Form Of Notation Research Articles

The method for comparing different blade shapes of flat knives of a rotary cultivator

BACKGROUND: In the process of tillage, flat knives of rotary cultivators are to carry out the process of cutting soil and weeds with minimal energy consumption and not to become clogged with weeds, which is due to the compliance of the parameters of their blades with operating conditions. However, despite the abundance of works devoted to the study of the working process of flat knives of rotary cultivators, there is not any method of a comparative assessment of the various shapes of their blades. AIM: Development of the method for comparing different blade shapes of flat knives of rotary cultivators. METHODS: The research design included studying the following issues: clarifying the conditions for weeds to fall off the curved blade of a flat knife performing a plane-parallel movement; determining the equation of the curve of a knife blade that satisfies the condition of weeds to fall off the blade; development of methods for comparative analysis of the energy intensity of the process of cutting soil with flat knives with blades of various shapes; experimental verification of theoretical conceptions. The study objects were the processes of interaction of weeds and soil with the blades of flat knives of various shapes. The studies were conducted during 2022 and 2023. RESULTS: The condition for weeds to fall off the curved blade of a flat knife performing a plane-parallel movement has been clarified (a more informative form of notation), based on which an equation for the rational curve of the blade has been obtained. The comprehensive method has been developed for comparing different shapes of blades of flat knives of rotary cultivators, according to the criteria of compliance with the condition of weeds to fall off the blade and the energy intensity of soil cutting. Examples of the application of the method for the analysis of various shapes of blades of flat knives of rotary cultivators and the development of one of the effective shapes, as well as the results of experimental studies are given. CONCLUSION: The proposed method helps to give specific practical recommendations on the advisability of using knives of one shape or another in the operating conditions under consideration, taking into account the operating parameters of the machines, as well as to create effective combined blades.

초등 음악 교과서 정간보 용례 분석을 통한 정간보 용어 재정립 방안 모색

Jeongganbo (井間譜), a notation method that replaces the time value of the sound with the area of space by creating a space in the shape of the letter ‘jeong’ (井), is characterized by the uniqueness that requires notating one or more musical elements, such as pitch, rhythmic pattern, playing technique, and lyrics, in each space. Due to the fundamental characteristics of jeongganbo, various types of jeongganbo have been developed and utilized in Korean traditional music education of general schools, but research on names or conceptual errors indicating various types of jeongganbo has not been conducted, raising the need for research. Accordingly, this study reviews the terminology and concepts of jeongganbo presented in the current 8-9 types of elementary school music textbooks, further analyzing the use of various jeongganbo types and seeking ways to redefine jeongganbo terminology for effective discrimination of the current single name of jeongganbo. The results of the study are summarized as follows. First, there are some errors in the concepts of jeongganbo stated in dictionaries and compendia, including the statement that the pitch in addition to the time value is notated. In addition, the concept of jeongganbo presented in the current elementary school music textbooks was mainly presented to teach 5th and 6th graders how to play traditional wind instruments, danso and sogeum. While 7 types of the textbooks is relatively accurate in using it, 1 type makes an error. Second, the result of the analysis after classifying the types of jeongganbo used in the current 8-9 types of elementary school music textbooks according to the notation type and notation method of notation content (music elements) is that the notation form of jeongganbo is divided into vertical and horizontal types. The result of classifying and examining the use of jeongganbo according to the way musical elements such as syllable of rhythmic patterns, name of pitch, melodic line, lyrics and others are notated is that various types of jeongganbo for a whole musical piece, one rhythmic pattern beat, or one line have been developed and they are widely used across 3rd to 6th grades, depending on the instruction content or instruction stage. Third, there are the principle of generating terms to differentiate and refer to various types of jeongganbo. First, there is separation by notation type; second, separation by notation method of music element; third, separation by the level of notation method even for the same musical element; fourth, unification of terms in the case of the same functional notation method of a single music element; and fifth, it is referred as jeongganchongbo when two or more musical elements are combined. The names of many jeongganbo created by these principles are classified into sub-concepts such as ‘horizontal/vertical jeongganbo’, ‘horizontal/vertical jeongganchongbo’, ‘horizontal/vertical gueum-jeongganbo’, ‘horizontal/vertical yulja-jeongganbo’, ‘horizontal/vertical garakseonjeongganbo’, ‘horizontal/vertical gasa-jeongganbo’, and ‘horizontal/vertical gita-jeongganbo’; and all these sub-concepts leads to the higher concept, jeongganbo. It is assumed that various types of jeongganbo will continue to be developed and utilized in the future, which is a phenomenon that highlights the inherent characteristics of jeongganbo as an open score, and its infinite succession and development is expected.

