87) and (adjusted OR=0.58, 95% CI=0.35-0.97) as classified using CDC/AAP case definitions and PPC system, respectively]. However, there was no statistically significant association between asthma and any other forms of periodontitis (p value >.05). In the United States, current-asthmatic adults were less likely to have severe periodontitis as compared with never-asthmatic adults. Further research is required to fully understand this association.

Assessment of the Effects of Occluding Pairs of Teeth on Oral Health-related Quality of Life among Dialysis Patients

To determine oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in hemodialysis patients and assess if location and distribution of teeth had perceived oral impacts. Face-to-face interviews and oral examinations were conducted among 96 patients in southwest Florida. Sociodemographic data in addition to self-reported medical conditions were collected. OHRQoL was determined using the Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI-12). Presence of decayed teeth, missing teeth, anterior occluding pairs (AOPs) and posterior occluding pairs (POPs), and community periodontal index were ascertained through oral examinations. Mean age was 64.81 ± 12.9 years. Mean number of teeth present was 20.12 ± 10.8. Nearly half (48%) of the participants had ≥1 decayed teeth. Among those examined for periodontal health, 86% had some form of periodontal disease. Mean AOP was 4.4 ± 2.3 and mean POP was 4.2 ± 3.1. Median GOHAI-12 score was 52. Limiting the kinds or amounts of food (p = 0.040), trouble biting or chewing (p = 0.010), feeling uncomfortable eating in front of people (p = 0.024), and pleased with looks (p = 0.038) were statistically significant for AOP groups. Only trouble biting or chewing (p = 0.044) and pleased with looks showed significant association with POP groups (p = 0.038). In adjusted regression analyses, participants with AOPs 0 to 2 had 86% lower odds of reporting GOHAI-12 scores above 40 (25th percentile) than the group with AOPs 3 to 6 (odds ratio = 0.14; 95% confidence interval = 0.04-0.58). The study highlights fewer AOP to have a larger effect than POP not only in the psychosocial dimension but also in the functional abilities. Lower GOHAI-12 scores were associated with AOP 2 or less than 2 in the study sample. While treatment and management of oral health problems in dialysis patients are complicated by the presence of co-morbidities, age-related changes in the mouth, and issues of access to dental care, identification, repair, or replacement of strategically important teeth using the "shortened dental arch principle" to maintain oral function among hemodialysis patients are recommended.

Microbiological landscape of the periodontal pocket in inflammatory diseases in the periodontal tissues

Relevance. The study of the microbiological composition of periodontal pockets in inflammatory diseases of periodontal tissues is of great importance directly for the effective treatment and understanding of the pathogenetic stages of these diseases. Objective: to study the microbiological landscape of periodontal pockets with inflammatory diseases of periodontal tissues. Materials and Methods. 62 patients aged 20 to 45 years were selected and divided into groups depending on the form of periodontitis: with localized aggressive periodontitis - group №1, group №2 - with chronic generalized periodontitis, group № 3 - with exacerbation of chronic generalized periodontitis. The material for the study was taken from the periodontal pockets and examined by cultural and microbiological methods. Results and Discussion. It was found that the proportion and number of microbial associations in the periodontal pockets of different depths differs. In localized aggressive periodontitis, mainly facultative Gr+ (A. actinomycetemcomitans) and Gr- (St. aureus, Str. mitis) anaerobes were found in the periodontal pockets no more than 4 mm. In generalized chronic periodontitis of moderate degree, the same microorganisms were present in the periodontal pockets as in the localized form, but Str. mitis was more common among facultative aerobes. With the exacerbation of generalized chronic periodontitis from facultative anaerobes, St. aureus was more common and the proportion and number of A. actinomycetemcomitans significantly increased. Conclusion. According to the results of the study, the microorganisms that inhabit the periodontal pockets in inflammatory diseases of periodontal tissues mainly belong to facultative Gr+ and Gr - anaerobes, obligate Gr+ and Gr-anaerobes and yeast fungi.

Mucosal Vaccination Against Periodontal Disease: Current Status and Opportunities.

