Formation Of Urban Space Research Articles

Children’s right to the city: The case of street children

Children are important actors in the urban areas of Turkey since they make up the largest demographic group. Therefore, the reasons behind their being regarded as ‘passive’ should be re-examined, in view of the fact that they live and work in, and create and recreate the city. The purpose of this study is to elaborate the children’s right to the city concept from two different points of view using liberal and radical approaches within the theoretical framework provided by Marcuse in the right to the city discourse. The reason for choosing Marcuse is that at some points, his arguments meet with both a liberal and radical understanding of the right to the city. Therefore, these two approaches will be compared regarding children’s right to the city in Turkey in light of related literature. In the last part of the study, children’s right to the city will be discussed from these two perspectives with the particular case of street children derived from findings in the literature. It is revealed that while there are significant developments in Turkey at local and international level in terms of children’s right to the city and street children, there is still a need for a strengths-based perspective which positions children as active agents making decisions about their own lives and formation of urban space.

INVARIANTS AND ISOMERS OF URBAN SPACE

The article assumes that the effectiveness of spatial development of the city largely depends on the analysis and consideration of new properties of space. The phenomena of isomerism and invariance as integral properties of urban space, their connection with other dimensions are studied. The theoretical provisions of the phenomenon of invariance and isomerism for urban planning are comprehended, their essence in relation to the problems of centrism is revealed; the role of urban networks and the dynamism of space; tasks of placing new objects in the complex spatial structure of cities. Approaches to the study and consideration of these characteristics in the spatial organization and development of urban systems are substantiated.
 The categorical-conceptual apparatus is specified. Invariants are quantities, ratios, and properties that do not change from the changes in the components associated with them. They determine the comfort of the environment, the availability of facilities, the effectiveness of solutions and other properties of the space. The phenomenon of invariance is revealed through the functional zoning of the territory, the concept of centrism and the center of cities, communication connectivity and configuration of the urban network, the location of new objects in urban space. These are the instrumental properties of urban space, which are concentrated around the human dimension and human needs. Isomers in urban planning are changes in the properties of urban space with a constant material structure and environment, which is usually associated with the position of a single element in the system. Understanding this phenomenon is important and effective for understanding the morphology and essence of urban systems.
 The city is an integral dynamic supersystem, and the development of urban space takes place both according to planned decisions and according to the laws of «living» matter. Space interacts with processes (social, technological, informational, functional and economic); combines squares, streets, recreational environment (parks, gardens, squares), creating their own social values. The principles and requirements for the use of invariance and isomerism in architectural and urban activities are substantiated.
 Invariants determine the proportions of the ratios of shapes and spaces, environmental friendliness, functionality, nodes and internal geometry of space. Isomeric properties of urban space form, as a rule, qualitative symbolic, aesthetic and historically significant urban elements. They: change the range of impressions for users due to changes in architectural and urban characteristics and interactions with the user; increase individual and collective personalization, as well as general identity; make the space safer for the population, provide continuity in their control; universalize the space, which allows to develop new activities and apply mixed functionalities; organize urban nodes as spaces with high connectivity to other urban nodes and zones. The requirements to the formation of urban space are substantiated: the correct definition of the proportional relations between closed and open space, shape and size; environmental friendliness; functional sufficiency; the internal geometry of space must be determined by man; nodal places as invariants should direct people to cross space in all directions - to guarantee visually expressive entrances, attractive visual landmarks, accessibility, convenience of being near them and in them; the label must meet the criteria of scale and traditional design. It is proved that the use of isomerization provisions and urban invariants can be effective for the recovery and effective development of the urban organism.