유배일기 작품의 문헌서지적 특성 연구(1)

In general, diaries of exile are handed down in the form of the only manuscript, and some are also handed down in publications. In order to understand the characteristics of the exile diary according to the transmission type, we first selected the Korean manuscript 〈Iminyugyo〉, and the Chinese publication 〈Sungsanyusa〉.
 As a result of comparing the Korean manuscript 〈Iminyugyo〉 and the Chinese publication 〈Sungsanyusa〉, it was found that there was a difference in recording “Chinese poetry full text”, “specific remarks or scenes”, and “detailed information”, and there was a difference in spacing indicating that it was high in the form of notation.
 By the way. In terms of the completeness or excellence of the literature, one copy was not dominant enough to overwhelm the other. However, it was not completely identical and showed a slight difference, resulting in these subtle differences that prevented one copy from completely replacing the other. In other words, reading not only the Chinese publication but also the Korean manuscript together means reading the works of 〈Iminyugyo〉.
 The two main books can be said to be the same work in terms of their contents, but due to the small but important differences seen in the content and notation format, each copy contains its own discourse, which is fine but clear and distinct.

Refined linearly anisotropic couple-stress elasticity

A recently developed, refined version of the conventional linear couple-stress theory of isotropic elasticity is extended to include the influence of anisotropic material effects. With this development, the implied refined theory (1) retains ability to determine the spherical part of the couple-stress and (2) is further furnished with constitutive ability to embrace modelling of linearly elastic solids that exhibit inherent polar material anisotropy of advanced levels that reach the class of locally monoclinic materials. This type of anisotropy embraces most of the structural material subclasses met in practice, such as those of general and special orthotropy, as well as the subclass of transverse isotropy. The thus obtained, enhanced version of the refined theory is furnished with ability to also handle structural analysis problems of polar fibrous composites reinforced by families of perfectly flexible fibres or, more generally, polar anisotropic solids possessing one or more material preference directions that do not possess bending resistance. A relevant example application considers and studies in detail the subclass of polar transverse isotropy caused by the presence of a single family of perfectly flexible fibres. By developing the relevant constitutive equation, and explicitly presenting it in a suitable matrix rather than indicial notation form, that application also exemplifies the way that the spherical part of the couple-stress is determined when the fibres are straight. It further enables this communication to initiate a discussion of further important issues stemming from (1) the positive definiteness of the full, polar form of the relevant strain energy function and (2) the lack of ellipticity of the final form attained by the governing differential equations.

Profile of Intuitive Thinking Ability on the Topic of Limits Assessed Based on Students’ Representation of Functions

This research aims to describe the intuitive thinking process of students who are capable of representing functions graphically and notationally, only able to represent functions graphically, only able to represent functions in notation, and unable to represent functions graphically or notationally in understanding the concept of limit. This research is a qualitative study and was carried out at ABBS (Al-Abidin Bilingual Boarding School) high school in the odd semester of the 2023/2024 teaching year. The subject of the study was a student in the 12th grade of high school who was selected based on the way the student represented the function, i.e. was able to represent the function graphically and notationly, was only able to represent the function graphically, was only able to represent the function in notation, and was not able to represent the function graphically or notationally. Data collection was carried out with a written test technique. The validity of the data in this study uses source triangulation whereas the data analysis technique used is the Miles and Huberman model consisting of data reduction, data presentation, and inference recall. The results of the research concluded that students who can represent functions in the form of graphics and notation, only in graphic form, only in the form of notation have the intuitive thinking ability Power of synthesis, that is, students can answer questions directly, immediately, or suddenly using the ability of combinations of formulas and algorithms that they possess. Students who cannot represent functions in graphic and notation forms own the ability to think intuitively Catalitic Inference, that is, answering direct questions immediately, using shortcuts, giving short answers, are not detailed, and are unable to give logical reasoning.

