Formal-dogmatic Method Research Articles

National and UE selected legal instruments as stimulants of micro-entrepreneurship and the necessary interventionism during the COVID-19 pandemic

The considerations contained in this article were created during the period of increased legislative activity of both governments of individual countries and international organizations during the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of the article is to describe and attempt to analyze selected legal instruments in the time of economic crisis and to justify the adopted thesis about the need for measures aimed at economic stimulation. The methods used in the article are a combination of basic research methods in accordance with the principle of methodological pluralism, formal and dogmatic methods have been used, by which the author understands a systemic, linguistic and functional interpretation, as well as a legal-comparative method. The formal-dogmatic method is dominant in the discussion of the resulting regulations, and the legal-comparative method allows to notice the differences between the adopted solutions. The results of the analysis, economic data and conclusions drawn from the considerations allow to confirm the thesis about the need and effectiveness of top-down legal instruments implemented in most sectors of the economy.

Prawo do rachunku bankowego jako przejaw ochrony konsumenta. Zarys problematyki

Przedmiot badań: Przedmiotem artykułu jest problematyka dostępu konsumenta do rachunku bankowego jako instrumentu współcześnie w zasadzie nieodzownego w codziennej egzystencji. Ze względu na sposób uregulowania zagadnień powiązanych z tematyką opracowania przyjmuje ono charakter multidyscyplinarny, bowiem oprócz regulacji przewidzianych przez szeroko rozumiane prawo bankowe należy odnieść się do prawa cywilnego i konstytucyjnego. Tematyka ta nie była szeroko komentowana w piśmiennictwie z zakresu polskiego prawa bankowego.
 Cel badawczy: Udowodnienie, że w obowiązujących przepisach brak, w ocenie autorki, uregulo­wań w stopniu dostatecznym gwarantujących prawo konsumenta do rachunku bankowego. Wobec powyższego przyjęto następującą strukturę tekstu: w zagadnieniach wstępnych przedstawiono tło dla dalszej analizy wraz z przytoczeniem stosownych danych statystycznych, kolejno skupio­no się na podstawowych dla opracowania pojęciach – konsumenta, rachunku bankowego oraz umowy rachunku bankowego, a także prawa konsumenta do rachunku bankowego w kontekście bezpieczeństwa i wykluczenia finansowego. W podsumowaniu ujęto wnioski płynące z przepro­wadzonych rozważań.
 Metoda badawcza: Badania przeprowadzono przy wykorzystaniu metody formalno-dogmatycznej, natomiast jedynie pobocznie skorzystano z metody pozaprawnej, jaką jest analiza danych staty­stycznych.
 Wyniki: Konkluzją przeprowadzonych rozważań jest zasadność wprowadzenia regulacji silniej gwarantujących konsumentowi realizację prawa do rachunku bankowego w przypadku nieuza­sadnionej odmowy jej zawarcia.

Russian experience of using digital technologies and legal risks of AI

The aim of the present article is to analyze the Russian experience of using digital technologies in law and legal risks of artificial intelligence (AI). The result of the present research is the author’s conclusion on the necessity of the practical implementation of legal provisions in this area, and their judicial enforcement in federal subjects with the aim of compliance with international standards of human rights. The authors concluded that in the Russian Federation, there is no normative and technical regulation of the process of destruction of personal data, which creates serious problems for operators. The research methodology based on general scientific and private scientific methods of cognition (the dialectical method, methods of analysis and synthesis, deduction and induction, comparative legal and historical legal methods). Moreover, the range of legislative and law enforcement problems in the field of using AI technology is very extensive. For this reason, the authors of the article used the methodology for collecting data on legislative acts and legal regulation in the field under research. A number of federal and regional legal acts were analyzed using systemic-structural and formal-dogmatic methods, including the research of their practical orientation and effectiveness for modern challenges.

