Free Radical Formation Research Articles

Construction of BiOCl/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites heterojunction with abundant oxygen vacancies for efficient photocatalytic organic pollutant removal

Precisely manipulating defects in semiconductor is an effective way to improve their photocatalytic activity. In this work, bismuth oxychloride (BiOCl)/reduced graphene oxide (RGO) nanocomposites with abundant oxygen vacancies (OVs) are successfully constructed by a facile solvothermal method. BiOCl nanosheets are uniformly distributed on the RGO with superior conductivity. The RGO served as a pivotal charge transmission bridge substantially accelerates the transfer of photogenerated charge carriers, resulting in the improvement of the charge separation efficiency. The abundant oxygen vacancies in BiOCl/RGO nanocomposites increase light harvesting and enhance the adsorption of O2 to promote the formation of superoxide free radicals (·O2−). By virtue of these merits, the unique BiOCl/RGO nanocomposite shows excellent degradation efficiency. When the mass ratio of RGO was 2 %, 99.07 % of 20 mg/L(100 mL) methyl orange (MO) was removed after 80 min, which was much higher than that of pure BiOCl.

ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ АНТИОКСИДАНТНИХ ВЛАСТИВОСТЕЙ ЕКСТРАКТІВ ВІДКАСНИКА БЕЗСТЕБЛОВОГО (Carlina acaulis L.), АРНІКИ ГІРСЬКОЇ (Arnica montana L.) ТА КАЛЕНДУЛИ ЛІКАРСЬКОЇ (Calendula officinalis L.)

The intensity of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and oxidative modification of proteins (OMP) was investigated under the influence of 40 % and 70 % aqueous-ethanol plant extracts (PE) of the root of Carlina acaulis L., flowers of Arnica montana L. and Calendula officinalis L. on rat liver hepatocytes under conditions of free radical oxidation initiation in vitro. Investigated plant extracts reduce the formation of free radicals in proteins and lipids, which is evidently associated with the presence of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and polyphenols in the extracts. The best results were demonstrated by the plant extracts of arnica and calendula. Arnica extract at a concentration of 40 % exhibited better antioxidant properties than its 70 % extract.

The Role of Curcumin in Oral Health and Diseases: A Systematic Review.

Curcumin (Curcumin) belongs to the polyphenol family. It is extracted by drying the root of a plant of Asian origin, belonging to the Zingiberaceae family. The best-known species is Curcumincuma Longa. Curcumin has been recognized as having great therapeutic powers since ancient times. Studies on curcumin have since confirmed its powerful antioxidant properties, preventing both the formation of free radicals and their neutralization, having anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, immunological, and neuroprotective properties, as well as being a regulator of the intestinal microbiota with beneficial effects on the clinical manifestations of metabolic syndrome. Our study aimed to highlight how all these therapeutic aspects could benefit oral health, both preventing and improving the course of pathological processes. The effect of mouthwashes, and curcumin-based gels on the regulation of bacterial plaque and in the control of gingivitis, was largely comparable to that of using 0.20% chlorhexidine, with fewer side effects. Being a highly hydrophobic substance, it has a high permeability to cross the cell membrane. Bioavailability increases when combined with liposoluble substances (e.g., olive oil) and piperine, which improves absorption. Curcumin also has a negligible degree of toxicity, making it an excellent alternative to the use of gold standard products for oral disinfection.

Ozonolysis of Terpene Flavor Additives in Vaping Emissions: Elevated Production of Reactive Oxygen Species and Oxidative Stress.