INFLUENCE OF EXTERNAL CUBIC VISCOSITY ON THE DYNAMICS OF A CANTILEVER ROD LOADED WITH A TRACKING FORCE

The analysis of the influence of external nonlinear cubic viscosity on the behavior of a cantilever rod loaded with a compressive tracking force is performed. The Bernoulli – Euler beam model is used for the describing of the rod bending deformations. After the transition to dimensionless variables, we obtained the form of notation in which the coefficients of the equation do not depend on the coefficient of cubic viscous friction. This indicates the independence of the critical load and system frequency characteristics from the level of nonlinear attenuation. Using the standard procedure of the Bubnov – Galerkin method, taking into account the first two forms of eigen oscillations, the problem is reduced to the analysis of a fourth order nonlinear system of ordinary differential equations with respect to generalized coordinates and generalized velocities. For the linear version of the equations with low attenuation, the values of the critical load are obtained in dependence on the ratio of the damping coefficients of the eigenforms. The behavior of the system is analyzed taking into account the considered cubic nonlinearity using the method of nonlinear normal forms. The problem is reduced to the analysis of a nonlinear dynamical system with one degree of freedom. There are constructive analytical methods of qualitative and approximate quantitative research for this class of problems. The critical value of the compressive force was determined by the analysis of the dependence of the first Lyapunov magnitude on the load parameter. It turned out to be less than the value corresponding to the system without damping (the destabilizing effect of external nonlinear friction). A bifurcation occurs in the system at the critical load value. Therefore, the zero equilibrium becomes an unstable complex focus of the first order and a limit cycle is born. The function of the self-oscillations amplitude of the load magnitude is constructed using the harmonic linearization method.

PENELUSURAN TEKNIK PENCIPTAAN LAGU ANAK MENGGUNAKAN ESTETIKA KARAWITAN SUNDA

This research was conducted to find a way or framework for 
 creating children’s songs using Sundanese musical aesthethics of 
 Sundanese Karawitan contained in it are the creation of childrens 
 songs in Sundanee Karawitan notation (Da Mi Na Ti La) with the 
 rules contained in Sundanese karawitan such as the use of 
 Sundanese musical notation, use of tunings, rurupan, as well as 
 Sundanese vocal ornamentation (dongkari/senggol) that will be 
 sung. Simply in a children’s song. This research is a forum for 
 researches to practice directly the courses that researches have 
 taken, namely the Sundanese notation system and song literature.
 This research uses a qualitative method which uses the researcher 
 as the main instrument by obtaining data through libraries, audio, 
 visual and audio-visual data and taking two stages of work, 
 namely, working in the field (fieldwork), then processing it to the 
 stage of working on a table (deskwork). 
 This research basically aims to increase literacy regarding the 
 creation of children’s songs using Sundanese musical aesthetics. 
 Apart from that, this research aims to find techniques or ways to 
 create children’s songs that use Sundanese musical aesthetics. To 
 obtain tjis framework, the researcher conducted an analysis of 
 childrens songs in Sundanese karawitan as well as interviews and 
 cosultations with these figures before realizing what the researchers 
 had obtained from these figures into a form of song notation. 
 Children use Sundanese musical aesthetics. This research will 
 produce a children’s song that is put into Sundanese notation with 
 the theme that researchers have been looking for, namely “Getting 
 to know Sundanese Karawitan”. More specifically, the 
 resarcharcher created childrens songs by introducing one of the 
 musical instruments found in sundanese karawitan, namely the 
 Sundanese gamelan. This theme aims to increase children’s 
 knowledge of musical instruments and the arts of Sundanese 
 karawitan. Research investigating techniques for creating 
 children’s songs in the pelog style and translated to Sundanese 
 notation.