Approximately 9 out of 10 adults have some form of periodontal disease, an infection-induced inflammatory disease of the tooth-supporting tissues. The initial form, gingivitis, often remains asymptomatic, but this can evolve into periodontitis, which is typically associated with halitosis, oral pain or discomfort, and tooth loss. Furthermore, periodontitis may contribute to systemic disorders like cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Control options remain nonspecific, time-consuming, and costly; largely relying on the removal of dental plaque and calculus by mechanical debridement. However, while dental plaque bacteria trigger periodontal disease, it is the host-specific inflammatory response that acts as main driver of tissue destruction and disease progression. Therefore, periodontal disease control should aim to alter the host’s inflammatory response as well as to reduce the bacterial triggers. Vaccines may provide a potent adjunct to mechanical debridement for periodontal disease prevention and treatment. However, the immunopathogenic complexity and polymicrobial aspect of PD appear to complicate the development of periodontal vaccines. Moreover, a successful periodontal vaccine should induce protective immunity in the oral cavity, which proves difficult with traditional vaccination methods. Recent advances in mucosal vaccination may bridge the gap in periodontal vaccine development. In this review, we offer a comprehensive overview of mucosal vaccination strategies to induce protective immunity in the oral cavity for periodontal disease control. Furthermore, we highlight the need for additional research with appropriate and clinically relevant animal models. Finally, we discuss several opportunities in periodontal vaccine development such as multivalency, vaccine formulations, and delivery systems.

Association of Periodontal Disease with Serum Uric Acid and CRP in Patients Treated for Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Comparative Study

Background: Periodontal diseases (PED) are a widespread, complicated, long-lasting inflammation of the gum. In recent years, lots of lines of evidence have confirmed the existence of an interrelated link between PED and systemic illnesses including acute coronary syndrome (ACS). In the pathogenesis of ACS, the persuasive inflammatory role of coronary vessels is well documented. An increasing body of evidence highlights the impact of UA in inflammation. C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute phase reactant well-known as a nonspecific marker for systemic and vascular inflammation. The study intended to evaluate the associations of PED with SUA and CRP in patients treated for ACS in a comparative study. Methodology: 136-patients registered in this comparative study labeled as ACS besides 74-controls. The blood analysis of creatinine, urea, SUA and CRP had done for the applicants. Oral examination for grades and severity of PED had performed, and the candidates were grouped accordingly. Statistical studies had attained using SPSS software (IBM), with a significance-value calculated at <0.05. Results: There was a significantly higher HSCRP levels with a higher nonsignificant SUA levels among the ACS group. Risk factors in terms of incidence of DM, hypertension, and smoking (except the BMI) were significantly higher among patients. More than 3/4th of the patients' group was suffering from generalized PED (74.3%), while 15.4% had a localized PED and only 9% had healthy periodontium. Meanwhile, about 2/3rd of the controls has normal periodontium. 18.4% vs. 75% had a mild, 25.7% vs. 4% had a moderate, and 21.3% vs. zero had a severe form of PED, in patients and control respectively. There was a significant worsening of PED in terms of severity and grading (p-0.001) with the increase of HSCRP levels, which is not the case for increased SUA. Conclusion: HSCRP levels were significantly higher among patients with ACS compared to healthy control. There was a significant worsening of PED in terms of severity and grading with the increase of HSCRP levels. This is not the case for increased SUA, which is not associated with poor periodontal status.

