Forestry Carbon Sequestration Research Articles

基于PEST-SWOT矩阵的黑龙江省林业碳汇经济发展路径研究

基于PEST-SWOT矩阵的黑龙江省林业碳汇经济发展路径研究

Forestry Carbon Sequestration Demand Based on Bayesian Network: Mechanism and Simulation

The carbon emission control enterprises whose cognition and response of forestry carbon sequestration offset mechanism are integrated into a Bayesian network, which reveals the mechanism of forestry carbon sequestration demand and simulates from multi-dimensions such as the emission reduction, offset ratio, price determination, risk sharing of forestry carbon sequestration and etc. The study proves that the demand for forestry carbon sequestration is a dynamic process of the complicated action among the carbon emission control enterprises and the environmental factors. Although the carbon emission control enterprises shows high recognition and accreditation of increasing carbon sequestration and reducing emission of forest, confronted with the abundant carbon quota as well as the unclear expectation of forestry carbon sequestration, the expected proportion of forestry carbon sequestration to CCER and the willingness to buy forestry carbon sequestration are not high, and the prices of forestry carbon sequestration are inclined to be dominated by the government and the risks are shared by both trading parties. Thus, the government should promote the allocation of emission quotas and forestry carbon sequestration into the national carbon emissions trading system through the carbon trading system innovation, while stabilizing prospective earnings from purchasing of forestry carbon sequestration.

MONEY DOES GROW ON TREES: IMPACTS OF THE PARIS AGREEMENT ON THE NEW ZEALAND ECONOMY

The Paris Agreement (PA) asserts that emissions pathways of greenhouse gases (GHG) should be consistent with holding the increase in global temperature below 1.5[Formula: see text]C or 2[Formula: see text]C above pre-industrial levels. New Zealand (NZ) committed to reduce emissions to 30% below 2005 levels by 2030. The purpose of this paper is to assess the range of economic costs for NZ derived from the commitment under the PA, conditional to the mitigation potential of forestry carbon sequestration (FCS), pricing agricultural emissions, and linking the NZ emissions tradable scheme (NZ ETS) to the European Union ETS (EU ETS). We use a general equilibrium model and “soft-link” it with the global timber model. We found that NZ can meet the PA terms; however, important GDP decreases may arise due to limited domestic mitigation potential from the energy and transport sectors. FCS plays a significant role in mitigating the negative impacts, where the benefits of FCS outweigh those of pricing agricultural emission and linking the NZ ETS.

The Paris Agreement and its impact on cattle and food sectors of New Zealand

ABSTRACTThe Paris Agreement asserts that greenhouse gas emission pathways should be consistent with holding the increase in global temperature below 1.5 °C, or 2 °C above pre-industrial levels. The purpose of this paper is to assess the economic impact of this agreement on the cattle and food product sectors of New Zealand. We used a general equilibrium approach to evaluate the economic impacts, and the Global Timber Model to estimate forestry carbon sequestration. We simulated eight scenarios where we allow accounting/not accounting for sequestration, pricing/not pricing agricultural emissions, and linking/not linking the New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) with the European Union ETS. We found that significant negative impacts occur if sequestration is not accounted, the ETS remains unlinked and agriculture is priced. Competitiveness, in turn, is not significantly affected if sequestration is accounted, regardless of the linking scheme of the ETS.

BVCM: A comprehensive and flexible toolkit for whole system biomass value chain analysis and optimisation – Mathematical formulation

