Structure Of Foreign Trade Research Articles

ГЛОБАЛЬНІ ТРЕНДИ РОЗВИТКУ ТРАНСПОРТНО-ЛОГІСТИЧНИХ ПОСЛУГ

The article considers global trends of development by transport and logistics services. The influence of globalization and internationalization on the development of logistics, transport and logistics services and the relevant market is revealed. The direct connection between globalization and the growth of trade flows is determined, which is reflected in the changes in global trends in the development of transport and logistics service. The modern logistics market is developing rapidly, which is facilitated by the rapid development of world trade and progress in increasing the volume of multinational corporations and the dynamic development of the financial and economic sector, which greatly simplifies trade. Since 2011, world exports have exceeded pre-crisis levels, and since then the value of world exports of goods and services has only grown. The world's largest exporting countries are China, United States, Germany, Japan and other countries, in fact, these countries hold the lead in imports. World trade of goods in 2020 decreased by 5.3%. The reason for this reduction was the introduction of lockdowns and restrictions on the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. The article traces the dynamics of changes in Ukraine's foreign trade during 2000-2020. It is concluded that the dynamics of foreign trade has changed over the past 5 years. Ukraine's largest market for foreign trade is the EU. The largest share is occupied by such countries as Poland, the Netherlands, Italy, the smallest share in the structure of foreign trade is Malta, Luxembourg, Cyprus, Croatia. It is established that the method of transportation of products has changed. In recent years, the requirement to preserve the integrity of cargo has become widespread. And here the important way of transportations at constantly growing needs became transportation in containers. Approximately 70% of all transportation is carried out in containers that ensure modularity, integrity, warehousing and storage of goods. It was also found that the issue of quality prevails over the "price" indicator. More and more customers prefer high-quality transport and logistics services. The study made it possible to establish global trends in changes in the requirements and directions of development of transport and logistics services.

ЛОГІСТИКА В ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ ТОРГОВЕЛЬНИХ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ УКРАЇНИ, ЩО ВИХОДЯТЬ НА РИНКИ ЄС

Subject of study. Logistics processes in the activities of trade enterprises in the conditions of European integration are considered. The purpose of the study. The purpose of the article is to study the logistics processes in the activities of Ukrainian trade enterprises entering the markets of the EU in the context of significant global changes. © Наталія Володимирівна Лагодієнко, Лариса Борисівна Скляр, 2021 Research methods. The methodological basis of the study is the position of theories of enterprise economics, trade, logistics, strategic management, systems and economic growth in the context of European integration, as well as system and structural analysis. Results. The peculiarities of trade and economic relations between Ukraine and the European Union are outlined. The necessity of logistic strategies formation in trade enterprises is substantiated. The structure of foreign trade in goods and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on it, as well as the dynamics of exports and imports of goods are analyzed. The basic principles of logistics in the activity of trade enterprises entering the EU markets are determined. The basic scheme of logistic functional branches is formed. The key logistic concepts of trade enterprises are substantiated. Possibilities of solving optimization problems in the field of logistics in trade enterprises entering the markets of the European Union are considered and calculated. The formed sales channel should have developed both logistic, and marketing strategy. Next, the distribution policy is the sales method, commercial service and delivery service. There are relationships between these elements. The method of sale differs depending on whether they connect the seller directly or indirectly with the final recipient and which companies are involved. By choosing a distribution channel, the company decides which tasks it will perform and which will be transferred to independent market partners. Conclusions. This model is an integer linear programming of the transport type and has a similarity to the transport problem, which allows it to be solved by the method of potentials. The use of these models will help optimize the strategic directions of export activities for trade enterprises. Keywords: trade enterprises, logistics processes, export-import operations, optimization, EU countries.