A predictive logistic regression model for periodontal diseases

Introduction: Periodontal diseases (gingivitis and periodontitis) are one of the main concerns for oral health affecting around 20%–50% of the world population. Aims: The aim of this study was to formulate a predictive model for periodontal diseases in a selected population. Materials and Methods: A hospital-based analytical study was carried out. Seven hundred male patients having different forms of periodontal diseases were included to explore the common features and possible risk factors related to periodontal diseases. Chi-squared test and t-test were performed for univariate analysis, and binary logistic regression model was adapted for multivariate analysis using SPSS v23. Results and Discussion: Four hundred and seventy (67%) and 230 (33%) patients suffered from gingivitis and periodontitis, respectively. The mean age of patients with periodontitis (37.17 ± 11.52 years) was significantly higher than those with gingivitis (26.04 ± 10.83 years). Univariate analysis showed that plaque and calculus had statistically significant relationship with gingivitis 451 (72%). Systemic diseases 18 (72%) and patients' habits 39 (76%) had statistically significant relationship with periodontitis (P < 0.05). A logistic regression model was formulated including age, risk factors, and nationality. The model was tested, and its sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for detecting periodontal diseases were equal to 83.3%, 67.2%, and 78.0%, respectively. Conclusions: This model had a good fit and explained a significant proportion of variance in the outcome variable (periodontitis) R 2 = 0.40, (χ2 (9) = 238.32, P < 0.001).

Evaluarea statusului parodontal la un lot de pacienți și corelații cu factorii favorizanți ai îmbolnăvirii parodontale

Objectives. The study aimed to assess the periodontal status of a group of patients and to highlight the correlations with factors favoring the occurrence and worsening of periodontal disease. Material and method. The study was carried out within the „Dr. Vodiță“ Dental Clinic for a period of 2 years. The study group initially consisted of 266 patients who approached the Clinic for various dental reasons. We applied inclusion and exclusion criteria from the study to the initial group of patients. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria from the study, the final group of patients consisted of 205 patients of both sexes, aged between 18 and 76 years. The data were analyzed and statistically processed with the Microsoft Excel 2016 program. Results. The study group consisted of 138 male patients and 67 female patients, including 5 bruxomaniacs, 12 oral respirators, 36 patients with malocclusions and 54 patients with reduced or extended edentulous partially prosthetic. The Loe and Silness gingival index and the papillary bleeding index had the majority value 1. Discussions. In the present study, young patients were best represented. Cardiovascular diseases have an increased incidence among the group analyzed, 17.07% of patients said they live in stressful conditions and 47.32% of patients said they smoke. Conclusions. Most patients in the present study were young adults with generalized forms of periodontal disease. The main reasons for presenting to the doctor were gingival bleeding and halitosis, which are signs of periodontal disease. Smoking, daily stress and cardiovascular diseases are factors involved in the appearance and evolution of periodontal disease.

Association of periodontitis and diabetic macular edema in various stages of diabetic retinopathy

ObjectivesPeriodontitis and diabetes are known to have a bidirectional relationship. Diabetic macular edema is a complication of diabetes that is strongly influenced by inflammatory pathways. However, it remains to be established whether inflammation at other locations, such as periodontitis, affects diabetic macular edema. Here, we investigated the prevalence of periodontitis in patients treated for diabetic macular edema.Materials and methodsPatients with diabetic macular edema were recruited for this cross-sectional study at the Medical University of Graz. Macular edema was documented by optical coherence tomography. Periodontal status was assessed by computerized periodontal probing and panoramic X-ray imaging. Bleeding on probing, clinical attachment level, probing pocket depth, and plaque index were compared between different stages of diabetic retinopathy.ResultsEighty-three eyes of 45 patients with diabetic macular edema were enrolled. Forty-four eyes (53.0%) had early stages of diabetic retinopathy (mild and moderate), and 39 eyes (47.0%) had late stages (severe and proliferative). Patients with mild or moderate DR were more likely to have more severe periodontal conditions than patients with severe or proliferative DR. Fourteen patients with mild DR (82.4%), 7 patients with moderate DR (87.5%), 4 patients with severe DR (100.0%), and 15 patients with proliferative DR (93.8%) had some degree of PD. The periodontal inflamed surface areas and the percentages of tooth sites that bled on probing were significantly higher in patients with early stages of diabetic retinopathy than in those with late stages of the disease (p < 0.05). Patients with periodontal inflamed surface areas of more than 500 mm2 required significantly more intravitreal injections in the last year than those with milder forms of periodontitis (n = 6.9 ± 3.1 versus n = 5.0 ± 3.5, p = 0.03).ConclusionIn patients with diabetic macular edema, periodontitis is more prevalent in early stages of diabetic retinopathy. We suggest regular dental check-ups for diabetic patients, especially when diabetic macular edema is already present.Clinical relevancePatients with diabetic macular edema should be screened for periodontitis and vice versa, particularly early in the course of diabetes.