Analisis Bentuk Lagu “Bhuana Santhi” Karya I Komang Darmayuda

Purpose: This article is an analysis of the form of the song Bhuana Santhi by Komang Darmayuda. Bhuana Shanti performed by students of SMPN 1 Denpasar as Indonesia's representative in the 2014 international level vocal group (Celesta) has succeeded in making Indonesia proud as the best performer in the 2014 international vocal group event. The purpose of writing this article is to describe the form of the song Bhuana Shanti by Komang Darmayuda. Komang Darmayuda is the sole informant in writing this article. Method: This article focuses on the form of the song Bhuana Shanti by Komang Darmayuda in order to obtain the musical elements contained therein (melody, harmony/chord, and dynamics). Result and Discussion: Before obtaining the forms and musical elements contained in Bhuana Shanti's songs, the structure is first described, namely motifs, sentences, and periods. The musical elements that have been obtained through the process of analyzing structure and form will explain the beauty contained in the Bhuana Shanti song. Data in the form of numeric notation, audio, and information on the performance of the Bhuana Shanti song were obtained through direct observation and interviews with Komang Darmayuda as the composer of Bhuana Shanti. Analysis of the form of music is the most basic effort to find out the beauty contained in a piece of music. Implication: By writing this article, it is hoped that it can provide insight or material for consideration for future composers representing Indonesia in the international level vocal group (Celesta) event.

Implementation of Business Process Reengineering To Minimize Customer Complaints

Service in an organization is highly correlated with the level of customer satisfaction with the quality of service provided. From this activity, improvements will be made to the Business Processing Reengineering method so that the business process can run properly and efficiently. To test whether it is true that the Business Process Reengineering (BPR) approach has been able to minimize customer complaints, in this case, PDAM Giri Tirta Gresik will carry out an identification and analysis stage first on any problems. Based on the existing problems, the focus of this research was emphasized on the service process to fulfill clean water in Gresik Regency, especially in the reengineering process for new installations. A comparison of new installation business processes before and after the Business Process Reengineering, namely the percentage of throughput efficiency tests of 94.44% from 73.99% of ongoing business processes and provides the final simulation results in the form of BPMN notation which takes maximum time. which is obtained in 24 days 2 hours 20 minutes from 26 days 16 hours 5 minutes in the new installation process.

Implementation of Business Process Reengineering To Minimize Customer Complaints

Service in an organization is highly correlated with the level of customer satisfaction with the quality of service provided. From this activity, improvements will be made to the Business Processing Reengineering method so that the business process can run properly and efficiently. To test whether it is true that the Business Process Reengineering (BPR) approach has been able to minimize customer complaints, in this case, PDAM Giri Tirta Gresik will carry out an identification and analysis stage first on any problems. Based on the existing problems, the focus of this research was emphasized on the service process to fulfill clean water in Gresik Regency, especially in the reengineering process for new installations. A comparison of new installation business processes before and after the Business Process Reengineering, namely the percentage of throughput efficiency tests of 94.44% from 73.99% of ongoing business processes and provides the final simulation results in the form of BPMN notation which takes maximum time. which is obtained in 24 days 2 hours 20 minutes from 26 days 16 hours 5 minutes in the new installation process.

Talking Scores and the Dismediation of Music Notation

In the 1990s, specialized libraries in the Netherlands developed an audio-based form of notation known as “talking scores” to be used as an assistive technology for blind and visually impaired musicians. A talking score, similar to the audiobooks on which it was based, narrates the information found in staff notation that would otherwise be accessed visually. The spoken instructions are divided into fragments and alternated with audio examples. This article discusses the working of such scores and analyzes the score for Debussy’s “Clair de Lune” to make detailed observations about the transformation from staff notation to talking score. This discussion is theoretically framed by a consideration of the “dismediation” of notation, i.e., of the centrality of questions of (dis)ability to discussions of the interactions between human bodies and media infrastructures, which forms the basis of a critique of Peter Szendy’s theory of musical arrangement.

