Form Of Patronage Research Articles

Information Services of Fundraising Organisations’ Internet Portals

The purpose of the research is to make an information and analytical review and characterise the typical information services of Internet portals used by fundraising organisations in Ukraine and abroad. Research methods. The following general scientific methods were used: systematisation (in the process of selecting the necessary sources of information), generalisation (in the process of defining general concepts that highlight the main features), formal-logical method (in the process of studying the structure and classification of portals), method of systematic analysis of information (in the process of reviewing Ukrainian and foreign experience of the functioning of typical web portals), descriptive method. The scientific novelty of the research is to determine the differences between a website and a web portal; to generalise (based on the results of the analytical monitoring) and to highlight typical information services of fundraising web portals and their functional features that are actively used by domestic and foreign fundraising organisations. Conclusions. The results of the study conclude that Ukrainian fundraising organisations, using benchmarking methods, are actively studying the experience of foreign institutions working in the social sphere and gradually introducing and developing fundraising in the Ukrainian Internet segment. Today, domestic and foreign fundraising activities are carried out through a large number of relevant Internet portals. The relevance of utilizing Internet portals is driven by the fact that an informational web portal contributes to greater transparency of processes occurring within civil society. Moreover, the functional capabilities of Internet technologies help to establish joint work and highlight the activities of both domestic and foreign non-governmental organisations in the digital environment. The research results indicate that the development of the Internet portal market and the constant demand for such services are driving developers to expand the functionality of typical information services and tools that help organisations create user-oriented digital content management capabilities, mobile support, etc. In general, the ratio of the number of foreign and Ukrainian fundraising web portals shows that domestic fundraising is becoming more active and popular in the form of patronage, sponsorship and support through grants, donations, material and information resources, etc. through online portals. It is digital tools and technologies that make it possible for such organisations to remain relevant, with a range of information services and services that are constantly growing and becoming more customer-oriented.

The Ideology of Patronage and the Question of Identity in the Early Dādūpanth

This article focuses on the Dādūpanth, a religious community centered on the teachings of Dādū Dayāl (1544–1603), a Sant poet of Rajasthan. The aim of the text is to analyze how various forms of patronage affected the formation of the ideology and identity of this community. The article examines especially the Dādūpanthī ideology of patronage by focusing on the Dādū Janma Līlā (c. 1620), which contains an account of the supposed meeting between Dādū and the emperor Akbar, during which Dādū rejects all offers of patronage. His position needs elucidation as it stands in contrast with the later tendency of the post-17th century Dādūpanth to accept royal and merchant patronage. After analyzing how the hagiography establishes Dādū’s authority and having considered in what types of manuscripts the hagiography was distributed by itinerant preachers, it is suggested that this work is driven by a strong proselytic agenda and that it employs a ‘pedagogical strategy’—represented by the topos of rejected royal support—to establish relationships with merchant patrons. The article concludes with the observation that the increase in royal patronage from the 17th to the 19th century led to changes in the Dādūpanthī ideology that entailed a shift toward a Vaishnava identity.

Hierarchies of Value: The Medallist’s Work in Sixteenth-Century Art

Hierarchies of Value: The Medallist’s Work in Sixteenth-Century Art

Gesaku and the renegotiation of ‘civilization and enlightenment’ through illustrated news

The Meiji Restoration of 1868 set in train a major reconfiguration of not only the political structure of government but also the world of letters, affecting not just academic elites but also the demimonde literati and artists who had enjoyed various forms of patronage under the Tokugawa regime. This article examines the initiatives of early Meiji gesakusha who, in collaboration with nishikie artists such as Ochiai Yoshiiku and Tsukioka Yoshitoshi, spearheaded the development of distinctive genres of illustrated news. Following the initial success of shinbun nishikie (新聞錦絵) there was the continued adaptation of this collaboration in the minor newspaper format, as seen in the Tokyo Eiri Shinbun (東京絵入新聞) established in 1875. This article explores how these early illustrated newspapers, while exemplifying proclivities with gesaku, nonetheless engaged with the government’s program of ‘civilization and enlightenment’ to provide timely commentary on contemporary social issues, as well as a critical response to the movement. Furthermore, through their serious reportage on events of national significance, they demonstrated a capacity to fulfill in great part the government’s aspirations for the functions of the press in a ‘civilized’ nation.

