Formation Of Reflex Research Articles

INDIVIDUAL AND AGE PROPERTIES OF BEGINNING SINGERS AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON THE PROCESS OF VOCAL SKILLS’ FORMATION

The article examines the influence of individual and personal properties of junior and teenage pupils, which significantly affect the ontogenesis of musical abilities and their singing training. It was noted that taking these factors into account should lay the foundation for teaching singing to pupils of different ages. In teaching singing to elementary school students, attention is focused on the fact that, due to the adverse influence of the musical environment, a significant proportion of children develop a so-called «partial brake», which becomes an obstacle to the spontaneous and natural mastery of the skills of repeating the simplest melodies, and with it, to the development of pitch hearing, harmonic sense, musical memory and internal auditory images. The internal and external factors of these inhibitory processes are characterized, which include the peculiarities of children’s temperament and behavioral tendencies and their combination with habits that are formed in them as a result of pedagogical mistakes and family circumstances that negatively affect the process of realizing their speech and intonation potentials. Two types of temperament and the peculiarities of their manifestation in the process of teaching singing students are distinguished, namely: choleric temperament with a preference for the excitatory state of the nervous system and melancholic temperament with a characteristically weak type of nervous system and a preference for inhibitory processes. These properties often lead to the emergence of problems in the individual at the initial stage of musical development and negatively affect their condition throughout life. The external signs of their manifestation are the condition of the muscular body, the peculiarities of speech and communication, tending to the corresponding behavioral style. In the first case, the student’s excessive activity, general muscle stiffness, the need to quickly switch attention and the inability to concentrate it on the performance of tasks, the inability to act on the advice (instructions) of an adult are characteristic. For children with impaired tone of the nervous system, an overly relaxed, «flabby» muscle state is typical, which negatively affects the lack of support in the process of sound production and sound conduction, increased fatigue, slow formation of conditioned reflexes, which are the basis of the motor-singing skills formation. Keywords: individual and age psychological properties; development of musical abilities; singing lessons; vocal skills; students of different ages.

Effects of different types of induced neonatal inflammation on development and behavior of C57BL/6 and BTBR mice

Neuroinflammation in the early postnatal period can disturb trajectories of the completion of normal brain development and can lead to mental illnesses, such as depression, anxiety disorders, and personality disorders later in life. In our study, we focused on evaluating short- and long-term effects of neonatal inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide, poly(I:C), or their combination in female and male C57BL/6 and BTBR mice. We chose the BTBR strain as potentially more susceptible to neonatal inflammation because these mice have behavioral, neuroanatomical, and physiological features of autism spectrum disorders, an abnormal immune response, and several structural aberrations in the brain. Our results indicated that BTBR mice are more sensitive to the influence of the neonatal immune activation (NIA) on the formation of neonatal reflexes than C57BL/6 mice are. In these experiments, the injection of lipopolysaccharide had an effect on the formation of the cliff aversion reflex in female BTBR mice. Nonetheless, NIA had no delayed effects on either social behavior or anxiety-like behavior in juvenile and adolescent BTBR and C57BL/6 mice. Altogether, our data show that NIA has mimetic-, age-, and strain-dependent effects on the development of neonatal reflexes and on exploratory activity in BTBR and C57BL/6 mice.

Action of Serotonin Precursor Synthesis 5-Oxytryptophan on EPSP Recorded in Premotor Interneurons of Snail after Formation of Conditioned Defensive Reflex

Action of Serotonin Precursor Synthesis 5-Oxytryptophan on EPSP Recorded in Premotor Interneurons of Snail after Formation of Conditioned Defensive Reflex