The production of e-cigarette aerosols through vaping processes is known to cause the formation of various free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Despite the well-known oxidative potential and cytotoxicity of fresh vaping emissions, the effects of chemical aging on exhaled vaping aerosols by indoor atmospheric oxidants are yet to be elucidated. Terpenes are commonly found in e-liquids as flavor additives. In the presence of indoor ozone (O3), e-cigarette aerosols that contain terpene flavorings can undergo chemical transformations, further producing ROS and reactive carbonyl species. Here, we simulated the aging process of the e-cigarette emissions in a 2 m3 FEP film chamber with 100 ppbv of O3 exposure for an hour. The aged vaping aerosols, along with fresh aerosols, were collected to detect the presence of ROS. The aged particles exhibited 2- to 11-fold greater oxidative potential, and further analysis showed that these particles formed a greater number of radicals in aqueous conditions. The aging process induced the formation of various alkyl hydroperoxides (ROOH), and through iodometric quantification, we saw that our aged vaping particles contained significantly greater amounts of these hydroperoxides than their fresh counterparts. Bronchial epithelial cells exposed to aged vaping aerosols exhibited an upregulation of the oxidative stress genes, HMOX-1 and GSTP1, indicating the potential for inhalation toxicity. This work highlights the indirect danger of vaping in environments with high ground-level O3, which can chemically transform e-cigarette aerosols into new particles that can induce greater oxidative damage than fresh e-cigarette aerosols. Given that the toxicological characteristics of e-cigarettes are mainly associated with the inhalation of fresh aerosols in current studies, our work may provide a perspective that characterizes vaping exposure under secondhand or thirdhand conditions as a significant health risk.

Quantification of Free Radicals from Vaping Electronic Cigarettes Containing Nicotine Salt Solutions with Different Organic Acid Types and Concentrations.

Electronic (e-) cigarette formulations containing nicotine salts from a range of organic acid conjugates and pH values have dominated the commercial market. The acids in the nicotine salt formulations may alter the redox environment in e-cigarettes, impacting free radical formation in e-cigarette aerosol. Here, the generation of aerosol mass and free radicals from a fourth-generation e-cigarette device was evaluated at 2 wt % nicotine salts (pH 7, 30:70 mixture propylene glycol to vegetable glycerin) across eight organic acids used in e-liquids: benzoic acid (BA), salicylic acid (SLA), lactic acid (LA), levulinic acid (LVA), succinic acid (SA), malic acid (MA), tartaric acid (TA), and citric acid (CA). Furthermore, 2 wt % BA nicotine salts were studied at the following nicotine to acid ratios: 1:2 (pH 4), 1:1 (pH 7), and 2:1 (pH 8), in comparison with freebase nicotine (pH 10). Radical yields were quantified by spin-trapping and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. The EPR spectra of free radicals in the nicotine salt aerosol matched those generated from the Fenton reaction, which are primarily hydroxyl (OH) radicals and other reactive oxygen species (ROS). Although the aerosol mass formation was not significantly different for most of the tested nicotine salts and acid concentrations, notable ROS yields were observed only from BA, CA, and TA under the study conditions. The e-liquids with SLA, LA, LVA, SA, and MA produced less ROS than the 2 wt % freebase nicotine e-liquid, suggesting that organic acids may play dual roles in the production and scavenging of ROS. For BA nicotine salts, it was found that the ROS yield increased with a higher acid concentration (or a lower nicotine to acid ratio). The observation that BA nicotine salts produce the highest ROS yield in aerosol generated from a fourth-generation vape device, which increases with acid concentration, has important implications for ROS-mediated health outcomes that may be relevant to consumers, manufacturers, and regulatory agencies.

The influence of “Butaintersyl” on the antioxidant status of rats under conditions of toxic damage caused by tetrachloromethane

Tetrachloromethane (CCl4) is a toxic chemical substance known in scientific research as a model for studying the damage of parenchymal liver cells. The mechanisms of CCl4 toxicity include the activation of lipid peroxidation processes, the intensive formation of free radicals, and, as a result, the disruption of the pro-/antioxidant balance. This work aimed to study the effect of the liposomal drug “Butaintersyl” on the activity of the glutathione antioxidant protection system and the intensity of lipid peroxidation processes in the blood of rats under conditions of toxic damage caused by tetrachloromethane. The studies were conducted on white sexually mature young Wistar rats weighing 180–200 g, kept in the institute's vivarium of the State Scientific Research Control Institute of Veterinary Drugs and Feed Additives. In the blood of the rats, changes in the activity of glutathione peroxidase and the level of reduced glutathione were studied, as well as the levels of lipid peroxidation products: lipid hydroperoxides and TBA-active products. The development of oxidative stress in the first experimental group of rats was accompanied by the suppression of the glutathione antioxidant protection system, as evidenced by a decrease in blood glutathione peroxidase activity and the level of reduced glutathione. At the same time, the intoxicated animals showed an increase in lipid peroxidation processes, namely an increase in the blood levels of lipid hydroperoxides and TBA-active products throughout the study period. The studies showed that in cases of poisoning of various origins, it is advisable to use drugs that reduce the formation of reactive oxygen species and lipoperoxidation processes, exhibit antioxidant effects, and stabilize cell membranes. A special place among such drugs is occupied by the liposomal drug “Butaintersyl”. This drug ensures the stabilization of biological membranes. The liposomal drug “Butaintersyl” contributed to suppressing lipid peroxidation processes and activating the antioxidant protection system, as evidenced by the high content of reduced glutathione and glutathione peroxidase activity. Due to its antioxidant properties, the drug positively affected the activity of membrane-dependent enzymes. It reduced the level of endogenous intoxication, allowing it to be recommended for inclusion in prevention schemes for toxic liver damage caused by chemical compounds.

