Form Of Language Research Articles

Investigating Indonesian language varieties in social media interactions: Implications to teaching practices

Social media users come from various circles with different social and cultural statuses which will bring up diverse language variations. Additionally, language variations in speech events on social media certainly have characteristics that are distinctive and different from speech events in general. This study aimed at investigating types and forms of Indonesian language varieties occurred in speech events on social media. A quantitative and qualitative approaches was applied to accomplish the research objective. The quantitative approach was carried out using content analysis. The qualitative approach used was based on sociolinguistic theory. The research data were collected using the listening method (uninvolved conversation observation technique, recording technique, note-taking technique) and questionnaire method. The data were analyzed using the content analysis method to determine the form and percentage of language variety used in speech events on social media. In addition, Miles and Huberman's model was also used for data reduction, verification, conclusion drawing. The research found that language varieties in speech events on social media was not dominated by non-standard varieties, and inter-language mixture (code switching and code mixing). The characteristics of speech events on social media use, among others, informal language, daily-conversation language, unnatural context, and shortened writing. The results implied that the variety of language use on social media has increased since the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, it is necessary to research the use of codes, politeness, or hate speech on social media. Moreover, opportunities are also open to research the use of social media for language learning.

초등영어 학습중심평가를 위한 AI 챗봇의 스캐폴딩 유형화 연구

The purpose of this study is to explore the types of scaffolding that AI chatbots can
 provide through systematic feedback based on learners' individual utterances during
 elementary English learning-oriented assessment. For the study, the researcher designed
 an English speaking task and implemented an learning-oriented speaking assessment
 using an AI chatbot for 25 learners in the 6th grade. Subsequently, individual interviews
 were conducted to analyze the learners' responses to the scaffolding. By analyzing
 learner responses and transcripts of conversations between learners and chatbots, the
 researcher categorized the types of scaffolding that AI chatbots can provide during
 the learning-oriented assessment. As a result, first, the scaffolding can be categorized
 into three areas: linguistic, cognitive, and affective. Linguistically, the chatbots
 provided scaffolding for conveying meaning, language forms, and pronunciation
 aspects. In the cognitive aspect, the scaffolding assisted learners in their thinking
 processes, while in the affective aspect, it helped regulate frustration. Second, through
 scaffolding using various strategies, learners demonstrated the ability to self-correct
 erroneous utterances and gradually complete sentences on their own. In addition,
 cognitive scaffolding helped learners solve challenging tasks at their current cognitive
 level, and affective scaffolding contributed to improving confidence in speaking
 English. The study offers implications and recommendations based on the findings.

The Semiotic Visual Analysis Of Non-Verbal Language In Hotel Advertisements

Numerous digital advertisements deviate from the use of nonverbal communication techniques. Instead of conveying information about a particular product, it provides a misleading and incorrect interpretation. Using the theory of visual semiotics, this study seeks to interpret and comprehend the forms of non-verbal language used in digital advertisements to convey information about specific hotel products. The primary objectives of this study are as follows: (1) to describe the structure of advertising components as nonverbal language in digital advertising for hotels marketing in Bali; (2) to describe the relationship between signs and their references as signifiers and signs in digital advertising for hotel marketing; and (3) to describe and provide an overview of recommendations regarding the appropriate role of meaning in digital advertising for hotel marketing. This research design employs qualitative methods for collecting data from research participants in the form of Instagram images. Nonverbal behavior observed in digital advertising, such as facial expressions, gestures, body language, movement, contact, and appearance, is the subject of study. To provide an overview of the applicability of semiotics to the practice of communicating specific information through digital advertising for hotel marketing. This study's findings include the incorporation of semiotic science variables into the design of digital advertisements for hotel marketing. To avoid misunderstandings between advertisers and their intended audiences, it is possible to establish a perfect match between the desired outcome and the intended message. This research also seeks to expand linguistics into emerging disciplines, such as the business world and commercial advertising

Depicting reflections of power on illocutionary acts of Japanese Prime Minister Shinzō Abe’s speeches on Covid-19