This paper presents the novel MILP formulation of the Biomass Value Chain Model (BVCM), a comprehensive and flexible optimisation toolkit that models a large number of bioenergy system pathways. The model accounts for the economic and environmental impacts associated with the end-to-end elements of a pathway: crop production, conversion technologies, transport, storage, local purchase, import (from abroad), sale and disposal of resources, as well as CO2 sequestration by CCS technologies and forestry. It supports decision-making around optimal use of land, biomass resources and technologies with respect to different objectives, scenarios and constraints. Objectives include minimising cost, maximising profit, minimising GHG emissions, maximising energy/exergy production or any combination of these. These objectives are combined with a number of scenarios (such as including different CO2 prices, different technology and climate scenarios, import scenarios, waste cost scenarios), different credits (e.g. by-product and end-product, CCS and forestry carbon sequestration) and a number of constraints such as minimum levels of energy production and maximum environmental impacts. The toolkit includes an extensive database of different biomass technologies including pretreatment, densification, liquid and gaseous fuel production, heat and power generation (separately or combined, biodedicated or co-fired), waste-to-energy conversion and carbon capture and sequestration. A large number of resources are considered including a variety of bio-resources (e.g. energy crops such as Miscanthus and SRC willow, arable crops such as winter wheat, sugar beet and oilseed rape and short and long rotation forestry), intermediates, products, by-products and wastes. The BVCM is a spatio-temporal model: currently it is configured for the UK using 157 square cells of length 50 km and the planning horizon is from the 2010s to the 2050s, with seasonal variations considered. The framework is data-driven so the model can be easily extended: for example adding new resources, technologies, transport modes, etc. or changing the time horizon and the location to another country is only a matter of changing the data. Results of example UK case studies are presented to demonstrate the functionality of the model.

西安市温室气体排放的动态分析及等级评估

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 西安市温室气体排放的动态分析及等级评估 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201305271199 作者: 作者单位: 陕西师范大学旅游与环境学院,陕西师范大学旅游与环境学院,陕西师范大学旅游与环境学院,陕西师范大学旅游与环境学院,陕西师范大学旅游与环境学院,陕西师范大学旅游与环境学院 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 陕西省软科学研究计划项目(2012KRM48);国家社会科学基金项目(14XKS019);黄土高原土壤侵蚀与旱地农业国家重点实验室基金(10501-1214) Dynamic analysis of greenhouse gas emission and evaluation of the extent of emissions in Xi'an City, China Author: Affiliation: College of Tourism and Environmental Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University,,,,, Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:为了解西安市温室气体排放的动态规律和排放水平,基于全球标杆的温室气体排放等级评价方法,并采用国际公认的《2006年IPCC国家温室气体清单指南》和基于IPCC的《省级温室气体编制指南》推荐的方法对西安市的温室气体排放进行了动态分析和排放等级评估。结果表明,从1995年到2011年,西安市温室气体排放呈快速上升趋势,16年间温室气体排放量从1207.16×104t 上升为3934.17×104t,年均增高7.66%。增幅最高的是水泥温室气体(年均增高11.75%)、废弃物(8.77%)和能源(7.63%),农业年均降低1.74%,林业固碳年圴增加3.56%。从温室气体构成看,能源占80.13%-90.55%,水泥占1.75%-7.49%,农业占1.86%-8.01%,林业固碳占-2.58%—5.22%,废物处理占7.52%-16.38%。可见能源消费的增加是导致西安市温室气体排放增长的主要原因,林业碳汇能力有待提高。万元GDP温室气体排放不断降低,说明西安市碳减排方面的科技进步在不断提高。人均、单位面积温室气体排放量和排放指数增速很快,年均增幅分别达5.84%、7.66%和6.84%。西安市温室气体排放等级持续增高,16年间从较低等级(Ⅰc)上升为中下等级(Ⅱa),目前距应对气候变暖目标(Ⅰb)已高出两个亚级,温室气体排放增高的趋势不容忽视。 Abstract:Global warming caused by greenhouse gas emission may cause severe environmental and social problems. Greenhouse gas accounting has become a hotly debated research topic. Internationally, some research has been undertaken on greenhouse gas accounting and some progress has been made; however, there are many shortcomings in this field. The main problem is that current research is mainly focused on carbon emission, particularly carbon emission from fossil fuel combustion, and is less involved in carbon fixation and ways of assessing regional carbon emission levels. In addition, the actual emission figures for greenhouse gases nationally and regionally in China were unknown. Although much research relates to carbon emission, the results are difficult to compare owing to inconsistent research methods and standards. Xi'an City, a historical and cultural tourist city in China, lies in the radiation center of the Guan-Tian economic zone. It is the economic, cultural, education, manufacturing and high-tech industry hub of northwest China. Xi'an will be an international metropolis in China in the near future. However, research relating to the greenhouse gas footprint in Xi'an is scarce. In this paper, the author proposed an evaluation system for greenhouse gas (GHG) emission to the level of global benchmarking using the methods recommended by the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories and the Chinese Guidelines for Provincial Greenhouse Gas Inventories, and using this a dynamic analysis of GHG emission and evaluation of the extent of GHG emission in Xi'an City was performed. The results showed that, from 1995 to 2011, GHG emission showed a rapidly rising trend in Xi'an City, increasing from 1207.16×104t to 3934.17×104t, which represented an average annual increase of 7.66%. The largest increase was for cement (an average annual increase of 11.75%), waste (8.77%) and energy (7.63%) GHG. Agricultural GHG emission showed an annual reduction of 1.74%, while forestry carbon sequestration showed an annual average increase of 3.56%. In a breakdown of emissions, energy GHG accounted for 80.13%-90.55%, cement GHG for 1.75%-7.49%, agricultural GHG for 1.86%-8.01%, forestry carbon sequestration for -2.58%—5.22%, and waste treatment GHG for 7.52%-16.38%. An increase in energy consumption is the main cause of the increase in GHG emission in Xi'an City, and forestry carbon sequestration capacity needs to be improved. In Xi'an City, the GHG emission per 10,000 Yuan GDP was constantly decreasing, and progress in the science and technology of carbon emission has continuously improved. The GHG emission per capita, per unit area and per carbon emission index has increased very quickly, showing an average annual increase of 5.84%, 7.66% and 6.84% respectively. The carbon emission state in Xi'an City has increased continually from a low level (Ⅰc) to a middle level (Ⅱa), which was an increase of two sub-grades and which was two grades higher than the target set for the control of global climate warming. The increasing trend in carbon emission cannot be ignored. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Coupling Effect Research on Artificial Forest Carbon Sequestration Capacity and Ecological Environment