Boycotts Past and Present: From the American Revolution to the Campaign to Boycott Israel by David Feldman

Reviewed by: Boycotts Past and Present: From the American Revolution to the Campaign to Boycott Israel ed. by David Feldman Kathy M. Newman Boycotts Past and Present: From the American Revolution to the Campaign to Boycott Israel. Edited by David Feldman. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019. 352 pages. $39.68 (paper). In the 1880s, a British émigré to Ireland named Captain Charles Boycott became the target of a widespread community campaign to have him shunned. Captain Boycott was a British military drop-out who had migrated to Ireland and was working as a rent collector for Lord Erne in County Mayo. Captain Boycott ran afoul of an activist group called the Land League when he refused to lower rents and then evicted 11 of Lord Erne's tenants. The Land League subsequently urged Boycott's employees to go on strike and to shun him from the community. Shun him they did, so much so that Captain Boycott could not get his mail delivered or find anyone to sit next to him at church. It got so bad that Boycott had to appeal to the British government for laborers to save his crops. The story of Boycott's shunning spread to America, and Boycott's name would forever be yoked to the tactic that had been used against him. [End Page 430] David Feldman, Professor of History at Birkbeck, University of London, and the editor of this collection, reminds us of the shunning of Captain Boycott in his introductory essay. He uses the story to show that boycotts have long been "expressive" as well as "instrumental." Boycotting is a strategic tactic, but it is also a highly emotional one, often rooted in the withdrawal of various forms of patronage from the intended target with the larger goal of hurting that target's reputation and possibly even trying to destroy the target altogether. This collection shows that the history of the boycott is surprisingly long—extending as far back as the eighteenth century. In Michael L. Miller's essay, titled, "In Defense of the Nation: Protectionism and Boycotts in the Habsburg Lands, 1844–1914," we learn about the theories of the nineteenth century economist Friedrich List, a proponent of trade protectionism, whose influence was evident in a series of "buy national" campaigns in nineteenth century Europe, such as the "each to his own" campaign in Czechoslovakia and the "buy only from Germans" campaign in Germany. Many of these "buy national" campaigns had an antisemitic component as Jews were often excluded as members of the nation. In a series of detailed and fascinating essays we also learn about the anti-Jewish boycotts staged in early twentieth century Poland (Grzegorz Krzywiec, "The Enemy Within: The Anti-Jewish Boycott and Polish Right-Wing Politics in the Early Twentieth Century"), Zionist boycotts against Palestinians between World War I and World War II (Hizky Shoham, "Zionist 'Buy National' Campaigns in Interwar Palestine"), Nazi sponsored antisemitic boycotts in Germany (Christoph Kreutzmüller, "Picketing Jewish-Owned Businesses in Nazi Germany: A Boycott?"), and boycotts staged by the radical-left in postwar West Germany, including boycotts against the newly formed state of Israel (Alexander Sedlmaier, "Boycott Campaigns of the Radical Left in Cold-War West Germany"). When we think about boycotts we are most likely to think about those organized by the powerless to put pressure on the [End Page 431] powerful so they will be persuaded to change their actions and policies. As many civil rights scholars have shown, for example, civil rights boycotts were effective in isolating local business elites from purely racist elites, thus leading to positive changes in corporate and civic policies on discrimination. In this collection we see the story of a few such boycotts, including the Baton Rouge Bus Boycott of 1953, considered by many to be a failure because the settlement that ended the boycott did not result in the complete integration of the Baton Rouge buses. However, Derek Charles Catsam argues that the Baton Rouge boycott was an important precursor to the successful and ultimately iconic Montgomery Bus Boycott of 1955 in his essay, "The Onward March of a People Who Desire to Be Totally Free." In another example, Lori A. Flores argues...