Secrets of memory. Biological and computer parallels

This article explores one of the most mysterious and multifaceted aspects of human nature - memory. Memory defines the system's ability to learn, adapt, and make informed decisions based on accumulated experience. It plays an important role in solving conceptual and theoretical problems in the field of artificial intelligence and modeling. Learning and adaptation is one of the key aspects where memory models allow AI systems to not only reproduce but also improve their performance based on experience. It is also important to consider memory modeling as preserving the context of past events, which is important for the correct understanding and interpretation of current situations. The article examines the issue of memory location, starting with classical theories explaining the mechanisms of memory location in the brain, including neurophysiology and the theory of conditioned reflexes. However, special attention is paid to alternative approaches, such as the theory of intracellular memory, which offers new ways of understanding memory. Finally, the work draws attention to the connection between learning and memory, especially in the context of the formation of conditioned reflexes. In the process of considering the neuron as a key element of the nervous system and studying protein synthesis and polyribosomes, a surprising similarity between the process of protein synthesis in neurons and the functioning of the Turing machine was revealed. In the context of this analogy, a neuron can be perceived as a molecular computer, providing a new level of understanding of memory formation and information processing in the brain. The author hopes that this research will help to better understand the nature of human memory and enrich our knowledge about how the brain works

Assessment of Ante- and Postnatal Development of the Offspring of Male Rats Crossed in Delayed Periods after Treatment with Methotrexate in Low Doses.

We studied ante- and postnatal development of the offspring of intact female rats crossed with males injected with low doses of methotrexate 3 and 6 months before mating. The time of crossing corresponded to the manifestation of the cytostatic effect on spermatogonial stem cells. The offspring of methotrexate-treated males was characterized by increased preimplantation losses and fetal growth restriction in the antenatal period and inhibition of physical development, delayed formation of sensory-motor reflexes, and impaired learning abilities in the postnatal period.

Aspects of effect of novel compound exhibiting hypoglycemic activity on female rat reproduction processes

In experiments, in female rats, the novel substance dipiarone with hypoglycemic activity when administered intragastrically at doses of 0.5 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg from 6 to 16 days of gestation did not have a damaging effect on the processes of organo- and fetogenesis and did not contribute to the occurrence of deformities and abnormalities in the development of fetuses recorded in the antenatal and postnatal period of their development. Intragastric administration of dipiarone to rats at a dose of 100 mg/kg from 6 days of pregnancy until delivery showed that the formation of physical development of rat offspring in the postnatal period corresponds to the control parameters, while they had an increase in the rate of body weight gain, ahead of the time of formation of sensory-motor reflexes, activation of motor and emotional behavior.

METHODOLOGY OF FORMATION OF CONDITIONED REFLEX "AGENDA" IN PRIMARY SCHOOL PUPILS

METHODOLOGY OF FORMATION OF CONDITIONED REFLEX "AGENDA" IN PRIMARY SCHOOL PUPILS

Effect evaluation of supramolecular complex of ivermectin Aniverm-2.0% on postnatal development of rat offspring

The purpose of the research is to detect long-term effects of repeated oral administration of supramolecular complex of ivermectin Aniverm-2.0% on the postnatal development of rat offspring.Materials and methods. The studies were conducted on 16 white pregnant rats that were divided into two experimental and one control groups. The animals were kept under standard conditions of keeping and feeding. The supramolecular complex of ivermectin Aniverm-2.0% was administered to pregnant female rats (n = 6) of group 1 in the form of a suspension using an intragastric tube daily for 7 days at a dose of 15 mg/kg, and group 2 was given the substance of ivermectin (n = 5) at a dose of 8.25 mg/kg. The control female rats (n = 5) were administered 1 mL of distilled water during the experiment. The experimental pregnant females were left until delivery, and then, the development of their offspring was monitored for 45 days. After rat pups were born, the following were recorded: pregnancy duration, litter size, dynamics of weight gain in the rat pups for 21 days, postnatal death during the first 30 days, the ratio of males and females in the litter, periods of eye opening, incisor eruption, detachment of the auricle, appearance of hair coat, descent of testicles, and opening of the vagina. Then we assessed the maturation rate of sensory-motor reflexes in the offspring obtained from the experimental and control groups, the emotional motor behavior and ability for fine coordination of movements in the offspring, and conducted the open field-2 test on day 45 after birth.Results and discussion. No negative effect was detected for supramolecular complex of ivermectin Aniverm-2.0% on the parameters of physiological development of the offspring of the experimental rats within 45 days after birth. The dynamics of their mass, developmental parameters, and formation of motor reflexes during the feeding period remained within the normal values. Developmental indicators of sensory motor reflexes in the control and experimental rat pups had no statistically significant differences.