Effects of swimming activity and feed restriction on antioxidant and digestive enzymes in juvenile rainbow trout: Implications for nutritional and exercise strategies in aquaculture.

In this study, we investigated the effects of swimming activity and feed restriction on digestion and antioxidant enzyme activities in juvenile rainbow trout (average body weight of 26.54±0.36g). The stomach, liver and kidney tissues were obtained from four distinct groups: the static water group (fish were kept in static water and fed to satiation), the feeding restricted group (fish were kept in static water with a 25% feed restriction), the swimming exercised group (fish were forced to swimming at a flow rate of 1 Body Length per second (BL/s)) and the swimming exercised-feed restricted group (subjected to swimming exercise at a 1BL/s flow rate along with a 25% feed restriction). We determined the levels of glutathione, lipid peroxidation and the activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase, as well as the presence of reactive oxygen species in the tissues obtained from the fish. Additionally, the activities of pepsin, protease, lipase and arginase in these tissues were measured. Swimming activity and feed restriction showed different effects on the enzyme activities of the fish in the experimental groups. It can be concluded that proper nutrition and exercise positively influence the antioxidant system and enzyme activities in fish, reducing the formation of free radicals. This situation is likely to contribute to the fish's development.

Driving an ecological transformation: unleashing multi-objective optimization for hydrogenated compressed natural gas in a decarbonization perspective.

Integrating hydrogen with CNG is crucial for carbon neutrality and environmental goals, as it enhances flame temperature, reduces emissions, and combats global warming. This study employs the CHEMKIN tool to examine combustion characteristics, including adiabatic flame temperature, mole fraction, normalization, and production rate, in H2-CNG mixtures under various atmospheric and operating conditions. Blending 50% hydrogen with CNG results in significant changes, including a temperature increase from 2322 to 2344 K when the hydrogen content is at 50%. The introduction of hydrogen causes a notable 30-35% reduction in CH4 mole fraction and a simultaneous 26.6% increase in C-normalized CH4 production. Free radicals play a role in affecting CO2 production, with the normalization of CO species increasing from 0.068 to 0.087. Through NSGA-II multi-objective optimization methods, the study identifies a 50% H2-50% CNG blend as the optimal choice for thermal and environmental performance. The study explores the energy and environmental impacts of incorporating hydrogen into CNG-air combustion, with a specific focus on the effects of 50% H2 blending with CNG. Hydrogen blending benefits from elevated adiabatic flame temperature and increased free radical formation, ultimately leading to emission reduction. These findings firmly establish H2-CNG mixtures as promising environmentally friendly alternatives with superior combustion characteristics. Their potential paves the way for significant progress towards achieving carbon neutrality and combating climate change through cleaner, more efficient fuel options.

Impact of essential oils from agro waste as antioxidants on biodiesel long-term storage stability for CI engines: Fresh and aged evaluations