Pelatihan seni musik Tradisi Gamelan Tokol pada generasi muda

Traditional music is one of the characteristics of an area that needs to be preserved. The traditional music of the Gamelan Tokol is starting to become less attractive to the younger generation due to the need for more socialization, training, and platforms for performing their works so that the younger generation's creativity in developing traditional music begins to wane. In addition, there is a need for the notation of traditional pieces that have never been written in notation form. This activity aims to realize conservation efforts, creativity, and regeneration of traditional Gamelan Tokol music. The mentoring activities will be carried out from May to July 2022 at the Tunggal Galih art studio, Denggen Village, Selong District. This activity was attended by 43 youth arts activists from areas around the Selong sub-district and assisted by ten students. The result of this activity is the existence of traditional Gamelan Tokol music training activities, contributing to the younger generation in terms of creativity in playing patterns using notation so that a new generation is formed, which is the previous regeneration as an embodiment of efforts to preserve traditional music in the younger generation.

Recapitulation of Malay asli music genre transcriptions for a chamber trio employing music score analysis

Music transcription in notation form is preferred method of preserving traditional music, which is generally transmitted orally. The purpose of this study is to generate educational materials through the collaborative analysis and editing of six transcriptions of Malay asli music for a flute, viola, and piano trio. The central concerns of this research are whether the six transcriptions sufficiently convey the features of this traditional music form whether these features should be imitated from the original sound. The research is practice-led and involves experimental and analytical approaches employed by participants who assume the role of researcher and collect data via self-observation. Following the recapitulation outcomes from the analyses of the transcribed music scores, the six transcriptions were corrected with modified interwoven voices, a range of sound pitches for each musical instrument, and a classification of the rhythmic styles, music structure, and texture. The resulting transcriptions resemble typical Western music scores, which are required to convey traditional music features through the imitation of previously listened-to audio or video recordings of traditional ensemble performances. An advanced understanding of the interpreted transcriptions through music score analysis may have significant practical benefits for music performers, educators, and learners preparing to perform Malay asli music. Additionally, this may provide a future framework for scholarly work on classical ensembles.

Manual Conversion of Sadhukarn to Thai and Western Music Notations and Their Translation into a Rhyme Structure for Music Analysis

Sadhukarn plays an important role as the most sacred music composition in Thai, Cambodian, and Lao music cultural areas. Due to various versions of unverified Sadhukarn main melodies in three different countries, notating melodies in suitable formats with a systematic method is necessary. This work provides a data descriptor for music transcription related to 25 different versions of the Sadhukarn main melody collected in Thailand, Cambodia, and Laos. Furthermore, we introduce a new procedure of music analysis based on rhyme structure. The aims of the study are to (1) provide Thai/Western musical note comprehension in the forms of Western staff and Thai notation, and (2) describe the procedures for translating from musical note to rhyme structure. To generate a rhyme structure, we apply a Thai poetic and linguistic approach as the method establishment. Rhyme structure is composed of melodic structures, the pillar tones Look-Tok, and melodic rhyming outline.

Rendering Abstract Notation of Kinematic Chains to Modified Franke’s Notation Form

To bring about innovation in the development of any product, it is required that the designer explores multitude design concepts right at the conceptual design phase of the product development cycle. At this phase, results of structural synthesis and analysis of mechanisms have been shown to serve as an invaluable tool in the attempt to infuse novelty in the design being conceptualized. There are several studies available in literature dealing with structural enumeration of kinematic chains. Invariably, all these studies culminate in reporting the results in an abstract form such as link adjacency matrix or its simpler variants like joints’ lists, etc. Certainly, it will be more useful to designers if the chain were reported in the pictorial form since it will be more intuitive for designers to fruitfully relate what is in his mind as an unformulated idea to what is directly visible as a sketch. This paper presents the results of a computer based method that converts link adjacency matrix into modified Franke’s notation format. The way to draw full-fledged chain from its modified Franke’s notation form is explained. Chains containing 8 or more links and possessing 1 to 5 freedoms have been sketched and made available in the form of a PDF file.