УПРАВЛІННЯ ДЕТЕРМІНАНТАМИ КОНКУРЕНТНОЇ ДЕВАЛЬВАЦІЇ: ТЕОРЕТИЧНІ ТА ПРАКТИЧНІ АСПЕКТИ

Анотація. Присвячено дослідженню теоретичних і практичних аспектів управління детермінантами конкурентної девальвації, зокрема її сутності, інструментів її реалізації, а також позитивним і негативним наслідкам її впливу на економіку країни, яка її реалізує, і торговельних партнерів цієї країни. Визначено, що конкурентна девальвація є навмисною девальвацією валюти, ініційованою (і офіційно, і неофіційно) центральним банком з метою зниження вартості експортних товарів для іноземних покупців, таким чином сприяючи розвиткові внутрішнього виробництва, розв’язанню проблеми безробіття i зниженню дефіциту платіжного балансу. Визначено, що найбільш відчутно вплив конкурентної девальвації проявляється в таких секторах економіки країни: зовнішньоторговельний, промисловий, аграрний, фінансовий і сектор послуг. У результаті дослідження встановлено, що ступінь ефективності конкурентної девальвації для стимулювання економічного зростання країни детермінується такими факторами: структура зовнішньої торгівлі, частка імпортованої сировини і комплектуючих у вартості готової продукції, зовнішньоторговельні барʼєри, темпи економічного зростання в інших країнах, еластичність попиту на експортну продукцію, поширеність фіксованих контрактів на сировину та інструментів хеджування ризиків, ефект J-кривої. Виокремлено позитивні і негативні наслідки конкурентної девальвації для країни, яка її реалізує, та її торговельних партнерів. Очікуваними позитивними результатами для країни, що девальвує свою валюту, є зростання обсягів експорту і підвищення внутрішнього попиту, що повинно сприяти вищому рівню зайнятості та економічному зростанню. Серед негативних наслідків конкурентної девальвації такі: зниження купівельної спроможності населення, здорожчання імпорту і зменшення його обсягів, зростання рівня інфляції; зростання вартості обслуговування боргів, номінованих в іноземній валюті; зниження обсягів іноземних інвестицій; стримування науково-технічного розвитку та відплив висококваліфікованої робочої сили за кордон. Ключові слова: конкурентна девальвація, валютна війна, валютний демпінг, економічна політика, економічне зростання. Формул: 0; рис.: 2; табл.: 0; бібл.: 31.

ТЕНДЕНЦІЇ РОЗВИТКУ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ МЕТАЛУРГІЙНОЇ ГАЛУЗІ УКРАЇНИ

In the economy of Ukraine, the leading role is inherent in the industrial sector, which is a key factor in its socio-economic development. This branch of the national economy has the greatest multiplier effect on the economic system of our country and thus forms the basis for sustainable development of the state. As a result, the industry promotes business development. Among the industries an important place is occupied by metallurgical production. Creating a significant share of GDP and being a significant source of attracting foreign currency through exports, metallurgical enterprises provide the necessary raw materials for the engineering, transport and construction industries, contributing to the further development of the economy. However, in modern conditions, domestic metallurgical producers are not in all cases able to meet the challenges and obstacles associated with the global crisis, overproduction of ferrous metals, increasing number of competitors in world markets, deteriorating demand for metallurgical products, especially low quality. The article is devoted to the study of development trends of enterprises of the metallurgical industry of Ukraine in modern conditions. The paper analyzes the dynamics of Ukraine's GDP by type of economic activity and compares its share in the GDP of Ukraine and the countries that are members of the European Union; the number of business entities at the enterprises of the metallurgical industry of Ukraine in general and in terms of large, medium, small and micro enterprises is analyzed; the dynamics of the number of employees and the average salary are studied and the factors influencing them are clarified; the volumes of products sold by metallurgical enterprises, the results of their activities and the commodity structure of foreign trade in terms of types of products sold are analyzed. The analysis of the activity of the enterprises of the metallurgical industry of Ukraine testifies to the existence of a number of unresolved problems that require special attention, even in spite of the significant volumes and stable structure of foreign trade in the products of this branch of the national economy.