Speeches are often construed to exert one’s power while projecting a political intent towards the audience. This research examines how power is reflected in speeches by Shinzō Abe, a former Prime Minister of Japan, through the categorisation of speech acts. The speeches were delivered in many of his press conferences during the Covid-19 pandemic. The research employed a quantitative approach, and the analysis largely drew on Searle's classification of speech acts to identify and categorise Mr Abe’s expressions of power. Data for this study focused on various formal press briefings, interviews, or other communicative exchanges he conducted in his role as a prime minister. Eight texts were selected for the analysis, and they were collected from the website of the Japanese Prime Minister's Secretariat office from February to May 2020. Findings from the analysis indicated that the prime minister mostly utilised performative verb utterance directions, such as informing (66%), asking (78%), promising (90%), thanking (54%), and deciding (76%), in a form of polite and respectful language, Keigo, to demonstrate reverence towards diplomatic entities. In addition, he frequently highlighted statistical data regarding the circumstances and the prevailing factors of the pandemic that led to a regime of truth and knowledge about Covid-19 in Japan. The findings provided better understanding of Shinzō Abe’s exercise of authority in managing the variability of Covid-19 incidences in Japan, as reflected in the movement of relations with the society and with those diplomatic entities. This suggests that Shinzo Abe’s speeches during the pandemic have a potential pathway that world leaders, linguists or students can traverse and inquire into to ensure community resilience to counteract the fragility caused by a pandemic.

Directive acts as part of a quotation in Modern Japanese speech

In this paper, we consider directive acts as part of a quotation in Modern Japanese speech. Using the texts of electronic diaries as a kind of written expression of conversational discourse, we studied the ways of transmitting directive acts as part of a quotation, as well as to analyzed how the choice of a certain form of expression of directive acts as part of a quotation may indicate the direct or indirect nature of the citation. After giving a preliminary theoretical picture, we turn mainly to the direct (morphologized) imperative forms of the Japanese language. These forms are enough to show the complexity of the directive category in the "polite" language of the inhabitants of the Land of the Rising Sun. In any case, the analysis of morphologized forms inevitably moved to the syntactic-discursive level. The peculiarity of the approach is in the analysis of several texts by one author to determine the language techniques characteristic of this author, which is used, among other things, as an argument in favor of direct or indirect citation, since Japanese (as well as for a number of other languages) is characterized by a rather complex, subtle distinction between direct and indirect ways of transmitting someone else’s speech. The material convinces us that only a complete analysis of both the quotation itself and the context (for example, texts by the same author) allows us to get a more accurate picture of the phenomenon of the distinction between direct and indirect citation. Among other things, the conducted research has the theoretical significance in terms of thinking about the phenomenon of quoting in language in general. It is clear that this phenomenon (especially in the light of modern information-polymodal, postmodern and other trends, in particular trends in the psychologization of discourse) should be understood more difficult, as new research in this field proves, and as our paper shows

Перцептивные стереотипы в сравнениях русского и английского языков

The article is dedicated to the comparative analysis of Russian and English perceptual stereotypes. Their appearance is associated with cultural dominants and the peculiarities of the system of people’s perception. Stereotypes exist in minds in the form of images and language clichés. They are used automatically and are rarely changed. The relevance of the article is due to the necessity to study and compare the significant elements of national cultures and language systems. The perceptual stereotypes can be defined as the object of study, the verbalization of perceptual stereotypes in Russian and English comparisons being the subject of study. The material for the analysis was obtained from the national corpora of Russian and English languages, as well as from Google Books corpus. In total, 40 Russian and 37 English perceptual stereotypes were identified. They characterize the modes of perception, sense organs, perceptual actions, as well as perceptual features of the subjects of action. The study showed that in both cultures, perceptual stereotypes are more often formed about the features of the subject of action. Images for comparison are animals, inanimate objects and professions. In Russian culture, precedent names can also be an image for comparison. The stereotypes may not correspond or partially correspond to reality. The formation of comparisons with modes of perception is typical for the Russian language, while in English the comparisons of perceptual actions prevail. Stereotypes about the sense organs in both languages are formed on the basis of functional and external similarity. The knowledge of basic cognitive judgments about the sphere of perception contributes to successful interaction between representatives of different cultures.

American Sign Language Recognition and its Conversion from Text to Speech

Abstract: Speech impairment is a complicated condition that impairs a person's capacity for verbal and audible communication. Those who are impacted frequently use sign language and other alternate forms of communication. While sign language has gained popularity, bridging the communication gap between those who sign and those who don't remains a challenge. Our project endeavors to address this issue by developing an innovative application that offers real-time sign language-to-text translation. This technology aims to facilitate seamless communication between those who use sign language and those who do not. To achieve this, we have constructed a cutting-edge sign language recognition system as part of our project. Our system primarily utilizes American Sign Language (ASL) as its foundation. To accurately detect gestures, we employ a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) with Inception V3 as the underlying model. This project's core objective is to harness Machine Learning Techniques for converting ASL hand gestures into text and vice versa. We go beyond mere translation by enabling real-time American Sign Language interpretation through single-hand gestures. Furthermore, our system can recognize ASL words, converting them into text before rendering them into audible speech.