Neural-like growing networks in the development of general intelligence. Neural-like growing networks (P. II)

This article is devoted to the development of general artificial intelligence (AGI) based on a new type of neural networks – “neural-like growing networks”. It consists of two parts. The first one was published in N4, 2022, and describes an artificial neural-like element (artificial neuron) in terms of its functionality, which is as close as possible to a biological neuron. An artificial neural-like element is the main element in building neural-like growing networks. The second part deals with the structures and functions of artificial and natural neural networks. The paper proposes a new approach for creating neural-like growing networks as a means of developing AGI that is as close as possible to the natural intelligence of a person. The intelligence of man and living organisms is formed by their nervous system. According to I.P. Pavlov's definition, the main mechanism of higher nervous activity is the reflex activity of the nervous system. In the nerve cell, the main storage of unconditioned reflexes is the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule. The article describes ribosomal protein synthesis that contributes to the implementation of unconditioned reflexes and the formation of conditioned reflexes as the basis for learning biological objects. The first part of the work shows that the structure and functions of ribosomes almost completely coincide with the structure and functions of the Turing machine. Turing invented this machine to prove the fundamental (theoretical) possibility of constructing arbitrarily complex algorithms from extremely simple operations, and the operations themselves are performed automatically. Here arises a stunning analogy, nature created DNA and the ribosome to build complex algorithms for creating biological objects and their communication with each other and with the external environment, and the ribosomal protein synthesis is carried out by many ribosomes at the same time. It was concluded that the nerve cells of the brain are analog multi-machine complexes – ultra-fast molecular supercomputers with an unusually simple analog programming device.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ЦИКОРИЯ ОБЫКНОВЕННОГО (CICHORIUM INTYBUS L.) НА РЕПРОДУКТИВНУЮ ФУНКЦИЮ КРЫС

Currently, the development of new domestic medicines-hepatoprotectors for veterinary medicine is an urgent task because liver diseases of various genesis in animals occupy a leading place in the list of non-infectious pathologies. Of particular interest are medicinal plants and substances based on them, which influence the main mechanisms of the development of liver diseases. Such plants include chicory – from the aerial part of which a dry extract with a pronounced hepatoprotective effect has been obtained and standardized at the All-Russian Research Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. The objective of our study was to study the effect of dry extract of chicory aerial part on the reproductive function of rats in order to preclinically assess the safety of its use during pregnancy. The article presents the results of studying the potential embryotoxic and teratogenic effects of extract recorded in the antenatal and postnatal periods of development of the offspring of rats receiving the studied extract intragastrically at doses of 100 and 500 mg/kg from the 1st to the 6th and from the 6th to the 19th days of pregnancy. When administered in both periods of pregnancy in the tested doses, the dry extract of cichory did not cause a decrease in the body weight of pregnant women, an increase in pre- and post-implantation mortality of embryos, did not affect the body weight and craniocaudal size of 20-day-old rat fetuses, the rate of ossification of cartilaginous bone bookmarks, the condition of the internal organs of embryos. The introduction of the dry extract in the first six days of pregnancy does not have a negative effect on the postnatal development of offspring. However, when the studied extract is administered at the maximum tested dose from 6-19 days of pregnancy, it helps to slow down the formation of sensory-motor reflexes in the offspring. Taking into account the changes obtained, the administration of drugs based on the studied extract to pregnant animals during organo- and fetogenesis should be carried out under the supervision of a veterinarian in compliance with the therapeutic dose.