Investigation of the development status and provision with fixed assets of the metallurgical industry of Ukraine

The metallurgical industry is important for Ukraine in strategic perspective, primarily for the development of economic situation of the country, the social sphere, as well as the issue of national security of Ukraine. The metallurgical industry generates more than 30% of GDP, and 40% of foreign exchange earnings in the economy are provided by this industry. However, under modern conditions, domestic metallurgical enterprises are unable to meet the challenges of the global crisis, especially ferrous metals overproduction, falling demand for low-quality metallurgical products, increasing number of competitors in world markets. A separate issue is fixed assets that are the leading factor in the successful operation of the production process. This paper is devoted to the investigation of the development status of metallurgical industry in Ukraine and its provision with fixed assets under modern economic conditions. In particular, the issue concerning the number of economic entities in the field of metallurgical industry of Ukraine and the number of employees at these enterprises and the factors influencing this indicator are highlighted in this paper. The dynamics of metallurgical enterprises sales, the structure of metallurgical production and the structure of foreign trade in terms of the papers of metal products sales are analyzed. Since the state of the metalworking industry can also be considered in terms of the enterprises provision with fixed assets, which maintain stable technological cycle, the rhythm of production and its quality, the essence of the term «fixed assets» is investigated in the scientific literature and indicators of the state and efficiency of fixed assets at the enterprises of Ukraine metalworking industry are analyzed. On the basis of the carried out investigations, we have come to the conclusion that this industry has a number of problems. Particular attention is paid to the reduction of employees number with relatively small fluctuations in the number of business entities in the metallurgical industry, which can cause a shortage of labor resources. In addition, despite the increase in the level of capital and capital efficiency and, consequently, the reduction of capital intensity, the issue of technologically obsolete, and therefore inconsistent with modern conditions of economic activity equipment, remains important at present.

Географічна структура експорту України в умовах зростання ризиків невизначеності розвитку глобальної економіки

The article is aimed at analyzing changes in the geographical structure of Ukrainian exports in the context of increasing risks of uncertainty in the development of the global economy. The current global economy is a system where uncertainty has become one of its most important characteristics, requiring each country to find the optimal structure of foreign trade. The geographical structure of Ukraine’s exports is determined by its economic, geographical and transport-geographical position, specialization of the economy, which constitutes the basis of its export potential, established historically formed cooperation relations, position in the established markets of products sales, etc. The need to find the optimal geographical structure of Ukrainian foreign trade is caused by a negative balance of Ukraine’s trade balance; continuation of Russia’s military and trade aggression; lack of positive changes in the commodity structure of Ukrainian exports to the EU countries; increasing risks of uncertainty in the global economy as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic; decrease in revenues from export operations due to changes in the global market conditions. Currently, the markets of Asia and the Middle East are considered to be promising vectors of expansion of the geography of Ukrainian exports. The combination of economic and political aspects of foreign economic policy in expanding or reorienting the geographical structure of exports requires the search not only for the most profitable, but also, at the same time, long-term development prospects. Rising risks of global development uncertainty require an ongoing update of the sales expansion strategy. The condition for potential economic efficiency growth is not a simple increase in the number of trading partners, but a clearly defined direction of changes in the export policy of the State. Precisely these issues will be concern of the further research.

Bulgaria's processed food industry: Transition to market economy

The subject of the research is the analysis of the competitiveness and comparative advantage of the agricultural products and processed food products of Bulgaria on the international market. The study covers the period from 1998 to 2017. In order to measure the level of comparative advantage of the export and the degree of specialization in international trade RCA and GL indices have been used. The aim of or research was to identify products that have previously before the EU accession had, and still have, export potential. That is, the objective was to point the trend of changes in the foreign trade of processed food sector in the period before and after the EU accession in 2007. The results indicate that after joining the EU Bulgaria has changed its foreign trade structure. The decrease of exports and increase of imports of processed food sector products requires a comprehensive export strategy in order to strengthen its competitiveness.