Language representations and language attitudes in the Mishar dialect continuum

To forecast the sociolinguistic dynamics of the language, to determine the level of its vitality and to provide adequate measures of language policy and planning, it seems important to analyze the structures of the symbolic components of the language situation, which include language representations and language attitudes, that is, social attitudes towards language. The article presents the results of the analysis of the main types of Tatar language representations and linguistic attitudes among speakers of the Mishar idiom of the Tatar language. The data were collected in the regions where the Mishary Tatars live, namely in the Middle Volga region and in Prisurie. The main research method was a semi-structured interview with subsequent analysis of the obtained data, its classification and interpretation. The paper proposes five clusters of language representations in the minority situation: representations related to the instrumental, symbolic and regulative functions of language, on the one hand, and representations related to the actualized identity structures and to the deontic attitudes of the individual, on the other. In connection with these classes of representations and taking into account language forms, language competences and language practices, a typology of language loyalty is proposed, which includes instrumental loyalty, symbolic loyalty, loyalty according to the forms of language used, loyalty according to language competences and prescriptive loyalty. The material analysis showed the prevalence of positive representations of the Mishar idiom among its speakers, the presence of active positive loyalty in oral spheres of communication at the local level, a high level of idiom preservation, and the integrative nature of sociolinguistic dynamics. At the same time, the situation should be regarded as diglossic both in relation to the Russian language and to the literary Tatar language, which is considered to be prestigious.

Explicit Frameworks to Teach Spoken Discourse Markers: Present- Practice-Produce and Illustration-Interaction-Induction

Researchers and language instructors have attempted to utilize the most influential teaching frameworks which are related to enhance language production and how they influence the learners’ outcome positively. The study aims at exploring two explicit teaching frameworks; Present – Practice – Produce (PPP) and Illustration – Interaction – Induction (III) on learning spoken discourse markers by Kurdish non-native speakers of English. The current research reports findings from an experimental design conducted at Knowledge University in Kurdistan Region which is a private university. 66 Kurdish EFL learners participated and they were on the Upper intermediate or B2 level on the Common European Framework of Reference Ability Scale (CEFR). Two different experimental groups were taught the same categories of spoken discourse markers compared to a control group. One way ANOVA and post-hoc S-N-K test of post-test revealed statistically significant differences of PPP group compared to III and control groups in relation to the higher mean scores of the total spoken discourse markers used in the post-test. The qualitative findings showed that PPP group insisted on the usefulness of their method that helped them exhibit good performances in their speaking test. Moreover, participants from both PPP and III groups gave importance to practicing as a crucial aspect of learning the target language forms.

Unveiling Pakistani English: A Linguistic and Cultural Odyssey of Features, Evolution, and Distinctiveness

Pakistani English, recognized as a unique non-native, emerging, and indigenous variety of English, has evolved into an independent norm-dependent, and institutionalized language form. Diverging from Standard British English, it exhibits distinctive features in morphology, syntax, lexis, grammar, and phonology, shaped by socio-cultural, religious, and regional influences, contributing to its singular linguistic and cultural identity. Utilized across various domains, including education, commerce, and science and technology, Pakistani English plays a pivotal role within the Pakistani context. This comprehensive study sheds light on Pakistani English, encompassing its historical development, and conducting an in-depth exploration of its linguistic characteristics, namely lexical, morphological, syntactic, and phonological features. Additionally, it meticulously delineates the distinctions between Pakistani English and Standard British English. The research adopts a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative analysis of linguistic data with ethnographic insights, providing a holistic understanding of Pakistani English's intricate interplay between language and culture. The study underscores the significance of these findings in advancing the fields of linguistic and cultural studies, offering valuable insights into the complex dynamics of language evolution and its profound impact on cultural identity and communication in the contemporary world.

TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SEMANTICS OF ADJECTIVES

The article studies semantychnies changes in modern Ukrainian nomination, found role of neosemantyzm in the development of modern Ukrainian lexicon. Polysemy is one of the important manifestations of the systematic organization of the lexical composition of the language. This is a semantic universal, which, depending on the genetic and typological structure of each language, has a specific implementation and illustrates the surrounding world in the interrelationship of all its elements. It plays an important cognitive role. Polysemy reflects the thinking of society. Some dictionary articles with a lot of polysemy are read for pleasure: there is so much interesting and instructive in them.
 On the example of adjectives, the main regularities and directions of the semantic development of multi-meaning words are outlined. It has been found that for indicative meanings, the scope of meaning is related to situational knowledge, for objective ones, the semantic scope of the word implies knowledge of the function, purpose of the subject.
 Polysemy is one of the important means of systematic organization of the lexical composition of the language. It reflects the consequences of human thinking, which captures in a multi-meaning word the similarity between various objects and phenomena of objective reality. Polysemy makes the word a more flexible tool for thinking. It is associated with the tendency to economize linguistic means, since polysemy makes it possible to express a greater number of concepts without increasing the number of language forms.

Enhancing relevance and authenticity in school science: design of two prototypical activities within the FEDORA project

We live in a historical period that sociologists call the “society of acceleration”, where changes, mainly triggered by science and technology, occur over increasingly shorter time intervals. International reports by the OECD, the European Commission, and UNESCO highlight a worrying detachment between scientific education at school and societal issues, in terms of topics and practices. To address this gap, the H2020 project FEDORA1 designed and implemented several school activities centered around topics related to current challenges, aimed to increase students’ feeling of relevance toward formal scientific education. These implementations are: (i) based on the three FEDORA framework’s theoretical pillars: interdisciplinarity, search for new languages, future-oriented education; (ii) informed by some FEDORA’s recommendations to curricula developers, then turned into operational design principles: cross and integrate different disciplines, elicit epistemic emotions, embrace and embed complexity and uncertainty, dismantle dichotomous thinking and telling, exercise scenario building and thinking about the future in a pluralistic way. After presenting the general framework and the recommendations, we will discuss the details of two activities (“Mocku for change,” “Physics of clouds”) which, respectively, exploit the use of creative writing and mockumentary as forms of new languages. They concern topics such as sustainability or complexity and are aimed to help students engage and make sense of contemporary challenges in a personal and emotional way. In the end, we will argue why we consider them to be examples of practical and (to some extent) reproducible activities in class, which could reduce the gap between science at school and science outside school; in this sense, we claim to shed light on possible ways by which formal educational systems can reposition themselves to deal with societal needs.

Analysis of Elementary School Student's Mathematical Communication Ability on Statistics

Students' difficulty in communicating a problem into a mathematical model is one of the important things that must be corrected. This research was carried out based on the results of a preliminary study which showed that students' mathematical communication skills in statistics material were stull low. This study aims to determine students' difficulties in solving application problems. The research method used in this research is qualitative. This research was conducted in an elementary school in West Bandung Regency with 32 V class students as subjects. The instruments used in this study were a descprition test consisting of four questions and interviews. The indicators of mathematical communication used are : (1) Expressing everyday events in symbols or mathematical language, (2) Explain ideas, situations, and mathematical relations with real objects, pictures, graphs, and algebra, (3) Expressing images in the form of ordinary language, (4) Read with comprehension a written mathematical presentation The results of the study show that students still have difficulty communicating the given application problems, especially in making diagrams. Students feel confused in communicating from ordinary forms into diagrammatic forms. Students are confused in determining the value and frequency in the form of a diagram. students also have difficulty reading diagrams and changing the results of the diagrams into ordinary language.

Unpacking Language Awareness in Language Teaching

This study explores Language Awareness (LA) and its significance in language teaching. LA, a concept developed since the 1990s, plays a vital role in language learning and teaching. It involves recognizing language's nature, cultural ties, forms, and ideological implications. Teaching Language Awareness (TLA) is crucial for educators, especially within different teaching methods like "focus-on-form," "focus-on formS," and "focus-on-meaning." Challenges for educators in diverse contexts are discussed. The study addresses issues like the importance of subject-matter knowledge and educators' sensitivity to learner development. It emphasizes observation to identify language-related difficulties. Additionally, it highlights the gap between teacher education and classroom application, influenced by educator motivation and perceptions. In conclusion, this study advocates TLA's importance, identifies common challenges, and calls for further research on integrating LA into diverse teaching approaches.