ПОИСК УНИВЕРСАЛЬНЫХ РЕШЕНИЙ В ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ ЭФФЕКТИВНОЙ СИСТЕМЫ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ

On the basis of generalization and analysis of existing approaches in the organization of management systems, the author proposes a method of preliminary assessment of the development potential of the enterprise, derived on the basis of the general properties of functioning inherent in all organizations, and also provides a typical scheme of an effective management system. Attention is paid to problematic issues related to the performance by employees of uncharacteristic labor functions. A simple method is proposed by which it is possible to identify an unreasonably expended labor resource and optimize the management system. Universal criteria are considered, using which it is possible to organize the distribution of responsibilities between employees and departments, so that their activities are as efficient and effective as possible. The leading role of employees who are the creators of the main product of the organization is indicated in relation to those who perform the functions of ensuring the production process, including administrative and managerial personnel. In this article, much attention is paid to the issue of the formation of effective labor behavior, the physiological mechanisms of the formation of a behavioral act are revealed. Based on the analysis of the need-information theory of emotions by academician P.V.Simonov, the systematization and description of physiologically conditioned human needs, which are the sources of appropriate behavioral reactions, is carried out. The article describes studies of the formation of a conditioned reflex and the basic principle of the nervous system – the dominant principle, which clearly demonstrate how foci of excitation can be created in the central nervous system, which can subsequently directly affect human behavior, as well as underlie many pathological processes occurring in the body. The author suggests the principles of human impact, the use of which will cause an unconditional reaction from the object of influence. The relationship between the emotional state of an employee and the effectiveness of his labor actions is investigated. The direct dependence of the effectiveness of labor actions carried out by employees on the presence of their positive emotional reinforcement is proved. The mechanism of professional skill formation as the basis of effective labor behavior is revealed. The article identifies cognitive distortions, as well as errors in decision-making that arise in managers in the process of managing subordinate employees, and also reveals the causes of their occurrence. Conclusions are drawn about the necessary qualities of highly qualified managers.

The Role of The Hippocampus in Conditionally Reflective Activity and The Formation of The Functional State of The Crust of The Large Hemisphere

The studies were carried out on dogs, which were stereotactically implanted with depth electrodes in the ventral and dorsal parts of the hippocampus. We studied the effect of stimulation of these structures with an electric current of high (60 pulses/sec) and low (4 pulses/sec) frequencies on conditional reflex activity and the formation of the functional state of the cerebral cortex. It was revealed that stimulation of different structures of the hippocampus has a different effect on the tone of cortex cells. The nature of this influence depends on the frequency of the electric current, which was used to stimulate. Formulation of the problem. Analysis of recent research and publications. There are a number of scientific papers devoted to the study of the role of the hippocampus in the regulation of various body functions (Giuliana, Caronia, Jennifer, Wilcoxon, et all., 2010; Purvis, EM, O'Donnelly, JC et all, 2020). Some authors believe that the hippocampus is a poly-functional structure: the center of visceral functions and sense of smell, memory, and learning, the regulator of emotions and motivations, it is used for orientation reflexes and attention, sensory analysis (Chaychenko, G.M., 1984; Wiskott L, Rasch MJ, Kempermann G. Wiskott L, Rasch MJ, Kempermann G. et all. 2006). But today there is not enough reliable data on the role of this structure in conditioned reflex activity under conditions of electrical stimulation of various structures of the hippocampus. It was found that when the hippocampus is stimulated by a weak electric current during the formation of conditioned reflexes, the fixation time of the reflex is significantly reduced, ie the processes of memorization and learning are accelerated (Gray, J.A., 1983; Diana, X Yu, Maria, C Marchetto, Fred, H Gage, 2014; Nader, K, Krysiak A, Beroun, A, et all., 2019; Whitfield, JF, Chakravarthy, BR., 2009). The mechanism of temporal connections has been shown to play an important role in regulating cortical tone. If the question of the formation of the functional state of the cortex of the large hemispheres during the formation of conditioned reflexes is more or less studied, then the question of the dependence of this phenomenon on the properties of the inhibitory process is insufficiently studied (William, D Jones, Sarah, M Guadiana, Elizabeth, A Grove, 2019). In addition, the role of various subcortical structures and, in particular, the hippocampus in the regulation of the tone of the cortex of the large hemispheres has not been clarified to date. The purpose to establish features of the formation of a functional condition of the bark of large hemispheres in the conditions of electric stimulation of various structures of a hippocampus

Delayed Formation of Neonatal Reflexes and of Locomotor Skills Is Associated with Poor Maternal Behavior in OXYS Rats Prone to Alzheimer's Disease-like Pathology.