Imperatives of the economic revival of Uzbekistan

The experience and main directions of transformation of the national economy of the Republic of Uzbekistan are considered. The characteristics of the country's interaction with Russia, China, the United States and other powers are shown. The priority tasks are substantiated contributing to the formation of a new eco-nomic policy to diversify the structure and geography of foreign trade, to im-prove the quality of economic growth, as well as to mitigate the consequences of the global coronavirus pandemic.

Global Position of the US Economy and Its Impact on the Economy of the Czech Republic

Research background: The economy with the strongest influence on world affairs, international politics and world economy is undoubtedly the economy of the United States of America. In the Czech Republic, after the revolution, the USA quickly came to the forefront of interest and mutual foreign trade grew significantly. However, their global influence was significantly reflected not only in economic aspects, but also in sociological aspects. In recent years, the so-called “Americanization” has been taking place in the Czech Republic. American terms were often adopted in the commonly used Czech language, and the demand for American goods increased significantly. Purpose of the article: The objective of the presented text is to evaluate development of the influence of the USA on the economy of the Czech Republic by analysing the development of key macroeconomic quantities, in particular gross domestic product, gross national product, balance of payments and foreign trade. Based on the results of this analysis, the future development of the Czech economy, more precisely opportunities and impacts arising from mutual trade relations between the American and Czech economies, is predicated. Methods: Descriptive statistic. Findings & Value added: The results of the research showed a gradual expansion of the influence of the American economy in the Czech Republic, which began after 1989 and continues to this day. This influence manifested itself in several aspects. It was reflected in the structure of mutual foreign trade, and also in the Czech culture and the Czech language (adoption of English terms into the Czech language). The further potential of mutual trade is highlighted out by comparing the structure of export and import from the USA in total and export and import from the USA to the Czech Republic.

ЛОГІСТИКА ЯК ЧИННИК ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ КОНКУРЕНТОСПРОМОЖНОСТІ УКРАЇНИ У СФЕРІ ЗОВНІШНЬОЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ

The dynamics of the level of global competitiveness of Ukraine according to the rating of the World Economic Forum is studied. Analysis of these trends shows a relatively low rating level of our country in the global dimension. The components of the Global Competitiveness Index of the national economy are analyzed and it is revealed that the main regression can be traced in the sphere of financial systems and healthcare. Instead, the country's position on the criteria of «goods market», «labor market» and «institutional development» is significantly improving. The current state and structure of Ukraine's foreign trade are revealed. It was found that the volumes of exports and imports of goods and services of Ukraine tend to decrease. It is noted that the weak link in Ukraine's foreign trade is the structure of exports, in which most of the raw materials and primary products. It is noted that Ukraine's logistics system is progressing. This is clearly demonstrated by the dynamics of the national Logistics Performance Index (LPI). In 2018, Ukraine ranks 66th among 160 countries in terms of the efficiency of the logistics system. The value of the LPI in 2018 is 2.83 points. The most developed component of the domestic logistics system is the timeliness (3.42), and the least developed –infrastructure (2.22). Ways to increase Ukraine's competitiveness in the field of foreign economic activity through the efficient use of logistics are considered. A set of measures to optimize the logistics of Ukraine's foreign trade is proposed, which should be aimed at unification of national legislation, harmonization of transport and logistics infrastructure so that it has common technical parameters and ensures the use of a single technology of international delivery. The proposed recommendations for the development of national logistics infrastructure are aimed at ensuring the competitiveness of national logistics operators at the international level, improving the efficiency of export-import operations, increasing the level of national competitiveness of Ukraine.