To greatly develop carbon sequestration forestry, conduct carbon sequestration forestation, increase forest carbon sequestration, ensure reduction of forest carbon emission, is an important measure and a completely new work to actively deal with climate change. This paper introduces the development process and research trend of coupling effect of artificial carbon sequestration capacity and ecological environment, explores the coupling development modes, and the relations between function coupling and composition element coupling with the objective of further improving the construction of ecological civilization and ecological environment.

Forestry solutions for mitigating climate change in China

Aim of study: Forests have vital functions in global carbon cycle, and thus are of prime importance in efforts to curb climate change. This study intends to guide effective forestry solutions to combat climate change in China.Area of study: China, not only a major emitter of greenhouse gases, but also one of the five most-forest richest countries with the largest plantations in the world.Material and methods: We summarize and recommend carbon sequestration forestry by considering two Kyoto Protocol activities: afforestation/reforestation and forest management.Main results: Afforestation has a top priority of carbon sequestration forestry in China. However, the tree-based solution will reach its limits to growth in a predictable near future. Forest management contributes to break the deadlock. When scientifically and sustainably managed, forests still have a central role in climate change mitigation. Research highlights: China’s efforts on carbon sequestration forestry should shift the focus from afforestation to forest management.Key words: climate change; carbon sequestration forestry; afforestation; forest management.