Postnatal brain development is characterized by high plasticity with critical windows of opportunity where any intervention may positively or adversely influence postnatal growth and lead to long-lasting consequences later in life. Poor maternal care is among these interventions. Here, we found that senescence-accelerated OXYS rats prone to an Alzheimer's disease-like pathology are characterized by more passive maternal behavior and insufficient care for pups as compared to control (Wistar) rats. OXYS pups demonstrated a delay in physical development (of auricle detachment, of emergence of pelage and incisors, of eye opening, and of vaginal opening in females) and late manifestation of reflexes and locomotor skills. All observed behavioral abnormalities are connected either with poor coordination of limbs' movements or with a decrease in motivation and development of depression-like behavior. It is possible that their manifestations can be promoted by the features of maternal behavior of OXYS rats. Overall, these early-life events may have long-lasting consequences and contribute to neurodegeneration and development of the Alzheimer's disease-like pathology later in life.

Neuromorphic model of associative memory in the formation of the working environment description of a robotic agent

The article considers an approach to solving the problem of describing the workspace of a robotic agent based on the neuromorphic principle. A segmental spike model of a neuron with the possibility of structural adaptation was used as a basic element in the modeling. The main features of the neuron model used in terms of the possibilities of its structural reconfiguration are indicated. As the basis of the model for such a description, a scheme for the formation of a conditioned reflex in living organisms is chosen. The structural scheme of the neuromorphic model of conditioned reflex formation is given, as well as the general scheme of the model of associative memory formation. A step-by-step description of the algorithm for forming associative links in such a scheme is given. The principle of the formation of inhibitory connections when competing features appear in several objects is presented. The article presents the results of computer modeling on a model example. The conclusion is made about the applicability of the chosen neuron model and the scheme of organizing neurons into a network to solve the problem of describing the workspace of a robotic agent.

Wired to Connect: The Autonomic Socioemotional Reflex Arc.

We have previously proposed that mothers and infants co-regulate one another’s autonomic state through an autonomic conditioning mechanism, which starts during gestation and results in the formation of autonomic socioemotional reflexes (ASRs) following birth. Theoretically, autonomic physiology associated with the ASR should correlate concomitantly with behaviors of mother and infant, although the neuronal pathway by which this phenomenon occurs has not been elucidated. In this paper, we consider the neuronal pathway by which sensory stimuli between a mother and her baby/child affect the physiology and emotional behavior of each. We divide our paper into two parts. In the first part, to gain perspective on current theories on the subject, we conduct a 500-year narrative history of scientific investigations into the human nervous system and theories that describe the neuronal pathway between sensory stimulus and emotional behavior. We then review inconsistencies between several currently accepted theories and recent data. In the second part, we lay out a new theory of emotions that describes how sensory stimuli between mother and baby unconsciously control the behavior and physiology of both. We present a theory of mother/infant emotion based on a set of assumptions fundamentally different from current theories. Briefly, we propose that mother/infant sensory stimuli trigger conditional autonomic socioemotional reflexes (ASRs), which drive cardiac function and behavior without the benefit of the thalamus, amygdala or cortex. We hold that the ASR is shaped by an evolutionarily conserved autonomic learning mechanism (i.e., functional Pavlovian conditioning) that forms between mother and fetus during gestation and continues following birth. We highlight our own and others research findings over the past 15 years that support our contention that mother/infant socioemotional behavior is driven by mutual autonomic state plasticity, as opposed to cortical trait plasticity. We review a novel assessment tool designed to measure the behaviors associated with the ASR phenomenon. Finally, we discuss the significance of our theory for the treatment of mothers and infants with socioemotional disorders.