ГЕОПРОСТОРОВІ ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ ГЛОБАЛІЗАЦІЇ КРАЇН ПІВДЕННОЇ АЗІЇ

The purpose of this work is to identify and analyze the geospatial features of economic globalization in South Asia which is characterized by the largest population among the World's macro-regions, special geoeconomic position and role in the World economy. Method. Features of economic globalization of the macro-region countries are analyzed due to the indicators of foreign trade turnover, its volume and structure, directions of foreign trade flows, technological level of products of the countries, and trends of incoming foreign direct investment in the countries. Particular attention is paid to human-geographical features and dynamics of foreign trade and investment flows in all countries of the region. The processes of globalization are reflected by the indicator of the level of openness of the economy in the countries of the macro-region of South Asia. The grouping of countries according to the peculiarities of economic globalization in macro-region is carried out by the method of multidimensional (taxonomic) analysis and a graph "tree of combinations" creating with a detailed description of the identified taxa (groups) of countries. Ten relative indicators have been selected for multidimensional taxonomy, including the level of economic development, foreign trade indicators, indicators of the technological structure of exports of goods, indicators of incoming financial flows. Scientific novelty. For the first time, the main geospatial features of economic and globalization processes in the countries of the South Asian macro-region have been comprehensively analyzed in this article. Development factors, the latest trends (2010-2020) and geospatial features of foreign trade and foreign direct investment in the macroregion are highlighted dased on the latest data from reputable international organizations. The peculiarities of the technological level of export products of South Asian countries are described. The coverage of imports by exports in foreign trade and services is analyzed. The dynamics of economic openness (export-import quota) in the countries of the macro-region is also highlighted. For the first time in domestic studies of human geography of macroregions of the World the taxa (groups) of countries and substantiating these groupes of countries as per economic globalization in South Asia was characterized in details using the method of multidimensional (taxonomic) analysis and construction of "tree of combinations" graph: (a) Maldives; b) India, Bhutan; c) other countries of South Asia. Practical meaning. The research results can be used to plan the features of the economic (in particular, trade and investment), etc. types of cooperation between Ukraine (or other countries) and the countries of South Asia. The research methodology can also be used for a detailed analysis of economic-geographical factors of macroregion development and spatial analysis of economic globalization in other macroregions and for didactic purposes.

Analysis on Our Country’s Foreign Trade of Agricultural Products

With the development of economic globalization and the international division of labor system, countries are increasingly closely linked economically in various fields, forming a pattern of interdependence. This also makes the economic and trade barriers of various countries gradually reduced, providing a good opportunity for China’s agricultural products to the world. China is an agricultural country in the true sense, with the output of most agricultural products ranking first in the world. Due to China’s large population, the arable land per capita is limited due to the small amount of arable land available for food cultivation. In addition, China’s agricultural economy in the field of science and technology investment is less, agricultural mechanization, organization, automation degree is low. Therefore, the self-sufficiency of agricultural products is more difficult, the degree of external dependence is more serious. How to give full play to the advantages of the import and export of agricultural products in the context of international environment and solve the problems that always exist in the import and export of agricultural products in China is of practical significance for people to realize the needs of a better life and alleviate the main social contradictions in China. This paper points out the importance of international trade in agricultural products to the life of Chinese people and the adjustment of industrial structure based on the background of international trade in agricultural products by reading the researches of previous scholars in related fields. Then through the study of domestic and foreign related literature, this paper discusses the three stages of the development of China’s agricultural products foreign trade. Secondly, it analyzes the current situation of foreign trade of agricultural products and its export competitive advantages and disadvantages from the aspects of the structure of foreign trade of agricultural products and participating countries. Finally, a series of problems in the export of agricultural products in our country are put forward the corresponding countermeasures.