Professional Tennis’s Constellational Response to COVID-19

Tennis’s dispersed power relations have made its semiorganized response to COVID-19 “constellational” rather than hierarchical. The author uses the term “constellational” in two senses. First, what might appear to be a disorganized set of stars in the night sky can, with a bit of orientation, be tracked into discernible and more meaningful patterns. In tennis, constellations are clusters of tour events that are linked through geography, court surface, governing bodies, key sponsors, and other forms of patronage. Second, the author invoked the language of “constellations” to draw upon the popular connotation of “stars”: iconic figures on- and off-court who speak and act in ways that carry outsize importance to the game’s audience. This constellational set of power relations has led to conflicted messaging—only sometimes valuing public health. Both prestigious tournaments and star players have emerged as important stakeholders, as tennis assesses its future—and organizational structure—postpandemic.

Joint patronage in translating Chinese literature into English

Abstract There has been a change in the form of patronage in translating Chinese culture/literature into English since the 1990s, that is, from sole patronage to joint patronage. This article discusses joint patronage in translating Chinese literature from Chinese into English through the case of the Chinese Literature Overseas Dissemination Project (中國文學海外傳播工程), which is under the joint patronage of Beijing Normal University, the Confucius Institute at University of Oklahoma, and the University of Oklahoma Press. The goals of this project have been well achieved with the successful launch of the journal Chinese Literature Today (CLT) and the publication of the CLT book series. The success of this project demonstrates that joint patronage is an ideal form of translating Chinese literature into English, and the Chinese Literature Overseas Dissemination Project has set a good example for the introduction of Chinese literature to the Western world.

MODELS OF ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL REGULATION OF SPONSORSHIP AND PATRONAGE IN THE EU

Today, patronage is the key source of non-governmental support of the socio-cultural advancement of the state because, as the world’s practice shows, the state funding is often not enough for conserving and developing the national and cultural heritage. Across the world and Europe, increasing attention is paid to the traditions of charity, corporate philanthropy is in progress, and business ethics are growing. In developed countries, the pursuit of charity activity is caused by a high level of social responsibility of business entities. Both large corporations and wealthy people establish charitable funds or provide a good deal of money for relevant purposes. The problems of patronage or sponsorship as means for guaranteeing the realization of socio-cultural programmes, research initiatives and continual activity of not-for-profit organizations are topical and need an extension study in terms of conditions and prospects for the development. The purpose of the article is the analysis of the experience of administrative regulation of patronage and sponsorship in different countries and its growth potential in Ukraine in the context of international integration and scientific and technological progress. The situation is complicated by the fact that this regulatory scope has originated more recently in the world’s practice, and many problems remain unsettled. For example, let’s consider some forms of financial rewards used in the rest of the world. In the developed countries, there are models of cooperation with a private fund in the social, cultural, academic and other spheres of social life. They are as follows: the state as a leader; private fund as a leader; partnership and functional division of labour between the state and capital. In social practices, they usually co-exist with a dominant one of them. The first model prevails in France and Italy, the second – in the USA, the third – in the Federal Republic of Germany. Recently, there has been a gradual transition to the third model, which will become dominant in Western countries. Compared to Western Europe, there has been no moral rehabilitation of wealth in Ukraine, which has affected the motivation of charity. It is noteworthy that in the last decade, especially in European countries, state and state-social funds, which are financed using budget funds and the contributions of patrons, have been created. In general, analyzing various forms of patronage and sponsorship in the field of culture of the countries of the European region, it can be argued that in modern Western countries there is a sweeping trend to decrease direct state support of culture by indirect. The attraction of funds of entrepreneurs and non-governmental organizations in various forms is purposefully stimulated by state cultural policy, laws on patronage. In Ukraine, state intervention in the charity area is minimal. It is limited to the statutory regulation of charity activity, registration and accounting of charity organizations. At the same time, some specific normalization of patronage and sponsorship is next to none because it is distinguished among other charity activities mostly by patrons, sponsors, and mass media.

Thomas Coryate versus John Taylor: the emergence of the early modern celebrity

By pursuing traditional and emergent forms of patronage and by establishing himself as a travel writer in Jacobean London, Thomas Coryate created a public persona that allowed him to promote himself to a broad audience but also made himself vulnerable to appropriation and parody. John Taylor, the Water Poet, took advantage of Coryate’s project and used the traveller as the subject of a series of pamphlets and poems. Plagued by Taylor’s industriousness, Coryate failed to create a reliable public persona but, at the same time, emerged as an early example of a media celebrity.