Epidemiology and associated factors of gingivitis in adolescents in Guangdong Province, Southern China: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundGingivitis is the most prevalent form of periodontal disease in children and adolescents, being strongly associated to some socioeconomic factors and oral health behaviours. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of gingivitis and its association with socio-demographic factors and oral health-related behaviours in children aged 12–15 years in Guangdong, Southern China.Methods A total of 7680 children were sampled using an equal-sized, stratified, multistage, random sampling method and clinically examined between December 2015 and April 2016. A questionnaire on socio-demographic factors and oral health-related behaviours related to gingivitis was completed by each of the selected children. Gingival bleeding was recorded using the Community Periodontal Index probe, and children with a gingival bleeding positive score ≥ 10% were defined as having gingivitis. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the association between socio-demographic factors and gingivitis. All statistical tests were performed at a two-sided significance level of 0.05.ResultsThe weighted prevalence of gingivitis among 12–15-year-old children was 29.6%, with 22.6% having localised gingivitis and 7.0% having generalised gingivitis. Age differences were observed in the prevalence of gingivitis, whereas urban-rural differences were not. According to the multivariate logistic regression analysis results, factors such as increasing age, being the only child, lack of regular annual dental check-up, and heavy dental calculus were significantly associated with higher prevalence of gingivitis. In addition, the association of gingivitis with these factors was inconsistent among the urban and rural areas.ConclusionsDental calculus and oral health behaviour were found to be important factors for maintaining the gingival health of children aged 12–15 years in Guangdong. Maintaining gingival health in children requires promoting positive oral health behaviours and regular dental prophylaxis.

Prevalence of Periodontal Disease in a Group of Egyptian Children with Diabetes Mellitus Type 1

Abstract Background: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a serious meta-bolic syndrome with its two basic types resulting in abnormal fat, carbohydrate, and protein metabolism. Periodontal disease is considered as the sixth leading complication for individuals suffering from diabetes mellitus. Periodontal disease can be initiated, developed and progressed because of metabolic imbalances in the tissues which lower the diabetic patients resistance of diabetics to infection. Aim of Study: The aim of this study was tostudy periodontal disease experience in a group of diabetic children and the unmet treatment needs. 3 to 12 years old suffering from type 1 diabetes mellitus. Material and Methods: 91children with type 1 diabetes mellites, their ages range from 3 to 12 participated in the study with the mean time since the onset of diabetes was 5.41±3.13 years in boys and 4.88±2.29 years in girls. Results: There was a significant differencecorrelation between HbA1c and periodontitis and diabetic ketoacidosis attacks. Conclusion: Elevated blood glucose levels in patients with diabetes mellitus patients is prominently associated with periodontal disease in the form of periodontitis and xerostomia leading to high risk of ketoacidosis attacks.