Obowiązek notyfikacji zamiaru utworzenia wspólnego przedsiębiorcy

Przedmiot badań: Obowiązek notyfikacji zamiaru utworzenia wspólnego przedsiębiorcy Preze­sowi UOKiK w świetle przepisów ustawy o ochronie konkurencji i konsumentów budzi liczne wątpliwości interpretacyjne, których nie można rozwiązać poprzez analogię do zasady przyjętej w rozporządzeniu Rady (WE) nr 139/2004. Oba rozwiązania istotnie się różnią zarówno w zakresie przedmiotowym, jak i podmiotowym.
 Cel badawczy: Celem opracowania jest zbadanie konstrukcji prawnej i przesłanek obowiązku notyfikacji zamiaru utworzenia wspólnego przedsiębiorcy funkcjonującego w obu reżimach praw­nych i ocena zasadności rozwiązań przyjętych w prawie polskim. W artykule przyjęto hipotezę, że obowiązek zgłoszeniowy w świetle przepisów ustawy o ochronie konkurencji i konsumentów (uokk) został sformułowany zbyt szeroko. Art. 13 ust. 2 pkt 3 uokk wymusza bowiem konieczność zgłoszenia wspólnych przedsiębiorców niestanowiących formy koncentracji i jest oderwany od obowiązującej w prawie unijnym zasady wspólnej kontroli wspólnego przedsiębiorcy, którego utworzenie stanowi stan faktyczny koncentracji.
 Metoda badawcza: W celu weryfikacji przyjętej hipotezy badawczej zastosowano metodę analizy aktów prawnych oraz decyzji Komisji Europejskiej i Prezesa UOKiK. Do analizy rozporządzenia Rady (WE) nr 139/2004 oraz przepisów uokk wykorzystano także metodę formalno-dogmatyczną, a także metodę prawno-porównawczą.
 Wyniki: W artykule wykazano, że funkcjonujący w prawie polskim obowiązek zgłoszeniowy jest sformułowany zbyt szeroko, gdyż obejmuje wspólnych przedsiębiorców, których utworzenie de facto nie spełnia przesłanek koncentracji.

The Right to Build and Maintain Communication Networks

The article investigates the main legal aspects of placing communication lines on property objects that do not belong to the communication operator or subscriber. This problem is complex and is one of the main obstacles to the country’s information development. The goal is to find solutions to overcome obstacles to the implementation of the “Digital Economy” national program in terms of building communication networks. The author applies comparative and formal-dogmatic methods as the major methods, and the functional method is applied fragmentally. The paper reviews Russian legislation within the scope of provisions containing norms on networks and lands of communication. The author analyzes and comments on proposals to amend the relevant sections of the Russian legislation. Also, the paper provides for a brief review of some foreign legislative and local acts dealing with the right of way (wiring, laying) for communication lines. The search for solutions to the problem is based on the key domestic scientific works. The results can be used for further research, legislative and educational process.

The Genesis of the System of Administration of the Transport Routes and of the Transport Law in Russia (9th to 18th centuries)

The article analyzes Russian historical and legal heritage containing the norms governing social relations that arose in the process of development of water and inland roads, transportation, state administration in the transport field, and studies the most important norms of Russian transport legislation. The purpose of the research was to study legal regulation of transport relations in the historical period from 9th through 18th centuries in order to identify the main stages of development and periodization of domestic transport law.The study was carried out using methods of legal analysis, including formal-dogmatic method, which allowed to reveal some of shortcomings and gaps of legal regulation; historical and legal method, that, in combination with the methods of taxonomic analysis, made it possible to carry out authors’ periodization of formation of transport legislation during the studied period. The use of achievements of legal hermeneutics and tools of the linguistic-semiotic and semantic approaches provided an opportunity to clarify the content of legal norms and legal documents referring to the period under review.The results of the study are of interest from the point of view of revealing historical patterns of development of transport law, make it possible to assess the role and place of transport legislation in the system of legal regulators of public relations. The presented scientific results, taking into account already existing and practically substantiated developments, can serve as a starting point for further discussion about the prospects, trends and directions of development of Russian transport law and transport legislation.