Translating Chinese culture into English: from sole patronage to joint patronage

ABSTRACT Since the 1990s, there has been a significant change of the form of patronage in translating Chinese culture into English, that is, from sole patronage by one Chinese organization to joint patronage by both Chinese and Western institutions. This article investigates the advantages of joint patronage and whether it can remedy the shortcomings of sole patronage in translating Chinese culture for a Western audience through a case study of ‘Culture and Civilization of China Series’ (CCC project), a project jointly undertaken by the China International Publishing Group and Yale University Press. The study demonstrates that the CCC project is a success thanks to the close collaboration among the writers, translators and editors on both the Chinese and American sides. The analysis of the translations demonstrates that, with full consideration of the needs and expectations of Western readers, the English versions of the CCC series are not rigid literal translations of the original Chinese texts, but involve considerable adaptation so as to achieve the goal of introducing Chinese culture to both general and specialized readers. The study indicates that, compared with sole patronage, joint patronage is a better form of introducing Chinese culture to Western anglophone audiences via translation.

RETROSPECTIVE AND MODERN ASPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHARITY

The article considers the retrospective and modern aspects of the development of charitable activity in the socio-economic sense, which is the assistance to other persons at the expense of own welfare or free time, and provided that this assistance does not harm other persons and is carried out within the law. Charity should benefit not only the immediate recipient of benefit but also society as a whole. The authors emphasize that the conducted study supports their hypothesis that under the conditions of globalization, society increasingly focuses on social issues that arise as a result of insufficient state resources and so charity becomes a factor in their successful resolution. The development of charity is a system of social, economic, and cultural factors. One of the stages of the development of charity was the creation of charitable foundations specializing in various fields: scientific, cultural, sporting, educational projects, assistance to needy families, help for orphanages, hospitals, fundraising for expensive treatment and other projects. In today’s world, the attitude towards charity as a professional occupation has become widespread, becoming a “social norm.” Charitable funds are a separate and important component of the charitable institution. The concept of “charity” came into the public consciousness as a humanistic call of a person to go to the needy, regardless of religious, national, racial, social affiliation or political or ideological beliefs. Retrospective analysis showed that forms of philanthropy in the advanced form existed already in ancient Rome and ancient Greece; in medieval Europe, they already acquired the status of state and social policy at the legislative level. In the Christian aspect of ancient Rus of the adoption of the Orthodox faith in 988, the foundations of charity are laid as socio-ethical norms of society. In the second half of the XVIII century, as a result of secularization, charitable societies, hospitals, almshouses, open by public organizations and private individuals arise, that is, there are social and state institutions of charity. And charitable funds, which are socio-economic professional activities, are beginning to develop. From ancient to modern times, charitable activity is carried out in the forms of patronage, sponsorship, volunteering, fundraising. Modern trends of charity include: increase of the non-profit sector and its internationalization; cooperation of charitable foundations, development of a social partnership with business, state bodies, and foreign funds; professionalization through the creation of network charity. In turn, charity abroad is characterized by growing professionalism, a variety of forms and programs of cooperation, the growth and expansion of the sphere itself and its importance for non-profit, in particular, socio-cultural activities. The undisputed leader in this area is the USA – the birthplace of modern sponsorship and fundraising. The authors conditionally distinguish three levels of charity. The typology and general characteristics of foreign charitable foundations, typical for the USA, European countries, and Ukraine, are presented. Features of creation and functioning of quasi-public funds are considered. On a global scale, the foreign activity of the US foundations is significant, and the expenditures exceed the official foreign aid budgets of many countries. However, their presence in Ukraine is relatively low. The volume of support is negligible compared to official support amounts: according to the OECD, the amount of grants actually received by Ukraine from other states and multilateral donors in 2011–2017 amounted to more than 5 billion USD while less than 0.1 billion USD came to Ukraine from US foundations. But this does not exclude the role of private donors in solving certain problems, in particular, in terms of supporting civil society, protecting the rights of vulnerable groups of the population, etc.