Periodontal Disease Status in a Population at Najran Province of Saudi Arabia

Background: The common periodontal diseases are of public health concern, with 20-50 percent of the global population affected by gingivitis and or periodontitis.&#x0D; Aim: The aim of this study was to explore the common periodontal diseases occurring among the patients who attended the College of Dentistry hospital of Najran University. And also, to determine the correlation among the age groups, nationalities and risk factors related to periodontal diseases.&#x0D; Methods: A retrospective hospital-based descriptive type study was performed, providing 352 records of male patients suffering from various types of periodontal diseases. The Centers for Disease Control and the American Academy of Periodontology (CDC-AAP) classification was used for periodontal diagnosis. Patients were grouped by age as group A (6-20 years), group B (21-40 years), group C (41-60 years) and group D (above 60 years). Chi-square test and multinomial logistic regression model were adapted for data analyses.&#x0D; Results: Out of 352 patients, 217 (61%) and 135 (39%) patients suffered from gingivitis and periodontitis, respectively. Mean age of the patients was 32.81 ± 15.96 (range 6-97) years. Sixty-nine (19.6%), 200 (56.8%), 60 (17.0%) and 23 (6.5%) patients of Group A, B, C and D suffered from different forms of periodontal diseases, respectively. Eighty three percent patients were of Saudis and Yemenis and the rest were of Egyptian, Bangladeshi, Pakistani, Indian, Sudanese, Jordanian, Syrian, Chadian, Ghanaian and Tunisian nationalities. Highest number of patients suffered from moderate generalized gingivitis 142 (40.3%) and moderate localized periodontitis 57 (16.2%). Majority had plaque &amp; calculus 290 (82.4%) and the rests had diabetes mellitus, smoking and tobacco chewing habit, asthma, hypertension and heart disease. Correlations among periodontal disease, age group and risk factor were found significant (p &lt;0.05) though between the nationality and risk factor was found not significant (p 0.999).&#x0D; Conclusions: Significant relationships were observed among periodontal diseases and age, nationality and risk factors. This small study of Najran may reflect the periodontal status in a population of Saudi Arabia. Further broad scale study would be conclusive establishing such relationship in Saudi Arabian population.

Anna Karenina and the subgingival microbiome associated with periodontitis

BackgroundAlthough localized aggressive periodontitis (LAP), generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAP), and chronic periodontitis (CP) are microbially driven diseases, our inability to separate disease-specific associations from those common to all three forms of periodontitis has hampered biomarker discovery. Therefore, we aimed to map the genomic content of, and the biological pathways encoded by, the microbiomes associated with these clinical phenotypes. We also estimated the extent to which these biomes are governed by the Anna Karenina principle (AKP), which states that eubiotic communities are similar between individuals while disease-associated communities are highly individualized.MethodsWe collected subgingival plaque from 25 periodontally healthy individuals and diseased sites of 59 subjects with stage 3 periodontitis and used shotgun metagenomics to characterize the aggregate of bacterial genes.ResultsBeta-dispersion metrics demonstrated that AKP was most evident in CP, followed by GAP and LAP. We discovered broad dysbiotic signatures spanning the three phenotypes, with over-representation of pathways that facilitate life in an oxygen-poor, protein- and heme-rich, pro-oxidant environment and enhance capacity for attachment and biofilm formation. Phenotype-specific indicators were more readily evident in LAP microbiome than GAP or CP. Genes that enable acetate-scavenging lifestyle, utilization of alternative nutritional sources, oxidative and nitrosative stress responses, and siderophore production were unique to LAP. An attenuation of virulence-related functionalities and stress response from LAP to GAP to CP was apparent. We also discovered that clinical phenotypes of disease resolved variance in the microbiome with greater clarity than the newly established grading system. Importantly, we observed that one third of the metagenome of LAP is unique to this phenotype while GAP shares significant functional and taxonomic features with both LAP and CP, suggesting either attenuation of an aggressive disease or an early-onset chronic disease.ConclusionWithin the limitations of a small sample size and a cross-sectional study design, the distinctive features of the microbiomes associated with LAP and CP strongly persuade us that these are discrete disease entities, while calling into question whether GAP is a separate disease, or an artifact induced by cross-sectional study designs. Further studies on phenotype-specific microbial genes are warranted to explicate their role in disease etiology.542UkY-RA6fKgB5kXgVxbtVideo

Relationship between diabetes self-care practices and control of periodontal disease among type2 diabetes patients in Bangladesh.