The collective bodies and single-person authorities in Polish local government. Selected Issues

The goal of this article is to present the collective bodies and single-person authorities functioning in Polish local government. It shows the characteristics of these bodies and their advantages and disadvantages. Discussed were the organization, tasks and mode of work of the decision-making and control bodies operating in the municipality, the district and the voivodeship, i.e. councils of communes, county councils and voivodeship councils. The executive bodies operating in these units of local government, i.e. the head of a commune, mayor or president of a city, and the board of the district and the voivodeship, have also been characterized. Attention has also been paid to the common features and differences concerning these local government bodies. The study uses a formal-dogmatic method, based on the analysis of legal acts concerning local government in Poland. The article takes into account the legal status as of May 31, 2019.

EAEU: integration dynamics in the sphere of intellectual property within the context of digital transformations

The subject of this research is the development of integration cooperation between the EAEU member-states in the area of protection, management and commercialization of the rights to intellectual property through the prism of formation of the regional intellectual property law of this international organization. The author describes the characteristics of intellectual property as one of the vectors of integration, as well as analyzes the results of integration processes in this sphere achieved over the period from 2014 to 2019. Special attention is turned to revealing the prospects for such cooperation within the framework of implementation of digital agenda. Analysis of the dynamics of integration processes is based on the principle of development, as well as system-structural approach. The historical-legal along with the formal-dogmatic method allowed reveling the content of legal results of the first quinquennial stage of integration. The main conclusion lies in the conceptual provision that currently the integration of EAEU member-states in the sphere of intellectual property is substantiated by the relevance for responding to global challenges, one of which is digitalization of the economy and various fields of social life. The author’s main contribution into studying of integration processes in the sphere of regional space of international property law is defined by conceptualization of the development of integration processes with regards to intellectual property from the perspective of its expansion, as well as advancement of new priorities in the conditions of digital transformation. The scientific novelty lies in substantiation of the prospects of using digital technologies for managing the life cycle elements of the rights to intellectual property as a potential object of cooperation in the format of integration.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF SOURCES OF REPRODUCTION OF SHADOW RELATIONS IN THE SPHERE OF PRODUCTION AND REALIZATION OF HOUSING AND COMMUNAL SERVICES

The purpose of this article is to analyse the sources of shadow relations in the sphere of production and realization of housing and communal services (technologies and causes of their occurrence, subjects’ complex, level of danger, etc.); the classification of these sources of shadow relations, the definition of priorities in the development of state measures on the localization of certain sources of shadow relations in the field of production and implementation of housing and communal services, depending on the trend of their development, the level of danger to society. Methodology. The methodological foundations of research the sources of shadow relations in the field of production and realization of housing and communal services are determined by a set of methods of scientific knowledge, which allow considering the studied topics as a multidimensional, interdisciplinary phenomenon. In the course of scientific research, the following methods were used: scientific abstraction and systemic were used to generalize the current state of the production and realization of housing and communal services, to define a system of administrative measures in order to distinguish its shadow aspects; systematic structural and formaldogmatic methods allowed exploring and classifying the sources of shadow relations; formal-legal was used to study the regulatory framework governing the relations in the field of study. The paper also uses methods of statistical, comparative analysis, dialectic, extrapolation, etc. Results. The classification of sources of shadow relations will allow monitoring of financial and economic capital and document circulation in the sphere of production and realization of housing and communal services in order to determine the whole spectrum of sources of shadow relations – from socially neutral, socially positive, socially-changing (disappearing) sources of the informal sector shadow economy, to socially-variable (newly created), socially negative and antisocial sources of the underground sector of the shadow economy. The isolation of the most dangerous sources of shadow relations, producing a significant illegal potential in the field of production and implementation of housing and communal services will enable the development of a causal rather than a consequential problem and a way to combat the most dangerous acts that are reproducing-progressing sources of the shadow economy in this area of research.