РОЗВИТОК ФАНДРАЙЗИНГУ ЯК ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ СОЦІАЛЬНОЇ РОБОТИ В УКРАЇНІ

In the article the authors cover a theoretical analysis of scientific literature on the problems of using fundraising as a technology of social work in modern Ukraine. Non-profit organizations act as social intermediaries-implementers of social ideas and programs. They operate between the state, commercial firms and citizens. It is important to develop a comprehensive economy and the state, both for business and society. Fundraising area is a new field of activity for our country. For attraction of resources of sponsors and donors, there are first-rate specialists who are able to replenish the budget of public organizations. The introduction and use of fundraising technology will expand the financial capabilities of social institutions and, consequently, increase the efficiency of their functioning. The dynamics of fundraising development in Ukraine is fast and efficient. An important factor in accelerating this process is the highly skilled training of specialists in this field of activity, which will have the appropriate knowledge, skills, skills and competencies. Fundraising is an almost new area of activity for our country. It has been developed in the US and Europe, where a diverse system of benefits and incentives has been developed for depositors in the social sphere, business entities, foundations or individuals. Free Western Market Traditions Encourage Philanthropy. The social sphere in Ukraine, like no other, needs organized financing from extrabudgetary funds. For a clearer and more professional organization of recruiting sponsors and donors, there are first-rate professionals who can replenish the budget of NGOs. In a market economy, civil society and social initiatives, philanthropy has become a major boon in the form of patronage, sponsorship and support through the provision of grants, donations, material, information resources and more. The proliferation of charity and its form of organized activity has led to the emergence of fundraising, as a science of planning and streamlining actions that will help organized actions for patrons and beneficiaries. Today, fundraising is not sufficiently developed in our country, but in spite of this it has certain prospects. Due to the growing role of civil society organizations, which are able to help the state in solving social problems, it contributes to the development of fundraising in Ukraine. Today the dynamics of fundraising development in Ukraine is noticeably fast and effective. An important factor in the acceleration of this process is the highly qualified training of specialists in this field of activity, who will have the appropriate knowledge, skills.

Governing Through Patronage: The Rise of NGOs and the Fall of Civil Society in Palestine and Morocco

This article examines foreign aid and government funding to NGOs as forms of patronage and explores the impact of such funding on the nature and role of civil society. Using qualitative research from Palestine and Morocco, we argue that patronage transforms NGOs into apparatuses of governing. NGOs become key sites for the exercise of productive power through the technologies of professionalization, bureaucratization, and upward accountability. The article explores how this transformation of NGOs depoliticizes their work while undermining their role as change agents within civil society. The findings have implications for understanding the transformation of NGOs, the relationship between patrons and their grantees, and, finally, for exploring the limitations of NGOs as vehicles for social change in sensitive political environments.

Reaching the Operatic Stage: The Geographical and Social Origins of British and Irish Opera Singers, c.1850–c.1960

AbstractThe backgrounds of opera singers have received little systematic study and this article attempts to help redress this situation through analysis of a collective biography of 344 British and Irish-born performers active in the century from 1850. It argues that certain areas, notably London and Wales, made a particularly significant contribution to the operatic profession and notes that certain other patterns of regional under- and over-production are discernible. While singers from a broadly defined middle class were numerically dominant within this sample, this study stresses the unexpectedly strong contribution from those born into the lower-middle and working classes. Such performers were able to build on skills honed in the amateur musical sphere partly as a result of an expanding state-funded higher education system, but also due to an extraordinary variety of forms of patronage. The ‘popular’ social tone of singers, however, is shown to have done little to challenge perceptions of opera as an elitist cultural form.