The prevalence of periodontal disease is high in diabetes patients worldwide, including Bangladesh. Although associations of periodontal disease outcomes and clinical determinants of diabetes have been investigated, few studies have reported on the relationship between periodontal diseases outcomes with modifiable factors, such as self-care and oral hygiene practices, in patients with diabetes. Moreover, in order to develop targeted strategies, it is also important to estimate their aggregated contribution separately from that of the established sociodemographic and diabetics related clinical determinates. Therefore, this study was performed to elucidate 1) the relationship of diabetes patients' self-care and oral hygiene practices to periodontal disease and 2) the relative contributions of selected factors to periodontal disease outcome in type 2 diabetes patients. The data were obtained from the baseline survey of a multicentre, prospective cohort study. A total of 379 adult patients with type 2 diabetes from three diabetic centres in Dhaka, Rajshahi and Barishal, received periodontal examinations using the community periodontal index (CPI) probe, glycated haemoglobin examination, other clinical examinations, and structured questionnaires. Multiple logistics regression analyses were performed to assess the associations between selected factors and prevalence of any periodontal disease and its severity. More than half of the participants were female (53.8%) and 66.8% of the total participants was 21-50 years old. The prevalence of any (CPI code 2+3+4; 75.7%) and severe form (CPI code 4; 35.1%) of periodontal disease were high in type 2 diabetes patients. In multivariate analysis, the odds of periodontal disease increased with unfavourable glycaemic control indicated by HbA1c ≥ 7%, and decreased by 64%, 85% and 92% with adherence to recommended diet, physical activity, and oral hygiene practices, respectively. Diabetes self-care practice explained the highest proportion of the variance (13.9%) followed by oral hygiene practices (10.9%) by modelling any periodontal disease versus no disease. Variables of diabetes conditions and oral hygiene practices explained 10.9% and 7.3% of the variance by modelling severe (CPI code 4) or moderate (CPI code 3) forms of periodontal disease versus mild form of periodontal disease. Findings also conferred that while poor diabetes control had an individually adverse association with any form of periodontal diseases and its severity, the risk of diseases was moderated by oral hygiene practices. This study suggested that, in addition to diabetes-related clinical determinants, self-care practices, and oral hygiene practices must be taken into consideration for prevention and control of periodontal disease in patients with diabetes.

Galectin-3, Possible Role in Pathogenesis of Periodontal Diseases and Potential Therapeutic Target.

Periodontal diseases are chronic inflammatory diseases that occur due to the imbalance between microbial communities in the oral cavity and the immune response of the host that lead to destruction of tooth supporting structures and finally to alveolar bone loss. Galectin-3 is a β-galactoside-binding lectin with important roles in numerous biological processes. By direct binding to microbes and modulation of their clearence, Galectin-3 can affect the composition of microbial community in the oral cavity. Galectin-3 also modulates the function of many immune cells in the gingiva and gingival sulcus and thus can affect immune homeostasis. Few clinical studies demonstrated increased expression of Galectin-3 in different forms of periodontal diseases. Therefore, the objective of this mini review is to discuss the possible effects of Galectin-3 on the process of immune homeostasis and the balance between oral microbial community and host response and to provide insights into the potential therapeutic targeting of Gal-3 in periodontal disease.

Antimicrobial chemotherapy algorithm for periodontitis

In the article is justified the choice of drugs and the need to conduct antimicrobial chemotherapy for periodontitis. On the basis of literature data and their own studies, the authors proposed an algorithm for antimicrobial chemotherapy of periodontitis, prevention of local andgeneral complications during paradontological interventions in accordance with the AWaRe classification (WHO). Antibiotics are divided into drugs of the first and second empirical choices depending on the form of periodontitis.

Etiology of aggressive periodontitis in individuals of African descent.

Aggressive periodontitis (AgP) is a form of periodontitis that affects adolescents and has a significantly higher prevalence in individuals of African descent. AgP typically shows familial aggregation, suggesting a genetic predisposition. Young age, good health status, rapid attachment loss, and familial aggregation are the primary features of this disease. AgP has been closely linked to specific bacterial strains of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. A. actinomycetemcomitans strains isolated from patients with AgP produce leukotoxin (LtxA), which specifically affects polymorphonuclear leukocytes in primates, especially humans. High-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing and bioinformatics analyses revealed differences in the subgingival microbiota between patients with AgP and those with chronic periodontitis (ChP). The genera Atopobium and Prevotella show increased prevalences in AgP than in ChP. According to AgP susceptibility, several single nucleotide polymorphisms have been detected in different genes in individuals of African descent. Interleukin (IL)-1α and IL-1β genetic polymorphisms may be associated with the severity of both ChP and AgP. An elevated serum level of IL-17 produced by Th17 cells may be a characteristic of AgP. Analyses of the relationships among bacteria, host defenses, genetic predisposition, and numerous other factors are required to understand the progression of this disease.