FORMATION OF URBAN PUBLIC SPACES IN THE ARCHITECTURE OF POSTMODERNISM

The article deals with the most characteristic features of postmodernism in architecture and in the formation of urban spaces. Postmodernism in architecture was involved as a solution that would combine the rationality and feasibility of modernism with artistic and design solutions. However, in the postmodern era, the urban environment is gradually losing its historical memory, its importance as an anthropological category and as a place of identity identification.
 Urban centers are turning into purely commercial theme parks for tourists. Postmodern space is an urban structure formed by signs that meet the demands of society. The Postmodern City Image is a conglomerate of ideas and images built with the help of visual personality memory.
 Rem Koolhaas calls this phenomenon a «Junkspace», built as a conglomeration of ideas, concepts and dreams. This space is designed to please people thanks to whimsical and exaggerated elements: neon, casinos and buildings that combine architectural elements of any age with the intention to create a new architectural style.
 Las Vegas is a hypertrophied example of a postmodern city. Its urban landscape leaves facades and walls aside, replacing them with signs and symbols. Such a symbolic place becomes timeless, unrealistic and transit, not intended for everyday life. Space and time in such a city lose their essence. Urban space brings together different elements from other historical, artistic and cultural eras to interpret them as reflecting modernity. The value of images copied from historical reality becomes more important than reality itself. Humanity regards this unreal world as an idealized model of society, parallel to the one that actually exists, more attractive and interesting. Thus, the very essence of the architecture, the meaning of which is replaced by temporary advertising symbols, is lost.

Territórios urbanos do uso de crack em Belo Horizonte – Minas Gerais, Brasil – Uma análise da “Cracolândia” sob as perspetivas ecológicas do crime

We propose an analysis of the formation of urban spaces for the use of crack and other illicit drugs in the Lagoinha neighborhood, central Belo Horizonte, capital of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Known as “Cracolândias”, these territories are analyzed from the perspective of the ecology of crime, which raises the question about the distribution of deviations and crimes in urban centers. The study has quantitative data and a qualitative research of the neighborhood in question, which serve as a basis for knowledge of this complex social reality.

Formation of visual comfort of small cities architectural environment

Statement of the problem. The aim of the study is to analyse the basic elements of creating visual comfort in the urban environment in the conditions of the renovation of the existing development of Russian small towns. Results. The main results of the research are the development of the syntactic context of architecture in urban space; the definition of the architectural language as the basis for the formation of compositional characteristics of visual comfort in urban space. Conclusions. The significance of the obtained results lies in the novelty of the approach to the mechanism of updating the architectural environment of cities based on the reform of the visual characteristics of the existing buildings; in the interpretation of architectural forms that reveal the original qualities of urban architecture. The use of the methodological basis of the mechanism of visual renewal of the architectural environment and the formation of urban space as a meaningful context that reveals individual characteristics to the viewer who is in the space of the city. At the same time, the visual-figurative context of the architectural environment of cities acquires a meaningful meaning, which allows us to comprehensively consider the process of renovation of existing buildings, including the tool for visual-spatial construction of architectural solutions.

Life positions in self-regulation of life activity of the youth

Recently, the topic of the life positions of young people attracts more attention due to the activation of youth in the socio-political space of the society life: defending their right to participate in the formation of urban space, participation in volunteer and environmental movement, for the preservation of cultural heritage and values ​​of a various spectrum: from traditional to modern. The nature of these and other types of activity is regulated by a life position, reflecting the understanding by different groups of young people of themselves, the meaning of their life, their role in society. The article examines the essence of the life position of youth, the specifics of its formation within the existing semantic space of reality and the relationship with social activity. On the basis of the concept of socio-cultural self-regulation of life activity developed by the Center for Sociology of Youth of the Institute of Socio-Political Research FCTAS RAS and the data obtained in the course of the Center for Sociological Research, the author analyses the connection between the life position of young people and age, the level of material status and education, as well as with regional living conditions. The interconnection between the life positions of young people and their ideological attitudes towards individualism and collectivism, trust and distrust of others are described. By using structural and taxonomic modeling of the life process of young people, the interrelationships of their life positions with elements of the socio-cultural mechanism of self-regulation are considered. Thus, the author analyzes the connections between the core of the taxon of habitus of active and passive life positions of young people with archetypes, mental traits, modern features and life-meaning values, types of youth cultures. It has been established that the regulatory function of an active life position is realiszed through both traditional and modern elements of the self-regulation mechanism: by archetypes of glory and idealzation of the past, on the one hand, and rationalism, openness to everything foreign, attitude to the country as a place of residence, on the other. In turn, the regulatory function of a passive life position is predominantly formed under the influence of the conditions of the vital activities of the young people, and the role of youth types of culture and life-meaning values ​​is reduced to their awareness of the semantic content of the formed habitual attitude. The article also analyzes the indicators of the social activity of young people based on their connection with the worldview semantic attitudes.