Sądy specjalne III Rzeszy jako „sądy doraźne frontu wewnętrznego” (1933–1945)

The article is devoted to the theoretical analysis of special courts created in the Third Reich. Their genesis, system, and local and material jurisdiction, as well as proceedings before these courts are discussed. The tasks put before special courts by Nazi lawyers during peace and war are discussed, as well as the historical context associated with them. The study uses historical, and formal-dogmatic methods. The study is based primarily on literature of German provenance and normative acts.

Kierunki nowelizacji Kodeksu postępowania administracyjnego w świetle ustawy z 7 kwietnia 2017 r.

Artykuł traktuje o nowelizacji Kodeksu postępowania administracyjnego oraz postępowania sądowoadministracyjnego z 7 kwietnia 2017 r., która weszła w życie w dniu 1 czerwca 2017 r. Autorzy przedstawili poszczególne etapy procesu legislacyjnego, akcentując rolę Zespołu do spraw reformy postępowania administracyjnego, który pracował w latach 2012–2016 pod auspicjami Prezesa Naczelnego Sądu Administracyjnego. W opracowaniu, posługując się metodą historyczną oraz formalno-dogmatyczną, scharakteryzowano główne idee nowelizacji, zaliczając do nich przyspieszenie i uproszczenie postępowania, pełniejszą realizację zasady dobrej administracji oraz włączenie do Kodeksu postępowania administracyjnego instytucji mediacji. Zdaniem autorów stosowanie nowej regulacji przyczyni się również do przyspieszenia postępowania sądowoadministracyjnego. Zawarta w opracowaniu ocena ustawy nowelizującej jest pozytywna, choć dostrzeżono także mankamenty omawianego unormowania wymagające pewnych korekt, jak choćby unormowanie poświęcone konstrukcji sprzeciwu od decyzji kasacyjnej.

Ustrojowe gwarancje praw zatrzymanego jako wzorce sądowej kontroli zatrzymania w polskim procesie karnym

The purpose of the article is to draw attention to the fact that the Polish legal system features system-related guarantees of the rights of the detainee which are regulated in a multi-centric system of law, consisting of a set of constitutional norms and legal international norms, which create the models of judicial control of detention in a Polish criminal lawsuit. The article puts forward a thesis that the Polish system features the socalled dispersed control of constitutionality, which is erroneously considered a synonym of the concept of the so-called direct application of the constitution. The questions under discussion are analysed by means of a formal-dogmatic method. The article also discusses the possibility of the participation of assistant judges in the exercise of judicial control of detention, with reference to the recent modification of the system-based position of assistant judges.

Czy na pewno martwa instytucja? Staropolskie i austriackie pactum advitalitium w perspektywie współczesnej

An already defunct institution? Old-Polish and Austrian pactum advitalitium in a contemporary perspectivePactum advitalitium was an early Polish legal institution established through a marital agreement. It was a form of annuity by means of which spouses established a right of usufruct of the entirety of an estate, effective upon the passing of one spouse and existing for the lifetime of the beneficiary. The practical purpose thereof was to secure the material well-being of a widowed spouse, usually the wife, given not only that the legal system did not provide for commune marital property, as well as that there was no statutory spousal succession. Later, after the partitions of Commonwealth of Poland and Lithuania, the institution discussed herein was adopted by Austrian law and regulated in the newly enacted Austrian Civil Code ABGB, with slight modifications enabling i.a. to encumber not only the whole estate or a part thereof, but also several assets of a future estate. Thus advitalitium had become available within the vast Austrian Empire, yet it did not gain a wide recognition among the nations of the Monarchy, remaining an infrequently used institution, which led to its repeal in 21st century. The very legal character of pactum advitalitium was and is still controversial, leading the academia to suggest multiple explanations of its nature, often varying significantly dependent on the subject of advitalitium in a specific case the entirety of an estate or a part thereof or several assets. The authors aim to examine the origins and history of advitalitium regulation in early Polish and Austrian law in their historical context, later to recount the doctrinal concepts explaining its character. To pursue both there aims, historical and formal-dogmatic methods are employed. The authors then move on to discuss the possibility of reaching results identical or just similar to ones achieved by means of an advitalitium in modern Polish law, applying the formal-dogmatic method, to show that not only no comparable institution exists in Polish law nowadays but, moreover, that similar results cannot be achieved by applying instruments known to Polish law. Such analysis enables the authors to arrive at conclusions regarding the possible application of advitalitium as an instrument of estate planning in the context of modern family relationships, which could lead to the rediscovery thereof in modern legal systems.