Influence of rs6667202 SNP on Interleukin-10 levels in the gingival fluid of patients with periodontitis grade C

Grade C periodontitis in youngers is characterized by a severe form of periodontitis, and IL10 rs6667202 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) has been described as an important feature in this disease etiology. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate, in vivo, the functionality of IL10 rs6667202 SNP on IL-10 gingival fluid levels. Methods: Thirty patients with Perio4C were selected, 15 with the IL10 AA genotype (rs6667202) and 15 with AC/CC genotypes. The gingival fluid was collected from two sites with probing depth ≥ 7 mm and bleeding on probing, and two healthy sites. The IL-10 concentration was determined by Luminex/MAGpix platform. Results: In deep pockets, the IL10 AA genotype presented a lower concentration of IL-10 when compared with AC or CC genotypes (p&lt;0.05). In shallow pockets, no difference between groups was seen (p&gt;0.05). Conclusion: IL10 rs6667202 SNP decreases the production of IL-10 in crevicular fluid, potentially affecting this disease progression.

Assessment of correlation between presence of red complex bacterias and periodontitis

Context: Oral cavity offers diverse habitats to various species of different microorganisms; some of them under certain conditions cause loss of connective tissue and bone ultimately leading to periodontitis. Once such complex of bacteria often referred to as red complex bacteria consist of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola and Tannerella forsythia have been regarded as the one associated with severe form of periodontitis. With increasing advances in the field of medicine N-benzoyl-DL-arginine-2-naphthylamide (BANA) test, a modern chairside paraclinical method has been designed to detect the presence of one or more such bacteria. Aim: The aim of the study was to detect the presence of red complex bacteria in patients suffering from various forms of periodontitis using BANA test kit. Aims: The aim of this study was to assess the correlation between the presence of red complex bacteria and the severity of periodontal disease. Settings and Design: A total of 150 patients suffering from various forms of periodontitis were selected for the study. Subjects and Methods: These were divided into three groups – Group I: mild periodontitis, Group II: moderate periodontitis, and Group III: severe periodontitis. Microbial parameters were recorded using BANA test. Statistical Analysis Used: Mann–Whitney test and Pearson's Chi-square test were used for statistical analysis. Results: Group III had significantly greater percentage of BANA-positive sites, followed by Group II and Group I. Conclusions: There is a positive correlation between the presence of red complex bacteria and the severity of periodontitis.

Prevalence of periodontal disease and oral hygiene practices in Kancheepuram District population: An epidemiological study

Background and Objectives:The purpose of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of periodontal disease status and oral hygiene practices in urban and rural population of Kancheepuram District, Tamil Nadu, India.Methods:This epidemiological survey was carried out on 1650 participants taken from both urban and rural areas of Kancheepuram District. The study groups will belong to rural and urban areas in the ratio of 1:2, respectively. Every individual was assessed with the oral hygiene index-simplified, community periodontal index of treatment needs and periodontal disease index. In addition, the oral hygiene practices were also studied and recorded in a specially designed pro forma. Data were subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS 19.0 software.Results:The study showed that 50% and 36% of the study participants have gingivitis and periodontitis, respectively, while only 14% of the study participants did not present with any form of periodontal disease. The study also showed that 16.63% of the study subjects among urban and 7.63% of them among rural do not have any type of periodontal disease. About 57.09% of the study participants among urban and 36.54% of the study participants among rural areas have gingivitis. The remaining 26.3% of the study participants in urban areas and 55.8% of the study participants in rural areas have periodontitis. It was observed that majority of participants brush once a day using Medium bristle tooth brush and toothpaste as dentifrice.Conclusion:Periodontal disease is widely spread among population of Kancheepuram District, with greater prevalence in rural population than in urban population. This could be mainly due to the lack of awareness and limited availability of resources. These estimates are vital for the future planning of dental services in Kancheepuram District, Tamil Nadu, India.