Topography of Power: Venice and the Eastern Adriatic Cities in the Century Following the Fourth Crusade

In the thirteenth century, in the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade, Venice became an important power in the Mediterranean, which caused profound change in its political, territorial and economic ambitions. The main strategy of Venice was to maintain the sea route from the northernmost point in the Adriatic to the Levant, and therefore it was crucial to dominate politically over the Eastern Adriatic: the cities there could serve as points of departure or safe harbours in which Venetian vessels could be sheltered and supplied with merchandise, food, water, and manpower. One of the ways to incorporate the Eastern Adriatic cities into a common area of governance was to construct recognizable public buildings, and to introduce and standardize a legal and administrative order that was mainly adapted to the central political entity, but also served the local urban communities. This paper follows the changes that were directly or indirectly mirrored in the urban structure of the cities during the thirteenth century: primarily the design of urban spaces (especially public ones) and the construction of public buildings linked to governance, defence, trade or administration. During the thirteenth century, one can follow the development of Venetian ambitions and their focus on particular areas or activities (economic, military) in the state, as well as the activities of Venetian patricians holding the governor’s offi ce. Naturally, the local circumstances and the local population had a crucial impact on the formation of urban space, but this paper focuses primarily on the role of the Venetian administration in this respect.

МНОГОМЕРНЫЕ ОБРАЗЫ ПРОСТРАНСТВА: ОБЗОР VII МЕЖДУНАРОДНОЙ НАУЧНОЙ КОНФЕРЕНЦИИ "ГЕОГРАФИЯ ИСКУССТВА"

The international scientific conference «Geography of Art» has been considering the interaction of art and space for many years. The first conference was held in 2009. In 2021, the seventh conference was held in a hybrid format, which allowed scientists from remote places and other countries to be invited. The role of art in shaping the cultural landscape, cartographic, artistic, and literary images of the world, and concepts of space in art were discussed. Art creates the meanings of geographical objects of different levels, «sculpting» the semantic form of urban space. «Genius and Place» is a theme that reveals how artists, writers, and poets re-create the meanings of the places they are associated with. Literary geography and local texts are one of the dimensions of this problem. As usual, the conference was characterized by a broad interdisciplinary approach.

Exploring the public value of streets in the context of rapid urbanization

Urban street is an important form of urban space. It is the economic lifeline of the city, as well as the most public space that people use in daily life. City streets bears not only the flourished style of this region, but also embodies the unique style and taste of a city. Since China's reform and opening, economic development has maintaining a rapid growth momentum. The economic base determines the superstructure,so the scale of city population is facing a rapid expansion. The city is changing rapidly with the vigorous development of motor traffic. The traditional street space is faced with the situation of being nibbled away.Based on the concept of urban street and public space, this paper further analyzes the importance of paying attention to urban public life for achieving sustainable development, and then points out the importance of urban street space as an important carrier of public life in the context of rapid urbanization.By clarifying the important public value of urban streets, this paper draws the attention of a wide range of city government decision-makers and urban planners.

How Does Urban Park Affect People’s Health? An Empirical Study Based on Xiaoyaojin Park in Hefei

As one of the important forms of urban space, urban parks not only provide green space, but also support a variety of outdoor recreation activities. They play an important role in the life of urban residents’ sports, leisure and social interaction, and have great potential effect on promote people’s physical and mental health. This study used a questionnaire survey method, SF-12 health questionnaire was used to quantify the physical and mental health of park users. Satisfaction questionnaire was used to evaluate park users’ satisfaction with park characteristics. Multiple regression analysis was used to reveal the relationship between urban park and park users’ physical and mental health score. The results show that there is a positive correlation between the time of using the park, the satisfaction with the overall environment of the park and their scores of physical and mental health. Park users’ satisfaction with the activity facilities of the park is positively correlated with their physical health score, and their satisfaction with the plant landscape of the park is positively correlated with their mental health score. The conclusion shows that urban parks have a positive impact on people’s physical and mental health.

ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЕ СВЕТА, ЦВЕТА И ПРОСТРАНСТВА В ГОРОДСКОЙ СРЕДЕ

In the condition of rapid development of the Urban science, the problem of the formation of the lighting and colour of urban environment city, relationship between a lighting-colour combination and the followings: urban development, landscape and a human impact takes place.
 Each space and visual objects can be perceived only through the light. Without lighting, it is impossible to see the surrounding space. In the architecture and design the lighting environment should be part of the city and the goal is to organically fit into this image.
 Methodological basis of this study is the problem of the lighting-colour combinations and effect of them on the urban space form, as well as the perception of this space by subjects under different conditions
 Year by year Lighting solutions are developed intensively; the new techniques for creation an extraordinary lighting image of the urban environment and its constituent objects are used. For different city regions, the own lighting style is developed.
 The main objective of architectures and designers for nowadays and for the future is the creating an expressive visual and artistic image of the city, harmoniously combining the styles of buildings and the features of urban spaces.
 Result of this study: the perception of light, colour and space is individual and requires more deep study by the specialists.

Urban periphery. The problem of spontaneous growth of the territory of Samara in the second half of the XIX – early XX century

The article discusses the development of Samaras urban space in the focus of the formation and development of urban periphery. The factor of spontaneity in the formation of urban space is considered. The second half of the XIX early XX centuries was characterized by a rapid growth of the urban population, which led to the formation of new settlements near city. The demarcation and construction of new suburban settlements was carried out by residents without the consent of the city authorities. The purpose of this article is to analyze the factor of spontaneity in the formation and development of urban space. The influence of spontaneous suburbs on the urban space of Samara and the formation of its socio-cultural identity is analyzed. The research is based on the subject field of historical urbanism and is on an interdisciplinary and socio-cultural approach. The source base of the research is the office documentation of city authorities. The ways of solving the problem of spontaneous construction in Samara at the beginning of the XX century are considered. The emergence of spontaneous suburbs was the result of the authorities untimely response to overpopulation of urban space during a period of rapid economic growth and shortsightedness in planning urban areas. Most often, migrants built residential houses on the lands of the industrial zone, which, along with the inaccessibility of urban communications and overcrowded irregular development, led to unsanitary conditions and outbreaks of diseases. At the same time, the poverty of the local population influenced the growth of deviant forms of behavior and contributed to the formation of a rural look of peripheral areas. All this adversely affected the urban space as a whole. In this regard, the solution of the problem of spontaneous suburbs for the city authorities was equated with the improvement of the urban environment and the improvement of its quality.

Impact of Religious Commandments on Residential Architecture of Zoroastrians, Case Study: Dasturān District in Yazd City

ABSTRACT Scholars that have focused on cities as the subject of their research, account the worldview and religion as the most significant factors in formation of urban spaces and architectural compositions. This is indeed why historical cities are known to reflect beliefs and cultures of their constructors. The influence of Islam on Iranian ancient cities is studied considerably, though research on the influence of commandments of the Zoroastrian religion on their architectural spaces is at its infancy. Therefore, this research investigates the impact of religious commandments on Zoroastrian's residential architecture, based on the data obtained from fieldwork in the Dasturān district of the City of Yazd (Iran). To this end, besides identifying influential Zoroastrian commandments, the extent of, and the circumstances surrounding formation of such architectural spaces has been evaluated. In the conformity of theoretical findings of the research against the field data, it has been revealed that the Zoroastrian commandments have significantly influenced the formation of spaces of historical houses in Yazd (Dasturān district); particularly that practice of commandments “respect of sanctity of the four elements or Chahar-Akhshij (earth, water, air, fire)” and “faith in cosmos order (Aṣ̌a/Rta)” have been emphasized in Zoroastrian residential architecture.