Obowiązek wniesienia wkładu w spółkach osobowych. Uwagi krytyczne

The obligation to make contributions to partnerships. Critical remarksAn important feature of the regulation of partnerships in Polish law is that contributions are shaped as mandatory elements. Contributions need to be determined by the partners in the partnership agreement and made, i.e. transferred to the partnership’s assets. The peculiar aspect of partnerships which is their normative model providing for their lack of legal capacity prior to registration impedes obedience to this requirement in the case of certain contributions, such as real property, compelling the lawyers to construct elaborate theoretical mechanisms aiming to allow the making of such contributions. Parallel to the inadmissibility of contribution-less partnerships is the requirement that all partners make contributions. This text aims to examine and verify whether such shape of the partnerships’ model in Polish law, placing on each and every partner a requirement to determine in the partnership agreement and make contributions, is practically beneficial, given the aims it is deemed to pursue as well as the values it is supposed to protect. The author argues that the protection of creditors does not constitute proper justification for the contemporary regulation, as in the case of partnerships such protection is effected, above all, through the partners’ personal liability. The text shall also show that, given the lack of any threshold regulating the minimal contribution, the issues of protecting the legal relations from the establishment of entities failing to pass the so-called gravity test. The author will examine the provisions of Polish law — namely, the Code of Commercial Companies — employing the formal-dogmatic method. Comparative methods will also be utilized, allowing to construe further arguments based on the development of the European law and the laws of certain member states, showing the advisability and rationality of accepting the contributions-less model with respect to partnerships. Therefore, there exist convincing reasons to allow the establishment of contribution-less partnerships.

Rationalization of Legally Determined Expenditure as a Condition for Strengthening Financial Accountability

The main purpose of this article is to analyse the relationship between financial accountability and legally determined expenditure. According to the adopted research hypothesis, increasing the financial accountability requires taking specific actions in the field of the legally determined expenditure. As the article is theoretical, it does not present the results of the empirical research; the formal-dogmatic method was used to interpret the content of legal acts and jurisprudence of the Constitutional Tribunal, as well as the non-obstructive method to analyse the foreign and Polish literature presenting the results of both theoretical and empirical research. In the article, having presented in the introduction the methodological issues, first, the principle of common good, the financial accountability, and the legally determined expenditure will be first explained. Next, the solutions for the rationalization of the legally determined expenditure will be proposed. We conclude that their implementation should increase the financial accountability to strengthen the constitutional principle of the common good.

“POLICE LAW” OF THE FREE CITY OF CRACOW IN THE YEARS 1815-1846

The aim of the article is to describe, on the one hand, the police authorities and, on the other hand, to present the tasks and competences implemented by these authorities in the field of public order and security in the Free City of Cracow (1815-1846). The legal bases defining the broad spectrum of police tasks were mentioned. These included the fight against begging, vagrancy, passport policy, population registration, protection of consumer interests and rights, building, sanitary and fire safety, maintenance of peace, cleanliness and order in Cracow and the fight against crime. Attention was also drawn to the reasons for issuing such rules of legal relations. In conclusion, the common features of "police law" acts and the meaning of the word "police" used in the Free City of Cracow were pointed out. The article was written using a formal-dogmatic method and a chronological-subject structure. It is the first and so far, the only scientific study presenting legal regulations concerning the title subject.