浙北地区常见绿化树种光合固碳特征

高固碳能力的树种选择是营造优质碳汇林,发展碳汇林业的重要基础工作。以浙北地区常见的30种造林绿化树种为研究材料,利用LI-6400便携式光合测定仪,测定树木光合日变化及不同光强梯度下光合作用的光响应特性,并根据实验观测值进行计算,对30个树种的日净固碳量和光合生理拟合参数进行Ward法聚类分析和因子分析。结果表明:香樟的固碳量最大((11.374±1.020) g·m^-2·d^-1),其次为碧桃、垂柳、石栎、无患子,固碳量最小的为红叶李((2.178±0.605) g·m^-2·d^-1),香樟和红叶李的日净固碳量有极显著差异(<em>P</em><0.01);树木的生理特性指标分析进一步反映了树种在浙北地区生长适应性及固碳能力大小,同时,根据树木的生理特性指标进行因子分析和聚类分析的结果,香樟、碧桃在浙北地区生长适应性较好,其次为无患子、垂柳、女贞等;根据树种固碳量及生理指标综合测定分析,建议在浙北地区造林绿化中可以优先选用香樟、碧桃、垂柳、无患子、石栎、女贞这些树种。;Development of carbon sequestration forestry has made the species choice of high carbon sequestration capacity an important measure for planting superior quality carbon sink forests. The photosynthetic rate, light saturation point, light compensation point, maximum net photosynthetic rate, apparent quantum efficiency and other physiological indicators can be used to reflect the characteristics of carbon fixation and assimilation of CO₂ capacity. This research selected thirty common afforestation tree species in northern Zhejiang province as the research materials. They are <em>Ginkgo biloba </em>L., <em>Taxodium distichum </em>(L.) Rich, <em>Podocarpus nagi </em>(Thunb.) Kuntze, <em>Populus euramevicana</em>,<em> Salix babylonica </em>L., <em>Zelkova schneideriana </em>(Hand.) Mazz, <em>Celtis julianae </em>Schneid., <em>Magnolia grandiflora </em>L., <em>Magnolia denudate </em>Desr., <em>Michelia chapensis </em>Dandy, <em>Michelia maudiae </em>Dunn, <em>Liriodendron chinense </em>(Hemsl.) Sarg, <em>Cinnamonum campora </em>(L.) Prels, <em>Machilus pauhol kanehira</em>, <em>Amygdalus persica </em>var.<em> persica </em>f. Duplex, <em>Prunus cerasifera </em>f.<em> Atropurpurea</em>,<em> Cerasus yedoensis</em>, <em>Photinia×fraseri Dress 'Red Robin'</em>, <em>Albizia julibrissin </em>Durazz., <em>Choerospondias axillaris</em>, <em>Acer buergerianum </em>Miq, <em>Ilex chinensis </em>Sims, <em>Sapindus mukorossi </em>Gaertn, <em>Koelreuteria integrifoliola </em>Merr., <em>Diospyros glaucifolia</em>, <em>Osmanthus fragrans</em>, <em>Ligustrum lucidum</em>, <em>Liquidambar formosana </em>Hance, <em>Elaeocarpus glabripetalus </em>Merr., and <em>Lithocarpus glaber</em>. A portable LI-6400 photosynthesis apparatus is used to measure the photosynthetic diurnal variation and the responses of photosynthesis to different light intensities in the tested tree species. Ward cluster analysis was used to analyze the net sequestered carbon of 30 tree species, and both factor analysis and Ward cluster analysis were used to examine the fitting physiological parameters of photosynthesis. The results showed that <em>Cinnamonum campora </em>(L.) Pres has the highest carbon fixation ((11.374±1.020) g·m^-2·d^-1), followed by <em>Amygdalus persica </em>var<em>. persica </em>f.<em> duplex</em>, <em>Salix babylonica </em>L., <em>Lithocarpus glaber</em>, <em>Sapindus mukorossi</em> <em>Gaertn</em> and others, and <em>Prunus cerasifera </em>f.<em> atropurpurea </em>has the lowest ((2.178±0.605) g·m^-2·d^-1). <em>Cinnamonum campora </em>(L.) Prels. has significantly higher net sequestered carbon (<em>P</em><0.05) than <em>Prunus cerasifera </em>f.<em> Atropurpurea.</em> The physiological characteristics of these trees further reflect their growth adaptability and carbon sequestration capacity in northern Zhejiang province. According to the results of factor analysis and Ward cluster analysis, <em>Cinnamonum campora </em>(L.) Prels. and <em>Amygdalus persica </em>var.<em> persica </em>f.<em> duplex</em> have better growth adaptability, followed by <em>Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn</em>,<em> Salix babylonica </em>L.,<em> Ligustrum lucidum. </em>Therefore, these tree species are recommended for afforestation in northern Zhejiang. Because plant photosynthesis is a complex physiological process, the photosynthetic physiological indicators only show the characteristics of tree species in one aspect, and do not represent the pros and cons of the species. The conclusion obtained from comprehensive multi-index and cluster analysis is consistent with that from diurnal net carbon sequestration analysis, implying that the integrated indicators of physiological parameters can better reflect the relative inferiority of the carbon sequestration capacity. On the view of optimal afforestation tree configuration, more research is needed to combine photosynthesis and regional growth and adaptability of species and to improve their photosynthetic capacities.