Danmu-assisted learning through back translation

Abstract Based on a new type of online data, danmu comments, this article examines the reception of the English-dubbed Chinese drama Journey to the West (Season II). This drama was adapted from a classic Chinese novel of the same title. Studies on dubbing reception have focused on how audiences understand and appreciate dubbing products. However, this article approaches dubbing reception from the perspective of usability, conceiving reception as using translations for certain purposes. I first collected danmu comments on the dubbed version from Bilibili, the most popular danmu video-sharing website in China. A multimodal discourse analysis of these comments shows that the dubbed Journey has been used for Chinese viewers to learn English. Danmu interface functions like a “blackboard” to provide back translations for viewers, helping them better understand the English lines. By proposing the concept “danmu-assisted learning through back translation,” this study argues that dubbed material could be useful in language learning. Such informal language learning may inspire the industry to develop a danmu-based learning software for foreign languages, which could be applied in a pedagogical setting. This article reveals new temporal features of danmu subtitling, including antecedent, concurrent, and delayed danmu translations, potentially facilitating learning in various ways. It also contributes methodologically to AVT reception studies by using danmu comments to study viewers in a naturalistic setting without researcher intervention.

Analysis of the Use of Emotional Expression in the Creation of Watercolor Art

Time is progressing, modern art is also booming, painting is not only focusing on beauty but a way of communication, painting can convey the emotions we want to express, which cannot be replaced by language. A good painting can integrate the creator's emotion with the painting, and reflect the performance of artistic thinking, so that the painting becomes lifelike, more vivid and natural as if reading the author's heart, as if communicating with the author, the form of language is the basis to support all the paintings. Watercolor painting has a long history, from the West into the land of China, by the influence of oriental art, formed a unique contemporary watercolor language form, showing a unique painting style. Emotion is the core of formal language as the creation of painting, and it is the bridge between emotion and concrete expression, and the two are complementary to each other.

Meaning Analysis of Greeting Words for Kinship In the Society of Pariaman City

Greetings are a part of speech commonly used in everyday life. Formal and informal language can be used to greet people. Greeting words can also be used as pronouns for other people in the communication process. This part of speech is used to address someone in both singular and plural forms. This research uses a type of qualitative research using descriptive methods focuses on a phenomenological perspective to understand the meaning of events and interactions between people in Pariaman Society. The objective of this research is to identify the types of greeting words used by the Pariaman community and analyze each meaning of the greeting words. The data sources of this research originated from various sources, including informants who were born and raised in the community life of Pariaman city, various scientific papers and books. In the data collection process, this research conducted interviews and read some information from data sources, then identified and classified the data. This study found that kinship greetings in Pariaman city society are divided into three parts based on the person to be addressed, including upper ego group, parallel to the ego, and lower ego group. Gender differences also affect the different forms of greeting words used by Pariaman people.

The Application of Painting Language in Literary Translation from the Perspective of Translation Aesthetics: A Case Study of Wiley's English Translation

Points, lines and surfaces are the expression forms of painting, while words, phrases and sentences are the expression forms of language. The mutual reference and combination of painting art and language art enriches the expression of literary translation, and makes literary translation, like painting, give full play to its unique aesthetic value and artistic emotion. Based on Liu Miqing's translation aesthetics theory, this paper analyzes the aesthetic object and aesthetic subject of translation, combines the viewpoint of painting language with translation, and discusses the use of painting language in Chinese poetry translated by Arthur Waley from two aspects: the use of lines and the construction of geometric figures, and the reproduction of painting language in poetry translation.

Effectiveness of Online Informal Language Learning Applications in English Language Teaching: A Behavioral Perspective

Effectiveness of Online Informal Language Learning Applications in English Language Teaching: A Behavioral Perspective

Study on the English Translation of Metaphors in Chinese Idioms from the Perspective of Relevance Translation Theory: A Case Study of Xi Jinping: The Governance of China Vol.Ⅲ

Chinese idioms are one of the important components of Chinese language and culture, and they express rich cultural connotations in highly condensed language forms. The metaphors in idioms are even more diverse, and the metaphors in political texts demonstrate their unique persuasive function, which is of great research significance. This article delves into the metaphorical phenomena in idioms and, through case analysis, concludes that a series of translation strategies, such as literal translation concept method, free translation connotation method, and cultural transformation method, can better convey the deep meanings contained in idioms and effectively play their semantic functions.