This research aims to ameliorate the oxidation and storage stability of Prosopis juliflora Methyl Ester (PJME) using the Rancimat method (EN14112). Agricultural waste-derived essential oils (AWEOs), such as Citrus Aurantifolia L. (CA), Curcuma longa L. (CL), and Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn (EC), were used as natural antioxidants alongside the commonly used synthetic antioxidant TBHQ. The concentrations of antioxidants ranged from 0% to 4% (v/v % of biodiesel). Results indicated that adding 4% CA to raw PJME extended the induction period (IP) from 2.64 h to 11.2 h at the end of 60 days, meeting EN14214 standards and exhibiting the highest antioxidant activity. TBHQ is less effective at lower concentrations; however, it is comparable to CL at higher concentrations. At 4% TBHQ with PJME, the IP was 9.9, 8.8, and 8.1 hours at the end of 15, 30, and 45 days of storage, respectively. Furthermore, this study uniquely compared the performance and emissions of a CI engine fuelled with a fresh B30 blend, B30 blends stored for 60 days (aged) without and with the addition of an optimal 4% CA antioxidant. The results showed that adding 4% CA to the B30 blend extended its IPs to 34.5 hours, meeting EN590 standards for FAME blends. Compared to B30–60d, the B30+4CA-60d blend exhibited a 9.4% increase in BTE and a 6.5% decrease in BSFC at a BMEP of 4.15 bar. It has an emission reduction potential of 47.8% for CO, 8% for HC, along with a marginal decrease in NOX emissions. Compared to D100, it significantly reduced CO emissions by 37.5%, HC emissions by 8%, and NOX emissions by 16.3%. These findings indicate that natural antioxidants effectively inhibit free radical formation and maintain biodiesel quality over extended storage on par with synthetic antioxidants. This finding is significant as it maintains engine performance and addresses global energy and environmental concerns.

Biochemical analysis of bullfrog liver and blood: insights into growth and development

The aim of this study was to evaluate the productive and physiological performance of bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus) after metamorphosis, through zootechnical growth parameters and the quantification of proteins and enzymes present in the liver. In addition we observed the behavior of circulating amino acids in the blood. The experiment was conducted at the Experimental Station of the Aquaculture, APTA Regional – SAA, in São Paulo, Brazil. We used 400 L. catesbeianus froglets weighing 5.76±1.32g, which were distributed in four fattening tanks in the wet system, installed under an agricultural greenhouse at density of 51 frogs/m². The animals were fed with 5% of the biomass of each tank every day, with extruded feed for carnivorous fish with 40% Crude Protein. Every 28 days, they were weighed to calculate weight gain and apparent feed conversion ratio. At the same time, two animals from each tank were chosen randomly to have their blood and liver collected for biochemical analysis to quantify amino acids, proteins, phenols, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase. The results obtained indicate that the absence of screening every 15 days affected the development and uniformity of the animals, favoring cannibalism. The average apparent feed conversion was 1.84. There was an increasing and proportional formation of proteins with low degradation as the animals gained weight. As for amino acids, we detected arginine, isoleucine, alanine and tryptophan in the first month, with trypsin appearing after 60 days. These results lead us to state that total or partial screening is essential during the first month after metamorphosis, and that the feed provided, although not specific to the species, fulfilled its role in animal metabolism, with little formation of phenolic compounds and free radicals.

Ameliorative role of melatonin against adrenaline induced oxidative stress mediated cardiac and hepatic tissue injuries through preserving pyridoxine metabolism in male Wistar rats: A mechanistic insight

Adrenaline (AD) is a naturally occurring catecholamine, synthesised in the adrenal medulla to prepare the organisms for a "fight or flight" response. Under stressful circumstances, the circulatory catecholamine undergoes auto-oxidation, resulting in the formation of free radicals. Chronic stress results in the depletion of micronutrient stores in the body. Pyridoxine, often known as vitamin B6, is an essential water-soluble vitamin that acts as a coenzyme in many metabolic processes. Therefore, our current investigation has prioritized the regulation of pyridoxine metabolism during the period of chronic stress and the precise role of melatonin, as a natural antioxidant, in preventing the alterations generated by adrenaline in cardiac and hepatic tissues. Adrenaline augmented the oxidative stress indices, leading to an imbalance in the antioxidative state resulting in changes in the levels of certain organ-specific serum markers, modifications in the levels of PL (pyridoxal), PLP (pyridoxal-5-phosphate), and the enzymes responsible for their metabolism and breakdown. The foregoing results were corroborated by the histochemical and histological examinations. Melatonin efficiently counteracted all these harmful changes. Besides, the current study demonstrates that both PLP and melatonin show efficacy in scavenging free radicals, including superoxide anion free radicals and hydroxyl radicals, in the chemical system. However, the in vitro studies demonstrated that when administered together, melatonin and PLP more effectively mitigate free radical generation than the individual molecule. These findings were further confirmed by the ITC binding study. These results suggest that a combination of melatonin and PLP could be a better therapeutic approach for the amelioration of stress induced oxidative damages in cardiac and hepatic tissues with an improved pyridoxine metabolism.