Una Propuesta Metodológica para Analizar Proyectos Forestales de Captura de Carbono en Cuanto al Aporte al Desarrollo Sostenible (A Proposed Methodology for Analyzing Capture Forestry Projects: Carbon in the Contribution to Sustainable Development)

This paper addresses to compare complex systems analysis methodologies that include social and ecological features of interaction between them and at various scales, to be applied in the analysis of forestry projects. This kind of projects, labeled under climate change mitigation mechanisms as clean development mechanism (CDM) and voluntary carbon markets (VCM), arise interest to study the benefits they can achieve at the “developing countries”. Literature on benefits through forest CDM projects was reviewed and analyzed under three methodologies: Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD), Socio-Ecological Systems (SES) and Co-Evolutionary Systems (CES). The combined use of these methodologies has contributed to a better understanding of the type of interactions and emerging processes within forestry projects; there were identified also common features of the methodologies and some interacting elements within projects relevant to the benefit deployment. The paper concludes that the implementation of carbon sequestration forestry projects requires institutional, biophysical and social elements to satisfy stakeholders and their analysis requires methodologies that recognize those features. Besides, studied methodologies have sufficient common features to be used jointly to represent forest projects processes. It is identified the necessity of further research in methodology or in applied models, specifically on agent-based modeling.

The Research on Forestry Carbon Sequestration Capacity Evaluating Geo-spatial Model based on Geographic Information System

The Research on Forestry Carbon Sequestration Capacity Evaluating Geo-spatial Model based on Geographic Information System

Forestry Actions to Tackle Climate Change and Its Impact on Carbon Emission and Employment Creation in China

Currently, climate change, sustainable development and employment problems have been the focus of world attention. This paper focuses on the forestry actions to climate change and its impact on employment in China on the basis of the qualitative analysis and case study. Firstly, it introduces the relationship between Low carbon development and employment; and it elaborates the main forestry actions framework to tackle climate change in China, i.e. Forestry carbon sinks, Forestry carbon sequestration and Forestry carbon substitution; it further introduces the main forestry practices, i.e. the implementation of forestry key project, carbon forestry and energy forestry; then analyzes the impact of forestry key actions on the employment and takes three Carbon pilot projects as cases study; Finally, it draws some conclusions and policy implications. Research results show that China’s forestry actions made positive contributions to tackle climate change through forestry carbon sinks, sequestration and substitution; it also produced positive influence on employment. Therefore, under the double pressures of global climate change and economics recession, it has important strategic significance in growing investment in forestry, vigorously increasing the capacity of forest carbon-sink and promoting forestry green employment.