CITTASLOW AS AN APPROACH TO SUPPORT LOCAL URBAN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

As a result of publishing the concept of Globalization all over the world, The rate of urbanization is vast increasing, so the cities have witnessed an unprecedented civilization acceleration., but this fast life affected the economic, social and cultural life styles of communities, These differentiations are also effective in the formation of urban spaces and architecture and in the generation of urban life quality at cities. Due to Fast does not always mean progress and more competitiveness, has appeared as sustainable model based on an alternative philosophy of globalization and fast life. It is a global organization that strives to achieve the goal of sustainable urban development through the avoidance of global culture in planning, urban design and infrastructure. Their policies promote local diversity and economic and cultural strengths, build on historic resources and traditions, and encourage a slow, relaxed pace of life. The research was based on the construction of a comprehensive theoretical framework through the review and study of literature on the subject of the concept of Globalization and its effects on the urban system and the rate of urbanization and urban problems which are increasing significantly according to the rapid changes that have developed in many cities, Within the scope of this study, ‘Cittaslow’ movement is addressed as a different approach to building sustainable cities to face the effects of the ideas of globalization and fast life on the urban system , by ensuring the notion of ‘Cittaslow’ is clearly understood, urban parameters suggested by Cittaslow within the framework of achiving sustainability as a solution to modern-day urban problems. Then the research analyze one of slow cities experiment. In an attempt to devise whether the application of Cittaslow policies would be a valuable approach for cities planners to adopt, to aid in addressing issues of small towns in Egypt and to assist them in supporting sustainable urban development includes the overall results of the search and recommendations. The study aims to take advantage of “Cittaslow policies and principles to turn the theoretical underpinnings of sustainable development and Local Agenda 21 into a more powerful and practical action plan. In an attempt to devise processes within which to activate “Cittaslow” policies and principles to implement local urban sustainable development.

A Comparative Study of Urban Spaces Between Samarkand City in the Timurid Period and Isfahan City in the Safavid Period

The present study aimed to study the evolution of urban spaces in the Timurids and Safavids. In present study, first, Samarkand city built in the Timurid era and Isfahan city built in the Safavid era were compared in terms of urban spaces and then, the differences, similarities and the effects of each city on the other one were mentioned. Finally, the main components of urban space were studied in the two cities. In this regard, with a descriptive-historical approach, data were collected using historical sources and texts, images, maps, and the results of studies carried out by contemporary researchers. The two cities of Samarkand in the Timurid period and Isfahan in the Safavid period had the same natural, climatic, social, cultural and economic characteristics, which had significant effects on the formation of urban spaces in both cities. The features of Timurid urban spaces can be mentioned as several principles: the establishment of gardens within and outside the city, the construction of main urban roads using various buildings and varies land uses, the spread of urban complexes using a square. Then, in the Safavid era, urban spaces were flourished by following the Isfahan school. Then, with the development of social, political, economic and cultural grounds and composition of them in the urban spaces, the ideal city of Isfahan was realized in the Safavid era. It seems that the principals of physical and semantic formation of urban spaces of Isfahan city in the Safavid era had aimed to create the heavenly paradise in the present world.

Landscaping As A Factor In Creating A Comfortable Urban Environment

This article deals with the issues of gardening as a factor in the improvement of children's, educational, sports facilities and its impact on the aesthetic and artistic value of the created landscapes. This is especially true due to the fact that landscaping is one of the most important aspects in the whole range of measures for arranging a comfortable environment along with security issues, the formation of urban spaces, etc. The authors provide recommendations on the selection of the plant assortment under the influence of negative urban factors, such as the impact of vehicles, noise pollution. The individual features of the territories of various objects are noted, private landscape solutions are defined. By the example of the territories of the studied objects, the authors conducted taxation of tree plantings, which showed the unsatisfactory condition of a significant part of them. The possibility of expanding the range of expressive means through the use of traditional national ornaments in the structure of planar plant compositions is shown. The authors emphasize that the applied ecological approach not only provides for the creation of decorative compositions fully viable in harsh urban conditions but also contributes to the development of elements of the ecological framework as the basis for the conservation of urban fauna.