Masticatory reflex: manifestation features at mucositis and periimplantitis

Relevance. In the middle of the last century, based on clinical and physiological studies, the head of the Department of Prosthodontics of the First Leningrad Medical Institute named after Academician I.P. Pavlov, Professor I.S. Rubinov, prepared a scientific base and formulated the doctrine of functional links and reflexes of the masticatory apparatus. In subsequent years, other scientists and clinicians clarified the features of the masticatory apparatus reflex manifestations and functional characteristics of masticatory units in various oral diseases. New characteristics of reflex formation in various pathological conditions of the masticatory apparatus we re revealed.Materials and methods. The paper presents data from a clinical and physiological study of the masticatory apparatus in 221 people of different age groups with implant-supported prostheses (two-stage endosseous implants). We studied the occlusal force using a gnathodynamometer and measured the muscle tone parameters at rest and the masticatory muscle contraction using a myotonometer. The study describes the masticatory apparatus musculoskeletal physiological reflex features and the manifestation in patients during dental rehabilitation, which was complicated by the gum and/or bone inflammation around the implants (mucositis and peri-implantitis ).Results. The study found that the development of an inflammatory process in the area of the dental implant in the form of mucositis or peri-implantitis did not lead to a protective change in the kinematics of the lower jaw movement to reduce the load on the masticatory link with developing pathology in the area of peri-implant tissues. The paper shows the pathophysiological features of the manifestation of the masticatory apparatus reflexes when restoring the integrity of dentition using prostheses. It describes the mechanisms of forming a vicious pathogenesis cycle in inflammation development in the tissues adjacent to artificial support.Conclusion. The clinical and physiological study substantiates the importance of routine preventive examinations, including radiographic examination, for timely diagnosis and treatment of an asymptomatic inflammatory process around a dental implant and an implant-supported restoration to avoid their premature functional and aesthetic failure.

Юридико-психологический анализ особенностей взаимодействия с гражданами сотрудников органов внутренних дел в условиях провокационного поведения

In a media-dominated society, all organizations have certain reputational risks. In recent years, the public image of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation has been largely determined by the Internet environment. On the one hand, favorable images are created in it, on the other, the exposure of abuse and illegal actions. As a rule, the latter, on the basis of the action of the regularities of the formation of a conditioned reflex and the emergence of emotions and feelings, have a greater impact on the public. The authors note that the effectiveness of external communication of employees of internal affairs bodies is interconnected with its positioning in society, which ensures a positive or negative emotional attitude towards the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia on the part of others. In this regard, interaction with citizens in legal situations is an image-forming component.
 The article analyzes the acute conflict situation of interaction between an employee of the internal affairs bodies with citizens, which is posted on the video hosting You Tube (channel of the public project "Movement") in the form of videos about citizens visiting the Reception of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia ("Kneeling in front of the lieutenant colonel of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia! Sercons continued", " Serkons Bought the Police? Bloggers At the Reception of the Minister of the Ministry of Internal Affairs "). The main methods of psychological influence are highlighted, which made it possible to destabilize this situation, the regulatory legal framework is analyzed, which can be used by police officers in an acute crisis situation and in the process of performing operational and service actions.

DEVELOPMENT OF A TECHNIQUE FOR MODELING A DEPRESSIVE STATE IN RAT BY STEREOTAXIС INJECTION OF LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE INTO THE HIPPOCAMPUS