Probe into the Financing Mechanism for Chinese Forestry Carbon Sequestration Market

Probe into the Financing Mechanism for Chinese Forestry Carbon Sequestration Market

Legal Regulation of Forestry Carbon Sequestration Transaction in China

The forestry carbon sequestration transaction (FCST) needs the guide of the law and policy. The subjects of FCST include buyers and sellers; the object is forestry carbon sequestration and the third party mainly includes brokers and measurement certification authorities. The effective elements of FCST legal behaviors need four main aspects. The establishment and regulation of legal systems includes transactional prices, three kinds of performing modes transaction, the benefit distribution of subjects, the mode of bearing legal reasonability and the trade dispute means.

Set-asides for carbon sequestration: implications for permanence and leakage

This paper examines the potential role of forest set-asides in global carbon sequestration policy. While set asides that protect forests from timber harvests and land-use conversion may alleviate concerns with permanence, and they may provide large ancillary environmental benefits, they may also lead to large leakage. This paper uses a global land use and forestry model to examine the efficiency of three crediting schemes for set-asides. The results show that if set-asides are integrated into a global forestry carbon sequestration program that includes a wide range of other management options, then 300 million hectares of land would be set-aside, and up to 128 Pg C could be sequestered in global forests by 2105. Under alternative policies that focus exclusively on set-asides, more forestland can be set-asides, up to 3.2 billion hectare, but these policies invite large leakage in the near-term, and in the long-run, they less net carbon is removed from the atmosphere. Specifically, leakage is estimated to be 47–52%, depending on the policy, and by the end of the century, up to 17% less carbon will be sequestered in all forests.

Assessing the potential of native tree species for carbon sequestration forestry in Northeast China

Although the native forests of China are exceptionally diverse, only a small number of tree species have been widely utilized in forest plantations and reforestation efforts. We used dendrochronological sampling methods to assess the potential growth and carbon sequestration of native tree species in Jilin Province, Northeast China. Trees were sampled in and near the Changbaishan Biosphere Reserve, with samples encompassing old-growth, disturbed forest, and plantations. To approximate conditions for planted trees, sampling focused on trees with exposed crowns (dominant and co-dominant individuals). A log-linear relationship was found between diameter increment and tree diameter, with a linear decrease in increment with increasing local basal area; no significant differences in these patterns between plantations and natural stands were detected for two commonly planted species ( Pinus koraiensis and Larix olgensis). A growth model that incorporates observed feedbacks with individual tree size and local basal area (in conjunction with allometric models for tree biomass), was used to project stand-level biomass increment. Predicted growth trajectories were then linked to the carbon process model InTEC to provide estimates of carbon sequestration potential. Results indicate substantial differences among species, and suggest that certain native hardwoods (in particular Fraxinus mandshurica and Phellodendron amurense), have high potential for use in carbon forestry applications. Increased use of native hardwoods in carbon forestry in China is likely to have additional benefits in terms of economic diversification and enhanced provision of “ecosystem services”, including biodiversity protection.

Linking carbon sequestration science with local sustainability: An integrated assessment approach

This paper introduces an integrated assessment (IA) approach for a Canada-China joint research project that linked forest carbon sequestration, forest resource management, and local sustainability enhancement. The purpose of the IA was to improve the measurement of carbon in different land uses and vegetation covers, as well as to direct decision makers to those land uses or options as an CO 2 emission reduction strategy while supporting rural sustainable development. In this connection, three questions are addressed in this paper: 1) How will forestry carbon sequestration land use policies affect regional sustainability prospects in rural China? 2) How could carbon sequestration land use plans be better integrated into sustainable development strategies? and 3) How can the IA approach assist Chinese government agencies in design effective forestry land use policies? The IA approach was applied in three rural sites of western China. These case studies are described in detail by following articles in this volume. The project improved the capacity of local resource managers in identifying the economic, social and environmental impacts of rural land use decisions that might increase carbon sequestration and enhance local livelihood.

The Smithsonian's center for tropical forest science: Addressing carbon sequestration forestry projects

The Smithsonian's center for tropical forest science: Addressing carbon sequestration forestry projects