Peroxydisulfate-Driven Reductive Dechlorination as Affected by Soil Constituents: Free Radical Formation and Conversion.

We report a previously unrecognized but efficient reductive degradation pathway in peroxydisulfate (PDS)-driven soil remediation. With supplements of naturally occurring low-molecular-weight organic acids (LMWOAs) in anaerobic biochar-activated PDS systems, degradation rates of 12 γ-hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCH)-spiked soils boosted from 40% without LMWOAs to a maximum of 99% with 1 mM malic acid. Structural analysis revealed that an increase in α-hydroxyl groups and a diminution in pKa1 values of LMWOAs facilitated the formation of reductive carboxyl anion radicals (COO•-) via electrophilic attack by SO4•-/•OH. Furthermore, degradation kinetics were strongly correlated with soil organic matter (SOM) contents than iron minerals. Combining a newly developed in situ fluorescence detector of reductive radicals with quenching experiments, we showed that for soils with high, medium, and low SOM contents, dominant reactive species switched from singlet oxygen/semiquinone radicals to SO4•-/•OH and then to COO•- (contribution increased from 30.8 to 66.7%), yielding superior HCH degradation. Validation experiments using SOM model compounds highlighted critical roles of redox-active moieties, such as phenolic - OH and quinones, in radical formation and conversion. Our study provides insights into environmental behaviors related to radical activation of persulfate in a broader soil horizon and inspiration for more advanced reduction technologies.

The Effect of Combined Exposure of Fusarium Mycotoxins on Lipid Peroxidation, Antioxidant Defense, Fatty Acid Profile, and Histopathology in Laying Hens' Liver.

Fumonisin B1, T-2 toxin, and deoxynivalenol are frequently detected in feed materials. The mycotoxins induce free radical formation and, thereby, lipid peroxidation. The effects of mycotoxin exposure at the EU recommended limit (T-2/HT-2 toxin: 0.25 mg/kg; DON = 3AcDON/15-AScDON: 5 mg/kg; fumonisin B1: 20 mg/kg) and double dose (T-2/HT-2 toxin: 0.5 mg/kg, DON/3-AcDON/15-AcDON: 10 mg, and FB1: 40 mg/kg feed) were investigated during short-term (3 days) per os exposure in the liver of laying hens. On day 1 higher while on day 3 lower MDA concentrations were found in the low-dose group compared to the control. Fatty acid composition also changed: the proportion of monounsaturated fatty acids increased (p < 0.05) and the proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids decreased by day 3. These alterations resulted in a decrease in the index of unsaturation and average fatty acid chain length. Histopathological alterations suggested that the incidence and severity of liver lesions were higher in the mycotoxin-treated laying hens, and the symptoms correlated with the fatty acid profile of total phospholipids. Overall, the findings revealed that mycotoxin exposure, even at the EU-recommended limits, induced lipid peroxidation in the liver, which led to changes in fatty acid composition, matched with tissue damage.

The potential effect of temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) and garlic (Allium sativum L.) as a radioprotective agent against 6 Gy total body irradiation in rats

The main impact of gamma radiation on a biological system is the formation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and free radicals. The study aimed to explore the potential effect of temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) and garlic (Allium sativum L.) against 6 Gy total body irradiation (TBI) in rats by observing malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH) and comet assay. Twenty male rats were divided into five groups: control, 6 Gy, temulawak extract + 6 Gy, garlic extract + 6 Gy, and n-acetyl cysteine (NAC) + 6 Gy. MDA and GSH were measured on liver and spleen tissue homogenates, while comet assay was on lymphocyte cells. Gamma irradiation at 6 Gy significantly increased the MDA level and comet assay compared to the control group, while the GSH level decreased (p &lt; 0.05). Temulawak extract significantly reduced MDA levels and comet assay compared to the 6 Gy group while increasing GSH levels in the liver. Garlic extract significantly drops comet assay while increasing GSH levels in the liver. NAC decreases MDA levels in the liver and comet assay while increasing GSH levels in the spleen. It could be concluded that temulawak extract has a better radioprotective agent than garlic extract and is almost identical to NAC as a standard antioxidant.