МОНІТОРИНГ РОЗВИТКУ АГРОПРОМИСЛОВОГО КОМПЛЕКСУ УКРАЇНИ

The purpose of the article is to monitor the development of the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine, to identify problems related to the further development of the industry. The indicators of the development of the agro-industrial complex in Ukraine were analyzed, namely: the sown area and the gross harvest of agricultural crops; the number of farm animals and the production of the main types of animal husbandry products; commodity structure of foreign trade of Ukraine; indicators of the development of the food industry of Ukraine; dynamics and structure of export of finished food products; indicators of export and import of ready-made food products. The conclusions were drawn that: according to many indicators, cultivated areas in Ukraine are increasing, but there are also indicators that are decreasing (TOP-3 regions: Poltava, Ternopil and Vinnytsia); there is also a positive trend in terms of increasing the gross collection of agricultural crops in Ukraine in 2021 (Top-5 leaders: Poltava, Kharkiv, Chernihiv, Vinnytsia and Sumy regions); animal husbandry in Ukraine has serious prospects for development in view of the shortage of milk and meat, but it needs the support of the state, since it directly affects the food security of the state; the number of dairy cows has decreased, which leads to an increase in the price of whole milk and a shortage of raw materials for processors; the largest share of exports is crop production; agricultural producers of Ukraine need additional financing; recently, in the structure of Ukraine's exports, the share of goods with a high added value, primarily readymade food products, is decreasing, while their share in imports is increasing, forming a growing negative balance. It is noted that the export and production of goods with a low degree of processing leads to a crisis, that is, a decrease in income from each unit of commodity sales, as enterprises that produce products with a high added value prevail. It can be concluded that deindustrialization dictates the conditions for the transition of Ukraine, as an agrarian country, to a country with a technological process of deep processing and production of innovative products. A complete reorientation and changes in the strategic planning of the country's economic development are necessary. The state policy of the country should be aimed at promoting the development of agriculture, namely the production of goods with high added value (high-tech and innovative products).

Тенденції розвитку зовнішньої торгівлі товарами України в контексті пандемії COVID-19

The article discusses and analyzes the volumes of Ukraine’s foreign trade in goods in 2019-2020. A positive trend regarding the foreign trade balance on trade in Ukrainian goods is allocated. It is found that there was a decrease in exports and imports of goods during the researched period. The commodity structure of Ukraine’s foreign trade is analyzed. Changes in the commodity export structure in 2020 compared to 2019 have been identified. The main groups of goods that Ukraine exports and imports the most when trading with foreign countries are allocated. The groups of goods whose export and import volumes have undergone the greatest changes in 2020 and as compared to 2019 are allocated. The geographical structure of foreign trade in Ukrainian goods is analyzed. Changes in the geographical structure of exports in 2020 compared to 2019 are determined. It is specified, which countries are the largest importers of Ukrainian goods and from which countries Ukraine imports the most goods. The countries in terms of the largest changes as to the foreign trade with them in 2020 compared to 2019 are allocated. It is determined that the most important reason for changes in the volume of foreign trade in Ukrainian goods in 2020 compared to 2019 was the COVID-19 pandemic. The global impact of the coronavirus pandemic on the world economy and human life in general is noted. The main changes in the economy and society, which caused changes in the volume of foreign trade in Ukrainian goods, as well as the main reasons for the change in supply and demand, which are typical for all countries of the world, are allocated. The main directions of the State’s assistance to increase the volume of exports of goods from Ukraine in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic are defined. The negative and positive changes in Ukraine’s foreign trade caused by the coronavirus pandemic are characterized.