Urban form and air pollution disperse: Key indexes and mitigation strategies

Modern cities are experiencing increasingly severe air pollution issues due to massive emissions from industrial waste and vehicles. Additionally, urban spatial patterns and architectural layouts make near-surface urban air pollutants difficult to disperse. Thus, they accumulate at human height level, affecting people’s health. This study performs a three-dimensional simulation of features of spatial forms such as the site coverage, average height, plot ratio or floor area ratio, degree of enclosure, and height difference. The study makes use of a typical high-density built-up area as an example for empirical analysis. The research results show that the factors of three-dimensional forms of urban space, and the urban near-surface wind environment affected by it, have apparent effects on the flow of near-surface urban air pollutants. In particular, site coverage, average height, and degree of enclosure are the key indexes affecting the flow of near-surface air pollutants, while average height shows the most significant impact. Based on these findings, the study proposes mitigation strategies to optimize main urban form indexes from the above three aspects, in order to promote near-surface urban air pollutant dispersion and reduce the impact of air pollution on human health.

Особенности устройства различных вариантов кровельных покрытий с системами озеленения

Выявление новых тенденций развития в городском про­странстве с учётом формирования архитектурно-средовой концепции города и изменения потребностей жителей города является актуальной проблемой современного градо­строительства. Озеленение городских пространств, предпо­лагающее использование систем озеленения на стеновых и кровельных покрытиях зданий, является важным и полезным элементом градоформирующего потенциала жилищного ком­плекса в формировании городского пространства.
 Устройство кровельных и фасадных покрытий с система­ми озеленения полезно для окружающей среды, потому что такие покрытия «оздоравливают» здания, снижая выбросы, затраты на отопление и охлаждение, фильтруют осадки, а также улучшают качество воздуха, улавливая загрязнения.
 «Зелёные» крыши предлагают решение этих проблем, по­тому что они поглощают дождевую воду и снижают уровень вредных испарений в воздухе, улучшая процесс внутреннего охлаждения зданий и уменьшая потребность в кондициони­ровании воздуха. Преобразование общественных пространств позволяет формировать новый многоуровневый каркас с «зелёными» зонами. Устройство кровельных покрытий с системами озеленения имеет отличительные особенности, которые следует учитывать в процессе производства работ. Проведён анализ технологических процессов устройства экс­плуатируемых кровельных покрытий с системами озеленения и поиск оптимальных конструктивно-технологических решений. В исследовании использовался метод сравнительного анализа различных вариантов устройства кровельных покрытий с систе­мами озеленения. Приведены различные типы «зелёных» крыш в зависимости от нагрузки на покрытие здания: экстенсивный и интенсивный тип озеленения. В исследовании приводится анализ различных вариантов устройства кровельных покрытий с системами озеленения на основе сравнения показателей трудоёмкости работ при их устройстве.

Sustainability and urban morphology

Urban morphology analysis allows us to understand an urban transformation. Through this analysis, the development of an area can be intervened in a planned manner. Morphology can be a valuable tool by linking technological aspects to urban sustainability strategies with various aspects of culture, social, civil through urban architectural design. This tool can be used in accordance with comprehensive and complex sustainability ideas that can only be achieved fully through the renewal of public awareness and the use of available resources. Architecture and language (linguistics) have a basic resemblance, where both are tools for conveying messages, radiating impressions and as objects to capture impressions and messages. Likewise, in understanding the form, both have the same similarity. The form of the two fields of science is studied in morphology. Morphology of the city learn the intricacies of urban space form and function changes the shape of urban space, both functions of grammatical and semantic functions. The smallest element of linguistics is morpheme, the smallest element of architecture urban is the space, so morpheme can be analogical into the space (morpheme = space). Morpheme consists of a free morpheme and bound morpheme, as well as space. Space as a three-dimensional shape composed of a solid space (content) and a void space (open). Typology can be analogical into the Urban Architectural then, the notion of “language” = “Urban Architecture”.

From the cities’ point of view: Studi sociali e forma dello spazio urbano

Nota critica di Giovanni Semi, Gentrification. Tutte le città come Disneyland?, Bologna, il Mulino, 2015, pp. 237; Claudio Sopranzetti, Owners of the Map: Motorcycle Taxi Drivers, Mobility, and Politics in Bangkok, Oakland, University of California Press, 2017, pp. xiv-314.