Shifts in Patronage Differentiation: Translation from European Languages in Isolationist Japan

This article demonstrates that translation patronage can shift imperceptibly between being undifferentiated and differentiated. It focuses on the passage of time as a factor that could be added to Lefevere’s conceptualization of patronage. Currently this conceptualization approaches history as a series of snapshots, with little focus on transition, most importantly, between one form of patronage and another. With an overview of the development of translation patronage in early modern Japanese history, this article explores the dynamics of translation patronage over a period of well over two centuries, when the country maintained a policy of national isolationism. Under this policy, Christianity became absolutely taboo, and those associated with it were regarded with utmost suspicion. Yet, limited international trade was permitted to continue by a state-owned collegium of interpreters. Under this system, the patronage of translators in Japan was extremely undifferentiated, being obtained solely from governmental sources. However, before the end of this system, patronage had already shifted to a differentiated model, in which translation services were being sought by a wide range of parties beyond the government.

The Water Crisis in Yemen: Managing Extreme Water Scarcity in the Middle East

The Water Crisis in Yemen: Managing Extreme Water Scarcity in the Middle East

What price the court of St. James? Political influences on ambassadorial postings of the United States of America

AbstractThis paper explores the appointment of career diplomats and political appointees to ambassadorial positions. We present models of the strategic interaction of political donors and presidential candidates, which predicts that donations will match the quality of diplomatic posting granted by the candidate. We test this prediction and confirm it for four presidential terms representing two presidents and 764 diplomatic postings over the 2000 to 2013 period. This allows for the generation of a price list associated with a range of desirable diplomatic posts. This paper provides evidence in support of the proposition that ambassadorships, in locations that are deemed desirable such as Western Europe, are awarded as a form of patronage in return for campaign contributions.

<i>De nieuwe gids</i> and its Informal Patronage System

This paper focuses on the funding and finances of De nieuwe gids, a late nineteenth-century periodical believed by many to be the archetypical Dutch cultural magazine. The editors of De nieuwe gids introduced new ways of running their business and had new ideas about their role as professional writers and painters, about the pitfalls of creating for money, and about the relationship between art and finance. The paper argues that they alleviated their uneasy relationship with money through different forms of patronage. The editors acquired a substantial capital from a consortium of eleven backers, and used this money for the continuation of the magazine as well as for the upkeep of those members of their group who had no other resources. They made sure that money was circulated and transferred in such a way that all members profited: artists without money could keep on writing and painting, and artists who did have money invested in the continuity of the group as a whole and in their own place within it. This patronage system was remarkably successful, probably because it did not affect the artistic prestige or credibility of the editors, nor of the benefactors involved.

Traitors Among Victims: The Case of Market-Community Wildlife Collaborative Management in Malawi’s Majete Wildlife Reserve

In line with political moves towards democratic governance, state-based management of wildlife is being replaced by community-market collaborative management approaches. In Malawi, community-market collaboration in wildlife management is particularly presented as a panacea to lack of community support for wildlife conservation due to their exclusion from enjoying the benefits ofits conservation. Community-market collaborative management, however, changes the rules and procedures in accessingthe benefits of wildlife conservation. Using MajeteWildlife Reserve, this study explores theextent to which the new approach addresses past unequal benefits from wildlife conservation, especially for the local communities. The study employed both qualitative (in-depth interviews, focus group discussions) and quantitative (desk study) methods. The findings from Majete Wildlife Reserve reveal that collaborative wildlifemanagement is predominantly a market oriented activity that reproduces newmodes of accessing benefits and new actors that sustains its inherent principles. Consequently, while a few victims of former state-based wildlife management approach are currently benefiting from and have become faithful advocates of the new regime, a number of vulnerable groups of people continue to suffer. At present, community-market collaborative management hastaken the form of patronage rather than partnership. Hence, the solution to inclusive and transparent wildlife management cannot be a matter of just fussing two management approaches.

Charity as a result of the development of entrepreneurship in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous District - Ugra

The article shows philanthropy as a sociocultural phenomenon. The author reveals the overall trends and regional characteristics of philanthropy as a result of business activities. Analysis of the information obtained allows us to conclude that the charity has become a significant social phenomenon in Russia. Since the end of the XVIII century other manifestations of charity occur in the form of patronage. Charity and philanthropy have always been traditional for the Russian business. Many merchants made donations for the construction of hospitals, schools, theaters, museums, churches and other institutions. This topic is still largely unknown. First of all, it is connected with the state of the source base. Today the urgent task of science is the search for, identify and analyze extant sources on this topic.