СУЧАСНИЙ СТАН ТА ТЕНДЕНЦІЇ РОЗВИТКУ АГРОПРОМИСЛОВОГО КОМПЛЕКСУ УКРАЇНИ

The purpose of the article is to analyze the current state of the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine, identify development trends and assess the crop and livestock industry, study the commodity structure of foreign trade, develop a mechanism for the development of the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine in the future. The agro-industrial complex of Ukraine is an important industry, which, in turn, is a set of several interrelated industries aimed at processing raw materials and production of agricultural products. Analysis of crop development indicators from 2014 to 2020 showed that the industry is gradually but steadily developing despite, after the start of quarantine, the introduction of strict restrictions, which were unfavorable not only for market participants but also for the state budget, because agricultural exports annually brings about 40% of all foreign exchange earnings to the country. The analysis of livestock development indicators showed that from 2014 to 2020 there was a sharp decline in the number of farm animals, production of basic products other than meat (in slaughter weight) also decreased in all respects for both milk and eggs. In terms of volume, milk production has reached an all-time low. With a lack of money and a reduction in livestock, there is a very low average annual growth rate of production - for 10 years at 0.4%. The main problems of the decline of the livestock industry are: imbalance in the development of the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine, ie the pace of development of livestock lags behind crop production; low level of commodity production and low investment attractiveness; insufficient level of consumption due to lack of money of the population; lack of finances and state support for the implementation of innovations and new technologies; lack of investment in fixed and current assets, as well as in breeding and genetic resources; high level of costs and labor intensity; long production cycle. The mechanism of development of agro-industrial complex of Ukraine according to the model "Common agro-industrial policy" with the support of the state, ie state partnership is offered. products at affordable prices, organization of producers' incomes, development of small and medium business, social and economic stability, etc.

Análisis de impacto del marco jurídico generado a partir del TLC entre Colombia y Estados Unidos de América sector arroz

After times of protectionism, the predominant foreign trade structure in Colombia was the economic opening after 1990s. In this way, the Barco administration announced a commercial liberalization program with a gradualist orientation of openness, which led to the development of schemes such as the ATPDEA, to establish a framework of foreign trade and antidrug policy between the Republic of Colombia and the United States of America. However, these preferential trade strategies between the parties depended on the validity of the negotiations and, above all, on the approval of the administrations on duty. This is how negotiations took place between representatives of the governments of Colombia and the United States, to establish a long-term trade agreement, disconnected from the domestic policy of each country. These negotiations culminate with the publication of Decree 993/2012, which promulgates the entry into force of the Trade Promotion Agreement (TPA), between the Republic of Colombia and the United States of America. However, the treaty generated a serious impact in the agricultural sector and within it, in the national production of rice. The side effects of the signing of the Trade Promotion Agreement are mainly due to differences in factors such as infrastructure, roads, subsidies, production and comparative costs, and its main negative impact has been the risk of loss of food sovereignty. The following article will develop the legal vision of the Trade Agreement between Colombia and the United States and how these legal measures have been insufficient to equate the burdens in the productive sectors of rice between both countries.

Analysis of the impact of tariff preferences on the foreign trade of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Serbia

The article considers the dynamics and structure of foreign trade of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Serbia, as well as the impact of tariff preferences on foreign trade between two countries. The analysed measures were: dynamics of the Russian Federation’s exports to the Republic of Serbia, dynamics of the Russian Federation’s imports from the Republic of Serbia, tariff preferences applied between countries. The article provides statistical data on the dynamics and structure of foreign trade of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Serbia for 2010–2019 and their dependence on the application of tariff preferences, as well as indicators of trade between the EAEU and the EAEU member states with the Republic of Serbia for 2017–2019. The paper analyses the possible directions of Serbia’s participation in the EAEU and the European Union, assesses the benefits of creating a free trade zone between the EAEU and Serbia, as well as the costs of Serbia’s integration into the European Union. The importance of tariff preferences in the development of foreign trade relations between Russia and Serbia is shown.

Foreign trade of Georgia in the context of the development of integration processes

The article researches the development of foreign trade in goods of Georgia in the context of the country's participation in international integration processes from the mid-1990s to the present. The evolution and features of Georgias participation in such integration organizations and projects as the Commonwealth of Independent States, GUAM, the Eastern Partnership of European Union, as well as interaction with the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union are examined. Based on a detailed analysis of the dynamics, commodity and geographical structure of Georgias foreign trade in goods in the long term period, the article substantiates the conclusion that the participation of Georgia in the Free Trade Agreements, as well as trade liberalization carried out in integration blocks, have practically no effect to change the exportimport flows of the country, and do not lead to an increase in foreign trade with the member countries of the integrations. The most significant factors that determine Georgias foreign trade and its trends are the country's geographical location and the level of the transport infrastructure development, the implementation of large-scale transport and logistics projects in the region, external financing provided to the country by international and regional organizations, foreign countries, on a credit and grant basis.