Synergistic degradation of oxytetracycline hydrochloride by persulfate activated by Ni-doped MIL-88A three-dimensional catalyst: Free radical and non-free radical pathways

The advanced oxidation technology of persulfate has great potential in removing pollutants. Appropriate bimetallic activation method has obvious synergistic effect on the formation of free radicals and non-free radicals, and can also promote the electron transfer process. Therefore, in this paper, Ni was doped on the iron-based metal organic framework (MIL-88A) to form bimetallic catalyst and used as persulfate activator for oxytetracycline (OTC) degradation. The introduction of Ni increased the specific surface area of the catalyst and significantly improved its catalytic performance. Within 30 min, the degradation efficiency of 5 mg/L OTC reached 81.30%. The used catalyst can be simply recovered by standing, and the catalytic stability is high. The composition of main reactive oxygen species (ROS) in pollutant decomposition was clarified through the analysis of degradation mechanism. In addition to typical •OH、SO4•− and O2•−, non-free radical 1O2 was also generated. Based on LC-MS detection and toxicological experiments, the possible degradation pathways were proposed and the toxicity was analyzed. This material provides a new insight for activating PS to remove refractory organic compounds, and promotes the application of Fe-MOF materials in environmental pollution remediation.

FAdV-4-induced ferroptosis affects fat metabolism in LMH cells

Ferroptosis is a form of controlled cell death that was first described relatively recently and that is dependent on the formation and accumulation of lipid free radicals through an iron-mediated mechanism. A growing body of evidence supports the close relationship between pathogenic infections and ferroptotic cell death, particularly for viral infections. Ferroptosis is also closely tied to the pathogenic development of hepatic steatosis and other forms of liver disease. Fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4) is a hepatotropic aviadenovirus causing hydropericardium syndrome (HPS) that is capable of impacting fat metabolism. However, it remains uncertain as to what role, if any, ferroptotic death plays in the context of FAdV-4 infection. Here, FAdV-4 was found to promote ferroptosis via the p53-SLC7A11-GPX4 axis, while ferrostain-1 was capable of inhibiting this FAdV-4-mediated ferroptotic death through marked reductions in lipid peroxidation. The incidence of FAdV-4-induced fatty liver was also found to be associated with the activation of ferroptotic activity. Together, these results offer novel insights regarding potential approaches to treating HPS.

Morphological changes in gum tissue during thiram intoxication followed by correction with resveratrol and sea buckthorn oil

Background: The widespread use of pesticides can lead to a violation of the ecological balance between the environment and the human body, provoking the development of oxidative stress, which leads to an increase in toxic forms of damage to organs and systems of the macroorganism. In order to suppress oxidative stress that develops in many pathological processes, it is advisable to use antioxidants that inhibit the formation of free radicals. The aim of the study: To study the morphological changes in gum tissues in case of thiram intoxication followed by correction with resveratrol and sea buckthorn oil. Materials and methods: The experiment was performed on 50 rats that received the fungicide thiram for 28 days, followed by correction with resveratrol or sea buckthorn oil. To assess the severity of inflammatory changes in histological preparations, morphofunctional changes in the mucosal epithelium and the cellular composition of the subepithelial layer were analysed. Fibroblastic differon cells, macrophages and inflammatory cells of granulocytes and lymphocytes were differentiated by karyological signs, and the thickness of the epithelial layer, the area occupied by the fibrous, vascular and cellular components were measured. Results: In the experimental groups “Thiram 28 days” and “Thiram+standard diet” in all rats, the development of an inflammatory reaction of the gum tissue was observed, manifested in hyperkeratosis and an increase in the thickness of the epithelium up to 173.438 microns and 230.568 microns, diffuse polymorphocellular infiltration of the subepithelial layer mainly due to granulocytes to 21.40 and 21.92, respectively, expansion of the lumen and blood filling of the vessels of the microvasculature. After the use of resveratrol and sea buckthorn oil, the thickness of the epithelial layer was restored to 114,07 and 190,03 microns, respectively, interstitial edema and cell infiltration of the subepithelial layer decreased. At the same time, due to migration and increase of fibroblastic differon cells (28.96 and 29.44), neocollagenogenesis processes and an increase in the fibrous component were observed up to 65.62 and 33.69 after application of resveratrol and sea buckthorn oil, respectively. Conclusion: The effectiveness of monotherapy with resveratrol and sea buckthorn oil in normalizing the morphology of gum tissue has been proven. At the same time, resveratrol has both an anti-inflammatory effect and a high regenerative effect.