The Training of Reading Beam Notations on Pranada Lines for Children in the Community Reading Park

Block notation is one of the elements in music. Creativity in singing needs to be trained from an early age, with interest and talent, creativity is also very influential with experience. The purpose of this community service implementation is to provide training to read block notation on the rhyme line for children at the community reading park (TBM) in order to children are accustomed to seeing block notation from an early age, students are able to differentiate the tone "do" to tone "re" to tone "mi" and so on, so it is not new thing for students to see the notation of blocks on the sheet music. The implementation method of this community service using the lecture method, demonstration method and practice (data is in qualitative form with descriptive methods) by describing the data in detail and in detail in accordance with the implementation of community service activities. This training explains the shape of block notation, symbols in music, the symbol functions to determine the high and low of the voice, beam notation is divided into 3 parts consisting of flags, stems, and notation heads. Furthermore , it provides training on the value, shape and location of the beat on the line. From this community service activity, the authors got the results, namely: 1) adding knowledge to students in the form of block notation, 2) students being able to read block notation with slash lines and distinguishing the shape and location of tones on the rhyme line, 3) developing interest and students’ talent to appear in front of their friends to sing, 4) students are able to make block notation well, 5) this training produces students who are able to practice solfegio exercises well, 6) this training is participated by elementary school students consists of low class and high class.

Unfinished Poetry

Unfinished Poetry

Music As Extended Agency: On Notation And Entextualization IN Improvised Music

ABSTRACT This article presents results from fieldwork with two groups of improvisers using different forms of notation in their creative practice. Such practices raise fundamental questions about the relation of notation to performance. Drawing on theories of entextualization in linguistic anthropology, I argue that, contrary to many arguments for a performative understanding of music, performance is partly about creating something that has an identifiable existence, transcending space and time. The notations and compositional systems used by improvisers are a means of achieving this entextualization of their musical utterances. One of the main findings of my fieldwork was that improvisers frequently speak of acting ‘in service of the music’, a phrase commonly associated with composition-centred musical discourse. Drawing on the work of Karin Barber and Alfred Gell, I argue that this idea represents a process of entextualization that is not a negation of performers’ creative agency, but an extension of it.

Proses Transformasi Visual ke Simbolik Mahasiswa dalam Menyelesaikan Masalah Luas Daerah di Bawah Kurva

Mathematical representation is an idea interpretation form of solving mathematical problems. The process of mathematical representation is essential to pay attention to, especially in carrying out transformations between forms of representation, because it impacts the final solution obtained. This study describes the flow of students' thinking in carrying out the transformation process from visual to symbolic representation. This descriptive research was carried out with a qualitative approach. This research phase includes preparing representation tests and interview guidelines, giving tests to 48 students, conducting interviews with selected students based on the accuracy of the mathematical representations produced, and evaluation. The evaluation is carried out by reducing the results of the incorrect representation test, presenting visual and symbolic representation data and the transformation process, and concluding the transformation process. The result of the transformation process from visual to symbolic representation in solving the problem of the area under the curve is carried out with a flow of thought, namely translating the shape of the polygon area into a collection of rectangles, determining the width and length of the partition of the polygon area, and determining the area of the polygon area as a collection of rectangles. In determining the area as a collection of rectangles, there are two different processes, making a mathematical model in the form of sigma notation and addition. This study provides insight into the flow of thinking in changing between forms of mathematical representation in the hope that it can anticipate errors in solving the broad problem under the curve.

COMPREHENSION OF LINKED LIST DIAGRAMS: THE EFFECTS ON CODE WRITING SKILLS

The use of graphics has a tendency to aid reasoning in program solving by improving novice programmers’ ability to read and write code. This study extends existing work in computer programming on the use of diagrammatic representation for students undertaking the fundamental data structure course (CS2) in Malaysia. Students were tested on comprehension of diagrams followed by the composition of code with respect to the linked list topic. The data was assessed using the inter-rater agreement test and showed a high degree of consistent ratings. Results showed a moderate correlation between students’ ability to analyze list operations in the form of notation and performance on code writing. Students assessed the diagrams differently according to the complexity level. The result can be generalized to conclude that the use of diagrams alone may not fully support reasoning and program solving. However, some types of diagrams are potentially more effective to support code composition and more emphasis should be given to evaluating the effectiveness of diagrams in organizing cues to facilitate novice programmers in program solving. Further investigation on a combination of activities related to comprehension of diagrams, including code reading and explanation prior to code writing, is recommended.