DYNAMICS OF MUTUAL TRADE BETWEEN UKRAINE AND THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN THE CONTEXT OF CONFLICT’S IMPACT ON NATIONAL SECURITY: A CONCENTRATION-BASED APPROACH

The purpose of the is to summarize and present the results of the study of economic prerequisites for the situation when trade between the aggressor (the Russian Federation) and the victim (Ukraine) was not stopped despite the conflict as well as to assess the dynamics of this trade in the context of indicators of national economic security of Ukraine. Methodology. The study is based on the analysis of International Trade Center data on exports and imports of Ukraine and the Russian Federation and mutual commodity flows for 2002-2019. In addition, the Herfindahl-Hirschmann index and the Linda index were calculated to determine the level of concentration of commodity and geographical structure of foreign trade. To assess the impact of the external sector on the level of economic security of Ukraine, indicators regulated by national legislation were evaluated such as economy openness, export coverage ratio of imports, times; share of the leading partner country in total exports of goods, share of the leading partner country in total imports of goods, share of the leading commodity (commodity group) in the total volume of goods exports, share of leading goods (commodity group) excluding energy imports in total imports of goods, share of raw materials and low degree of industrial export processing in total exports of goods, share of imports in domestic consumption, terms of trade index (price). Results of the survey showed that The Russian Federation was the largest trading partner, and remains a significant participant in Ukraine’s foreign trade operations today. At the same time the objective process of reducing the importance of the Russian Federation in the export-import trade of Ukraine had begun long before 2014. Despite the fact that the level of danger in the foreign sphere has decreased to a certain extent, such an improvement occurs against the backdrop of the impossibility of completely terminating trade and other economic relations with the Russian Federation. Practical implications. Based on the analysis, the areas of overcoming risks in the external sphere should be recognized: strengthening the capacity of the domestic market, including the implementation of infrastructure renewal programs for transport facilities and military-industrial complex, stimulating foreign investment in mechanical engineering; stimulating foreign investment in high-technology activities; implementation of energy efficiency programs; simplifying administrative and tax conditions for the provision of service as a substitute to commodity trade. Value/originality. Data on concentration level of foreign trade of Ukraine and the Russian Federation and on level of foreign economic component of national economic security of Ukraine.

Analysis of China's carbon emission driving factors based on the perspective of eight major economic regions.

Low-carbon transition has gradually become the focus of research on environmental issues. This paper takes China's eight major economic regions as the entry point. First, carbon emissions are measured according to United Nations' baseline methodologies. Second, the stochastic nonparametric data envelope analysis (StoNED) model is used to measure energy efficiency to improve the accuracy of the measurement. Finally, considering the temporal and spatial nonstationarity of carbon emission data, this paper constructs geographically and temporally weighted regression-stochastic impacts by regression on population, affluence, and technology (GTWR-STIRPAT) model, which can accurately analyze the impact of each driving factor of carbon emissions. This paper also explores efficient emission reduction paths in conjunction with the forcing mechanism. According to the study, China's carbon emissions show a decreasing trend from coastal areas to inland areas. In addition, there are significant problems with carbon emissions in China: some regions focus on improving energy efficiency but neglect increasing energy consumption; some regions focus on industrial development but neglect long-term emission reductions. Among the driving factors, energy efficiency, foreign trade, environmental regulations, and industrial structure have the effects of spatiotemporal heterogeneity, spatial heterogeneity, and time lag on carbon emissions, respectively. Graphical abstract.