Protective Effect of Pre-Radiotherapy Polyphenol and Bioflavonoid Application on Free Radical Levels in Rat Periodontal Tissue and Buccal Mucosa

Aim: This study aimed to assess the impact of therapeutic radiation on free radical levels in rat periodontal tissue and cheek mucosa and investigate the protective effect of pre-radiotherapy application of polyphenols and bioflavonoids (ENOANT®).&#x0D; Material and Method: Forty rats were divided into four groups, receiving various ENOANT® regimens before therapeutic radiation. Free radical levels were evaluated using MDA and sialic acid measurements.&#x0D; Results: The study found no significant difference in free radical formation among rats subjected to therapeutic dose radiation. Long-term ENOANT® use prior to radiotherapy led to a significant decrease in tissue free radical levels compared to the radiotherapy-only group.&#x0D; Conclusion: Pre-radiotherapy administration of ENOANT® demonstrated a protective effect against radiation-induced oxidative stress in rat periodontal tissue and buccal mucosa. These findings suggest ENOANT® as a promising intervention to enhance radiotherapy outcomes.

Development of jujube matcha energy gel and its effect on physical endurance performance of young active subjects

Energy gels are widely used as an ergogenic aid to enhance athletic performance. Most energy gels in the market contain mainly maltodextrin. Prolonged or high-intensity exercise can result in the formation of free radicals, oxidative stress in active muscle, and accelerated muscle fatigue which affect physical endurance performance. This study aimed to develop an antioxidant energy gel using jujube as the base ingredient. Jujube is rich in natural glucose, fructose, potassium, and ascorbic acid. The gel was fortified with 2.5% matcha powder with antioxidant properties. Other minor ingredients include whey protein and pectin. Sensory attributes of jujube matcha energy gel were evaluated by fifty panellists. The mean overall acceptability score of the energy gel was 6.94 out of 9 with an acceptance index of 77%. Jujube matcha energy gel contains 72.44% moisture, 16.30% carbohydrate, 7.72% protein, 1.33% fat, 2.21% ashes, and 108 cal/100 g. The energy gel exhibited a relatively high antioxidant activity with DPPH free radical scavenging activity of 83.26%, ferric reducing antioxidant power of 49.21 mg FE/g, total phenolic content of 29.36 mg GAE/g, and total flavonoids content of 7.54 mg CE/g. Twenty-meter beep tests were conducted to examine the effects of consuming jujube matcha gel on the physical performance of 10 active subjects (ages 18-25). Blood glucose, time to exhaustion, Borg rating of perceived exertion, and predicted VO2max were recorded. Overall, subjects were found to endure longer in the 20-meter beep test after consuming jujube matcha gel with an 18% improvement in time to exhaustion as compared to the control.

Comparative Evaluation of Salivary Glutathione Peroxidase levels in Subjects with Generalized Stage III Periodontitis before and after Periodontal Therapy – A Biochemical Study

Introduction To assess the levels of glutathione peroxidase in the saliva of subjects with generalized stage III periodontitis before and after periodontal treatment. Material and Methods This study, compares salivary glutathione peroxidase levels in generalized stage III periodontitis subjects before and after therapy. A total of 20 participants were selected. The clinical and biochemical evaluation was done at specific time intervals as described. The data was collected and analyzed. Levels of dental plaque and gingival index were recorded at baseline and 2 months post periodontal therapy. Salivary glutathione peroxide levels were assessed by ELISA kit at baseline and 2 months post periodontal therapy. Results At baseline, the mean plaque index scores were found to be 2.5585 ± 0.06685 (SD). After 2 months, the values were found to have reduced to 0.9080 ± 0.04224. At baseline, the mean gingival index scores were found to be 2.5475 ± 0.3380 (SD). After 2 months, the values were found to have reduced to 0.8700 ± 0.1676. At baseline, the mean glutathione peroxidase levels were found to be 5.1595 ± 0.3713 (SD). After 2 months, the values were found to have reduced by 4.4040 ± 1.1142 (SD). Conclusions Glutathione peroxidase level was elevated in disease conditions and is associated with the free radical formation in tissue inflammation. Following periodontal therapy, glutathione peroxidase levels are lowered significantly, indicating reduced tissue inflammation. Key-words: Antioxidants, Biomarkers, ELISA, Glutathione Peroxidase, Saliva