Introduction: Currently, various mechanisms of the development of depression are known. At the beginning of the 21st century, a new era began in the study of the pathogenesis of this disease. It has been shown that the development of a depressive state is closely associated with neuroinflammation. As a result, it became necessary to develop methods for modeling depression, which will cause inflammation in a strictly defined area of the brain. Purpose of the work: Creation of a model of the depressive state in rats by stereotaxic injection of LPS into the hippocampus. Materials and Methods: Ten female Wistar rats were randomly divided into a control group (n = 3), an LPS-treated group (n = 4), and a sham-operated group (n = 3). LPS was administered at a dose of 30 μg / animal in a volume of 3 μL over 30 min, according to the following stereotaxic coordinates: AP: -3, ML: 2, DV: 3. Depression was assessed in psychopharmacological tests: hole-board test, open field, elevated plus maze, dark-light chamber, Porsolt forced swimming test, sucrose test. The formation of conditioned reflexes of passive avoidance was studied. To assess the localization of the injection, an MRI scan was performed on the 7th day. The result of LPS injection was analyzed on histological preparations. Results: During testing of animals in the setting of a dark-light chamber and an elevated plus maze, it was found that the control and sham-operated groups did not have statistically significant differences. At the same time, the time spent by the rats in the light compartments increased in the experimental group. In the Porsolt forced swimming test, there are statistically significant differences in the time of immobilization of animals. Also, in the rats of the experimental group, the latent period of the onset of reversible actions increased. The study of the formation of a conditioned passive avoidance reflex can be considered not indicative, since two rats from the experimental group and one rat from the group of sham-operated animals did not enter the dark compartment of the installation and did not receive training. In the test for anhedonia, the rats of the experimental group showed a decrease in the consumption of sucrose as compared with the animals of the comparison groups. On histological preparations of the brain at the injection site, the formation of a glial-macrophage "shaft" (hematoxylin-eosin staining) is observed. When analyzing the MRI images, it was proved that the injection was made precisely in the hippocampus of rats. Conclusion: Based on the results of the work, it can be concluded that this method of modeling depression is applicable in fundamental research, since the introduction of lipopolysaccharide into the hippocampus causes neuroinflammation in rats, and as a result, a depression state, and can be used to study the antidepressant activity of new drugs. This work was carried out with the financial support of the Russian Science Foundation grant No. 21-73-20250.

Electroacupuncture in promoting neural repair after spinal cord injury: Inhibiting the Notch signaling pathway and regulating downstream proteins expression.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is one of the serious central nervous system injuries and the incidence of SCI continues to increase. Previous studies have indicated that electroacupuncture (EA) is beneficial for promoting recovery after SCI. In the present study, we attempted to evaluate how EA can promote the neural repair in SCI model rats by observing changes in the Notch signaling pathway. Experimental rats were randomly divided into four groups. Each group had its own intervention period: 1 day, 7 days, 14 days, and 28 days, and five randomized subgroups: blank control (B) group, blank electroacupuncture (BE) group, sham operation (S) group, model control (M) group and EA group. Animals in the EA group and the BE group were treated with EA at Dazhui (GV14) and Mingmen (GV4) acupoints for 20 min. After the intervention period, the Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) score was used to evaluate the neurological function. We found that BBB score increased in EA-treated groups. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to observe pathological changes in the injured spinal cord and the results showed that EA therapy could promote the repair of injured spinal cord tissue. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot methods were used to detect the expression of proteins Delta1, Presenilin1, Hes1, and Hes5 in the injured spinal cord. The results showed that the expression levels of Delta1, Presenilin1, Hes1, and Hes5 increased significantly after SCI and decreased after EA treatment. Our study suggested that the possible mechanism by which EA could benefit the recovery after SCI in rats may include inhibiting the Notch signaling pathway and regulating the downstream proteins expression. In addition, our study can provide reference for selecting acupoints and treatment cycle in the treatment of SCI.

Effect of the extract of dry Serratula centauroides on the behavior of white rats in tests with positive reinforcement

The effect was studied of dry leaf extract of Serratula centauroides L. on the behavior of white rats (Wistar) in tests with positive reinforcement. It was revealed that the extract of S. centauroides at doses of 50200 mg/kg promotes in animals a decrease in the level of anxiety, adaptation to unfamiliar conditions, and as a consequence, to an increase in the volume of food intake. And also a more rapid formation of a conditioned reflex with positive reinforcement. In animals treated with S. centauroides extract, the volume of food taken in hypophagia test was 1.42.7 times higher than the control value. In the T-shaped maze, 5080% of the animals in the experimental groups developed a conditioned reflex to positive reinforcement, while none of the animals in the control group reached the learning criterion. The S. centauroides extract showed the most pronounced effect on the behavior of animals in tests with positive reinforcement at a dose of 100 mg/kg.