НДС: направления совершенствования администрирования и исчисления при перевалке и перегрузке нефти и нефтепродуктов

Objective: to eliminate legal uncertainty in interpretation and implementation of a legal norm (para. 4 subclause 2.2. clause1 Art. 164 of the Taxation Code of the Russian Federation); to elaborate proposals for improving the Russian legislation on taxes and duties, which is essential for elimination of the said problems.Methods: the research is based on a set of general scientific and specific methods of cognition used in the science of Financial Law: dialectic method, formal-dogmatic method, methods of analysis, analogy, induction and synthesis, historical retrospective, formalization, and logical method.Results: the article presents theoretical-legal analysis of the consequences of ambiguous interpretation of a legal norm (para. 4 subclause 2.2. clause 1 Art. 164 of the Taxation Code of the Russian Federation) in relation to organizations rendering services in the sphere of oil and oil products transportation and transshipment. It is stated that one of the essential problems in the practice of value added tax implementation is the use of zero tax rate. When the norms of the above Article are interpreted, it causes problems in organizations engaged in oil and oil products transportation and transshipment, due to the differences in positions of the Russian Ministry of Finance and the taxation authorities about the location of works to be referred to transshipment. Another problem is narrow comprehension of organizations engaged in oil transportation, as well as uncertainty of norms related to the terminology of oil transportation, transshipment and reloading. All the above inaccuracies and ambiguities in legislation lead to problems in organizations engaged in oil transportation, as is shown by the example of “Marine Port Service” Close Corporation. The author also presents the results of analysis of judicial practice in the sphere of interpreting para. 4 subclause 2.2. clause 1 Art. 164 of the Taxation Code of the Russian Federation. The possible consequences of the revealed contradiction are determined for the oil markets and for the budget incomes formation. The carried out research results in proposals for improving the taxation of tax-paying organizations rendering services in the sphere of oil and oil products transportation, reloading and/or transshipment.Scientific novelty: the legal uncertainty in interpretation and implementation of a legal norm (para. 4 subclause 2.2. clause 1Art. 164 of the Taxation Code of the Russian Federation) was revealed; proposals are formulated for interpreting the notion of reloading for the purposes of taxation.Practical significance: the conclusions formulate by the authors can be used in practice for making decisions about elaborating a draft of a normative legal act amending para. 4 subclause 2.2. clause 1 Art. 164 of the Taxation Code of the Russian Federation.

What is the Methodology of Criminal Law

The article raises the question of a modern role of methodology in criminal law and criminal law studies. The author reveals the essence of methodology in criminal law and its significance, approaches to methodology definitions and its current state. The author pays special attention to materialist dialectics and a formal-dogmatic method of cognition, their specificity and manifestations in criminal law. Pluralism in the methodology of criminal law does not contribute to its development. The current situation within the framework of criminal law methodology reveals a contradiction between new actual data with regard to law enforcement practice concerning the issues of criminal law application and the older ways of their explanations. These contradictions can lead to a diversion of a legal abstraction existing in criminal law from particular legal reality, as well as to accumulation of only a certain amount of knowledge concerning a particular criminal phenomenon at the empirical level. It is noted that criminal law methodology should be defined as a system of principles and ways to organize, form, and implement cognitive-theoretical legal experience in the field of research on crime and punishment. Criminal law methodology should not be equated with a formal-dogmatic method of cognition and take it as a basis for scientific research. The core of criminal law methodology is a unity of transmutation of dialectics, gnosiology and legal dogmatics. Methodology of the modern science of criminal law is a complex and multi-faceted institution that covers: problems of a structure of scientific knowledge in criminal law and scientific theories (constructions); laws of appearance, functioning and changes of scientific legal theories and doctrines in criminal law; a conceptual frame of criminal law; the structure and operative system of research methods applied in the criminal law; analysis of a criminal law language. In the future, methodological foundations of criminal law should be associated with an ability and cognitive perspective to combine methodological approaches and the knowledge of crime and punishment or their elements.